scholarly journals Municipal Bonds as a Financial Component of the Development of Territorial Communities in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Ivanyshyn ◽  
Alla Pecheniuk
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Municipal Bonds ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Economies In Transition ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level

The world economic thought has a number of tools, the use of which helps attract financial investment and helps accumulate additional funds for infrastructure and social projects of municipalities. The issue of municipal bonds as a financial component of the development of territorial communities is considered vital for this research in which the factors that determine the ability to borrow are highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of using municipal bonds by local governments are also identified. It is realized that the world experience in the application of municipal bonds is contradictory and ambiguous. It is established that the best results from the use of bonds have been the municipalities of countries with a high level of development and municipal management, which determines the demand for this type of securities from investors. The use of municipal bond in countries with economies in transition has led to a number of municipal defaults, resulting in severe restrictions on their issuance by central authorities. The united communities of Ukraine require additional financial resources. Smaller municipalities are characterized by a high rate of budget subsidies and low average income per community. Ukrainian territorial communities’ municipal bonds are used insufficiently in comparison to developed industrial countries. Factors that shape the risks of implementing a system of local borrowing in Ukraine are identified and include lack of recognition and registration of local governments as legal entities under public law, imperfection of legislation, lack of experience in local borrowing, lack of clear information about the available resources of local communities and their valuation.

Intervenții în managementul greutății

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 4-21
Author(s):  
Roxana-Mihaela Spînu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Weight Loss Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Interventions

Given the high rate of obesity around the world and its treatment costs, any potential intervention should be highly cost-effective. The article aims to provide an overview of the different types of interventions in weight management, their specific advantages and disadvantages, as well as their effectiveness. Moreover, it presents behavioral, cognitive-behavioral interventions and eHealth interventions in weight loss programs. The latter represents an innovation in the field, given its apparent utility and benefits, although further research is still needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the topic.

The World Overseas

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 22-32
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Factors

During the last twelve months there was some slowing down in the growth of industrial production in the main industrial countries as compared with the previous twelve months, but this occurred for the most part during the second half of 1964, with France and Italy registering actual falls in production, and output in the United States being adversely affected by the motor car strike in October. The first half of 1965 has seen a sharp acceleration of the rate of expansion overall, but this has by no means been the universal experience. French production has ceased to fall but remains stagnant and output in Italy is showing only a modest rise. One of the main factors in the high rate of expansion this year has been the exceptional rise in the United States, partly due to abnormal stockbuilding of motor cars and steel. Growth in Germany has been somewhat slower during 1965 as it has also in this country, and production in Japan, which increased by over 30 per cent during the last two years, has been completely stagnant this year (table 12).

scholarly journals Intervenții în managementul greutății

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 4-21
Author(s):  
Roxana-Mihaela Spînu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Weight Loss Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Interventions

Given the high rate of obesity around the world and its treatment costs, any potential intervention should be highly cost-effective. The article aims to provide an overview of the different types of interventions in weight management, their specific advantages and disadvantages, as well as their effectiveness. Moreover, it presents behavioral, cognitive-behavioral interventions and eHealth interventions in weight loss programs. The latter represents an innovation in the field, given its apparent utility and benefits, although further research is still needed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the topic.

scholarly journals Forming Communicative Competence of Future Tesol Teachers by Microteaching (Based on British Experience)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Natalya Bidyuk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
British Experience ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
High Level ◽  
British Education

Abstract The article deals with the analysis of the process of forming communicative competence of future TESOL students by means of microteaching based on the experience of leading British higher education institutions. It has been specified that the phenomenon of communicative competence in scientific discourse originated in the 1960s and connected with the prominent British, German and American scientific researchers (L. Bachman, R. Campbel, M. Canale, J. Habermas, M. Halliday, M. Swain et al.), who have produced their own implications on communicative competence. Based on their views it has been specified that the communicative competence should be acquired in all areas, namely, speaking, reading, listening, and writing. Therefore, it has been justified that microteaching is of significance, as it allows future TESOL teachers to develop the high level of communicative competence. It has been found out that microteaching was developed by Stanford University specialists and became adopted by many teacher education institutions in the world. The model of microteaching acquired in British education institutions has been described. It has been outlined that microteaching is seen as a simplified form of teaching, the main peculiarity of which means it is evaluated by peers/supervisors to provide a feedback. It has been indicated that the main aim of microteaching is to allow future TESOL teachers to determine their level of communicative competence most objectively. It has been clarified that future TESOL teachers should undergo three stages to form their communicative competence. The advantages and disadvantages of microteaching in the context of forming future TESOL teachers’ communicative competence have been presented. The most prominent advantages have been analyzed. The perspectives for further studies have been determined.

scholarly journals FINANCIAL MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL LOAN BONDS IN THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
Transport Industry ◽  
Local Budget ◽  
Financial Mechanism

The work is devoted to the analysis and development of the financial mechanism for the introduction of local loan bonds. The author generalizes the concept of «local loan bonds» and identifies the advantages and disadvantages in the process of implementing local loan bonds in the transport industry. Has been studied, that local loan bonds are one of the most effective financial instruments used by local governments to attract additional sources of financial support for businesses in the transport sector. The difficulties of applying local bonds in four relevant areas were identified as organizational, financial, investment and regional. The advantages of local loan bonds introduction at different levels were systematized as state, regional and for the issuer – city self-government bodies. It is determined that there are a number of restrictions on the issuance of local bonds at the legislative level on the total amount of loans to the local budget, local budget expenditures may not exceed 10 percent of the general fund expenditures on local debt service and time limits. The organizational mechanism of local loan bonds introduction is developed and expenses of local authorities in the course of their issue are considered. It is determined that during the issue of local bonds the issuer incurs costs for basic or additional services. The issuer will make a significant part of the costs in the process of organizing the registration of the issue of local loan bonds, for the services of an underwriter and financial advisor. The implementation of the financial mechanism for the local loan bonds introduction through certain forms of interaction, which are proposed to be considered in terms of cash flows, bond rights and information flows. The financial mechanism of introduction of bonds of local loans for subjects of managing of transport branch is offered. Within the mechanism of introduction of local bonds, its main participants are the issuer, investor and professional intermediaries, and as elements of market institutions – governing bodies: the stock market, the depository and the registrar. On the basis of the financial mechanism of local loan bonds implementation, the stages of financial support of local loan bonds are systematized in accordance with their purpose and functions of the mechanism participants. An important feature of the mechanism of financing of economic entities of the transport industry is the gradual nature of its implementation.

Strategy and Tactics of Monetary Policy during the World Economic Crisis

2010 ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nekipelov ◽  
M. Golovnin
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
The World ◽  
Rate Policy ◽  
World Economic ◽  
World Economic Crisis ◽  
Qualitative Changes

The paper analyzes the qualitative changes in monetary policy goals and instruments during the world economic crisis of 2007-2009 in industrial countries and Russia; it represents the authors view on Russian monetary policy goals and results on different stages of crisis development. On the basis of the analysis the authors conclude on the necessity of active exchange rate policy in Russia, while developing interest rate instruments, and implementation of some exchange restrictions to prevent crisis contagion in the future.

Bringing the Real World of Science to Children: A Partnership of the American Museum of Natural History and the City University of New York

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G Picciano ◽  
Robert V. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Museum ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Every child has a right to an education. In the United States, the issue is not necessarily about access to a school but access to a quality education. With strict compulsory education laws, more than 50 million students enrolled in primary and secondary schools, and billions of dollars spent annually on public and private education, American children surely have access to buildings and classrooms. However, because of a complex and competitive system of shared policymaking among national, state, and local governments, not all schools are created equal nor are equal education opportunities available for the poor, minorities, and underprivileged. One manifestation of this inequity is the lack of qualified teachers in many urban and rural schools to teach certain subjects such as science, mathematics, and technology. The purpose of this article is to describe a partnership model between two major institutions (The American Museum of Natural History and The City University of New York) and the program designed to improve the way teachers are trained and children are taught and introduced to the world of science. These two institutions have partnered on various projects over the years to expand educational opportunity especially in the teaching of science. One of the more successful projects is Seminars on Science (SoS), an online teacher education and professional development program, that connects teachers across the United States and around the world to cutting-edge research and provides them with powerful classroom resources. This article provides the institutional perspectives, the challenges and the strategies that fostered this partnership.

Pakistan and the World Economy (Distinguished Lecture)

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4I) ◽  
pp. 181-201
Author(s):  
John Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Engineering Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
The World ◽  
Deep Integration

This paper aims to explore Pakistan's geo-economic options in the difficult situation that confronts following the easing of sanctions, which added acute balance of payments pressures to its existing ailments of near-stagnant exports, a lower growth trend than in preceding decades, an unattractive climate for foreign investment, and weak social indicators. The first question explored is whether Pakistan has any opportunity of participating in a regional trade grouping. It is argued that the only conceivable way of achieving this would involve the development of SAARC, which would demand a profound transformation of Indo-Pakistani relations (though one no more profound than that realised in Franco-German relations since the founding of what is now known as the European Union). One benefit of achieving deep integration through SAARC is that this would create the possibility of Pakistan developing a serious engineering industry far more rapidly than will otherwise happen. In the absence of deep integration in SAARC, it is argued that Pakistan's best option would be a policy close to unilateral free trade, so as to place it in a position to take advantage of whatever the next generation of labour-intensive activities demanded by the world economy proves to be. Under either of those scenarios, the reestablishment of a dynamic industrial sector will require the maintenance of a competitive exchange rate, something that, it is argued, is not necessarily guaranteed by floating. The paper also discusses the role of inward direct investment in contributing to the export success of East Asia, and considers whether the expatriate Pakistani community might be capable of playing a role comparable to that played by the overseas Chinese in nurturing the Chinese export expansion of the last two decades. It is suggested that such a hope was set back by the extra-legal attempt to renegotiate power tariffs with the independent power producers in the course of 1998, and that Pakistan needs to become a country of laws rather than discretion if foreign investors, including expatriate Pakistanis, are ever to find the country an attractive export platform. While more inward direct investment would almost certainly be beneficial, the same is not true for inward financial investment, where too large an inflow can easily expose a country to very significant risks, as the East Asian crisis showed. In the long run, Pakistan needs to be prepared to repel excessive capital inflows if they materialise; but its immediate problem is still balance of payments pressure, and this seems to demand targeting a major and sustained improvement in the current account over the next several years.

Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adib Rifqi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
American University ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
High Level ◽  
Education And Development

“The real treasure is in the minds of our children, and all we have to do is extract it.” Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah writes in website Queen Rania Foundation For Education And Development www.qrf.org/en. Rania Al Yassin was born on August 31, 1970. She obtained her Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from the American University of Cairo in 1991. She applied this, first, to a banking career in Jordan and, later, to the information technology sector. After marrying Prince Abdullah bin Al Hussein on June 10, 1993, they went on to have four children: Prince Hussein, Princess Iman, Princess Salma, and Prince Hashem. In addition to being a wife and mother, Queen Rania works hard to lift the lives of Jordanians by supporting their endeavours and helping to create new opportunities for them. Locally, she is committed to breathe new life into the public education system; empower communities and women especially through microfinance initiatives; protect children and families; and drive innovation, technology and entrepreneurship, especially amongst young people. Internationally, Queen Rania is an advocate for tolerance, compassion and bridge building between people of all cultures and backgrounds. Her efforts to simultaneously challenge stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims, and promote greater understanding and acceptance between people of all faiths and cultures, have won her global recognition. Her Majesty’s passion is education. She believes that every Jordanian girl and boy, and all children, should have access not only to stimulating classrooms and modern curricula, but inspiring teachers and technology that can connect Jordan’s children to the world and the world to Jordan’s children. Her efforts in the education sector complement the work of the Ministry of Education through initiatives such as the Jordan Education Initiative, the Queen Rania Teachers Academy, Madrasati, Edraak and others. To realize these and so much more, Queen Rania has encouraged private sector partners to drive improvements and strengthen the foundations of Jordan’s education system. Queen Rania is also a global voice for access to quality education for children around the world. In 2009, Her Majesty championed the 1 Goal campaign for education; she is Honorary Chair of the UN Girl’s Education Initiatives and has advocated access to education in forums and gatherings around the world. Her work and her efforts to improve the learning opportunities for children have been recognized at the highest levels, nationally, regionally and internationally. Additionally, through her position on their boards, Her Majesty contributes to the work of the United Nations Fund and the World Economic Forum. She is the Eminent Advocate for UNICEF; and she was part of the UN appointed High Level Panel who advised on the shape and content of the Sustainable Development Goals which aim to improve the lives of millions of people before 2030. In recognition of her work, Her Majesty has humbly accepted many awards, locally, regionally and globally. These include the Walther Rathenau Award from the Walther RathenauInstitut in Germany for her efforts to greater peace and understanding; the James C. Morgan Global Humanitarian Award from Tech Awards, USA; the Arab Knight of Giving Award from Arab Giving Forum, UAE; the North South Prize by the North South Prize, Portugal; as well as the YouTube Visionary Award. Her Majesty authored several books primarily for children including the Sandwich Swap, which was inspired by her own childhood experiences.

Global warming influences dynamics of plague’s epidemic manifestations in XX-XXI centuries

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
E.S. Zenkevich ◽  
N.V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Trend ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
High Level

During the second half of 20th century, a high level of plague incidence in the world was in 1960–1979 and 1990–2009. The significant decrease of infection cases was in 1950–1959, 1980–1989, 2010–2015. It is noticed, that the observed cyclical nature of the alternation of high and low incidence plague’s periods, in many respects related to modern trend of climate fluctuations.

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