scholarly journals Spillback in the Anthropocene: the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Claire Fagre ◽  
Lily Cohen ◽  
Evan A. Eskew ◽  
Max Farrell ◽  
Emma Glennon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Anthropogenic Stressors ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Reservoir

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to increased concern over transmission of pathogens from humans to animals (“spillback”) and its potential to threaten conservation and public health. To assess this threat, we reviewed published evidence of spillback events, including instances where spillback could threaten conservation and human health. We identified 97 verified examples of spillback, involving a wide range of pathogens; however, infected hosts were mostly non-human primates or large, long-lived captive animals. Relatively few spillback events resulted in morbidity and mortality, and very few led to maintenance of a human pathogen in a new reservoir or subsequent “secondary spillover” back into humans. Together, these results imply that spillback represents an apparently minor threat to conservation and public health, particularly relative to other anthropogenic stressors like land use and climate change. Lastly, we outline how researchers can collect experimental and observational evidence that will expand our capacity for spillback risk assessment.

A MODELING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND HEDGING IN COASTAL AREAS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Alexander Danilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
System Structure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
The Impact

Every aspect of human operations faces a wide range of risks, some of which can cause serious consequences. By the start of 21st century, mankind has recognized a new class of risks posed by climate change. It is obvious, that the global climate is changing, and will continue to change, in ways that affect the planning and day to day operations of businesses, government agencies and other organizations and institutions. The manifestations of climate change include but not limited to rising sea levels, increasing temperature, flooding, melting polar sea ice, adverse weather events (e.g. heatwaves, drought, and storms) and a rise in related problems (e.g. health and environmental). Assessing and managing climate risks represent one of the most challenging issues of today and for the future. The purpose of the risk modeling system discussed in this paper is to provide a framework and methodology to quantify risks caused by climate change, to facilitate estimates of the impact of climate change on various spheres of human activities and to compare eventual adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. The system integrates both physical climate system and economic models together with knowledge-based subsystem, which can help support proactive risk management. System structure and its main components are considered. Special attention is paid to climate risk assessment, management and hedging in the Arctic coastal areas.

Health, sustainability, and climate change

2013 ◽  
pp. 548-555
Author(s):  
David Pencheon ◽  
Sonia Roschnik ◽  
Paul Cosford
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Good For

This chapter will help you understand the relationships between health, health care, sustainability, climate change, and carbon reduction, locally and globally. The specific objectives of the chapter are to help you make the case for action by showing how health, health care, sustainable development, and climate change are linked positively such that what is good for mitigating climate change is also good for health and health care today, translate science into policy and practice and help move research and action about climate science into policy and practice, and engage a wide range of stakeholders and appreciate that, as in much public health practice, appropriate action comes from involving a diverse group of people through genuine engagement.

scholarly journals Public health evidence for the UK’s Third Climate Change Risk Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kovats ◽  
R Brisley ◽  
P Watkiss ◽  
G Turner
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Climate Change Risk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Planned Adaptation

Abstract Background The UK has a statutory requirement under the Climate Change Act (2008) to undertake a Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) every five years. The Evidence Report for the Third CCRA, due 2021, will identify the most important current and future risks and opportunities to public health from climate change. It also considers whether present and planned adaptation strategies to are sufficient to manage the risks or additional action is required. Methods The analysis underpinning this review assesses whether risks and actions improve or exacerbate adverse health outcomes and inequalities. This paper reports on the CCRA3 evidence review, which considers the current and likely future impacts of changing flood risk, heatwaves, coastal change, air pollution, vector-borne disease and water quality on public health and healthcare delivery. All risks are assessed by their magnitude, as well as scored by urgency to address them. Results This paper presents the findings for two risks - from heat and coastal flooding impacts on population health and communities. A key focus has been to explore how climate change and policy responses affect the health of vulnerable groups and who could be further disadvantaged by inappropriate adaptation policies. This includes new analysis of the climate risks to health within the built environment and within the health and social care sector. The long-term health consequences of climate change have been considered through potential policy, building and environmental “lock-in”. Such lock-ins include potential risks to inhabitants from overheating due to building regulations failing to address increasing ambient temperatures or homes being built on flood plains. Conclusions Climate change presents challenges to deliver national policy responses ensuring that adaptation remains equitable and optimal for health. The CCRA3 Evidence Report will inform the third UK National Adaptation Plan, setting out Government actions for 2023-2028. Key messages Assess current and future risks and opportunities to public health from climate change. Assess present and planned adaptation strategies for management of risks.

Current issues of preventive medicine and sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population: factors, technologies, management and risk assessment.

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Editorial Office ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Consumer Rights ◽  
Wide Range

This publication is the second issue of the annual collection of original scientific works (articles) of the medical and preventive direction, compiled by the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Pathology» of Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare. The collection covers a very wide range of disciplines, including: hygienic sciences, epidemiology, social hygiene and the organization of the state sanitary and Epidemiological service, bacteriology, disinfection, sanitary and hygienic research methods, public health and public health. The publication is addressed to specialists of Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare - bodies and institutions, health care organizers, employees of specialized scientific and practical organizations; as well as teachers, students, residents and postgraduates of medical universities. Scientific articles are published in the author's editorial office.

scholarly journals Prevalent of Staphylococcus aureus from Sachet Waters Sold in Different Areas of Jos Terminus Market, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Favour Barnabas ◽  
Suzan Ukpa ◽  
Uchejeso Obeta ◽  
Eno Mantu ◽  
Suzan Nduke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
Sachet Water

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes wide range of infectious diseases both in nosocomial and community settings. The Gram-positive pathogen possess virulence factors that facilitate it to establish infections in the hosts. When a “water for life” is contaminated with infectious bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus then, there may be public health challenge in the area. In this study Samples of Sachet water of different companies ware purchased, marked E, T, C and R and examined for the presence of staphylococcus aureus. Total of 80 sachet waters were examined and a prevalence rate of Staphylococcus aureus 5(25.00%) was recorded. The study revealed that sachet water (E) has the highest prevalence of 15.00%, followed by T (5%) and C (5%) and R had the least prevalence with 0.00%. It was discovered that a Prevalence rate of Abuja market terminus recorded 1(5.00%) while that of Ahmadu Bello way has the highest prevalence of 2(10.00%), Yan Taya market 1(5.00%) and railway 1(5.00%). This shows that S. aureus can be isolated from sachet waters. Though the sachet eaters had NAFDAC numbers, it is advisable to review and quality control such sachet water companies regularly because of Staphylococcus aureus and other public health infectious agants. The populace should equally be careful with the type of waters they drink.

scholarly journals Post-Pandemic Urbanism: Criteria for a New Normal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10600
Author(s):  
Michael Neuman ◽  
Lorenzo Chelleri ◽  
Thorsten Schuetze
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Factors ◽  
Transport Mobility ◽  
New Criteria

Globalization, tourism, virtuality, climate change, and the explosive growth of cities have generated a wide range of stressors, pollutants, and toxins that have been ravaging populations. This, coupled with viral, bacterial, and other pandemics, is rapidly creating a new reality that requires public health factors to be integrated more thoroughly into the planning and design of city regions. This prompts a questioning of the role and form of city centers as well as the distribution of people and activities in city regions. This goes beyond more outdoor spaces, places, and activities and new criteria for indoor events. Moreover, public transport, mobility, and infrastructure in general need to be retooled to deal with these emergent circumstances.

scholarly journals Advancing national climate change risk assessment to deliver national adaptation plans

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2121) ◽  
pp. 20170295 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Warren ◽  
R. L. Wilby ◽  
K. Brown ◽  
P. Watkiss ◽  
Richard A. Betts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Climate Change Risk ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Statutory Duty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Impact Indicators ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Adaptation Action

A wide range of climate vulnerability and risk assessments have been implemented using different approaches at different scales, some with a broad multi-sectoral scope and others focused on single risks or sectors. This paper describes the novel approach to vulnerability and risk assessment which was designed and put into practice in the United Kingdom's Second Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA2) so as to build upon its earlier assessment (CCRA1). First, we summarize and critique the CCRA1 approach, and second describe the steps taken in the CCRA2 approach in detail, providing examples of how each was applied in practice. Novel elements of the approach include assessment of both present day and future vulnerability, a focus on the urgency of adaptation action, and a structure focused around systems of receptors rather than conventional sectors. Both stakeholders and reviewers generally regarded the approach as successful in providing advice on current risks and future opportunities to the UK from climate change, and the fulfilment of statutory duty. The need for a well-supported and open suite of impact indicators going forward is highlighted. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy'.

scholarly journals Strengthened scientific support for the Endangerment Finding for atmospheric greenhouse gases

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 363 (6427) ◽  
pp. eaat5982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip B. Duffy ◽  
Christopher B. Field ◽  
Noah S. Diffenbaugh ◽  
Scott C. Doney ◽  
Zoe Dutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Substantial Risk ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The U.S

We assess scientific evidence that has emerged since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 2009 Endangerment Finding for six well-mixed greenhouse gases and find that this new evidence lends increased support to the conclusion that these gases pose a danger to public health and welfare. Newly available evidence about a wide range of observed and projected impacts strengthens the association between the risk of some of these impacts and anthropogenic climate change, indicates that some impacts or combinations of impacts have the potential to be more severe than previously understood, and identifies substantial risk of additional impacts through processes and pathways not considered in the Endangerment Finding.

scholarly journals Assessing climate risks across different business sectors and industries: an investigation of methodological challenges at national scale for the UK

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2121) ◽  
pp. 20170307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swenja Surminski ◽  
Manuela Di Mauro ◽  
J. Alastair R. Baglee ◽  
Richenda K. Connell ◽  
Joel Hankinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Climate Change Risk ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk

Climate change poses severe risks for businesses, which companies as well as governments need to understand in order to take appropriate steps to manage those. This, however, represents a significant challenge as climate change risk assessment is itself a complex, dynamic and geographically diverse process. A wide range of factors including the nature of production processes and value chains, the location of business sites as well as relationships and interdependencies with customers and suppliers play a role in determining if and how companies are impacted by climate risks. This research explores the methodological challenges for a national-scale assessment of climate risks through the lens of the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (UKCCRA) process and compares the approaches adopted in the first and second UKCCRA (2011, 2016), while also reflecting on international experiences elsewhere. A review of these issues is presented, drawing on a wide body of contemporary evidence from a range of sources including the research disciplines, grey literature and government policy. The study reveals the methodological challenges and highlights six broad themes, namely scale, evidence base, adaptation responses, scope, interdependencies and public policy. The paper concludes by identifying suitable lessons for future national climate risk assessments, which should guide the next phase of research in preparation for UKCCRA3 and those of national-level risk assessments elsewhere. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy’.

A MODELING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND HEDGING IN COASTAL AREAS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Alexander Danilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
System Structure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
The Impact

Every aspect of human operations faces a wide range of risks, some of which can cause serious consequences. By the start of 21st century, mankind has recognized a new class of risks posed by climate change. It is obvious, that the global climate is changing, and will continue to change, in ways that affect the planning and day to day operations of businesses, government agencies and other organizations and institutions. The manifestations of climate change include but not limited to rising sea levels, increasing temperature, flooding, melting polar sea ice, adverse weather events (e.g. heatwaves, drought, and storms) and a rise in related problems (e.g. health and environmental). Assessing and managing climate risks represent one of the most challenging issues of today and for the future. The purpose of the risk modeling system discussed in this paper is to provide a framework and methodology to quantify risks caused by climate change, to facilitate estimates of the impact of climate change on various spheres of human activities and to compare eventual adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. The system integrates both physical climate system and economic models together with knowledge-based subsystem, which can help support proactive risk management. System structure and its main components are considered. Special attention is paid to climate risk assessment, management and hedging in the Arctic coastal areas.

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