scholarly journals EFFECTS OF CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE ON LEAD UPTAKE BY COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
M. S. Dagari ◽  
Mohammed Salisu Musa
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Phosphate Fertilization ◽  
Phosphate Treatment

The effects of calcium hydrogen phosphate on lead (Pb) uptake by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were investigated in a growth chamber experiment coupled with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and colorimetry analyses. Cowpea seeds were planted and harvested in soil samples treated with Pb+2 added as lead nitrate at the rates of 0, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg followed by calcium hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO4) at 0, 10, 50 and 250 mg/kg. Increases in shoot yield brought about by phosphate fertilization were observed to oppress the shoot lead concentration as a result of growth dilution, where the actual amount of lead in shoots was unaffected by phosphate treatment. This work revealed that there is no substantial effect on lead uptake by cowpea, as a result of phosphate fertilization. Therefore, phosphate fertilization is a good means of cowpea production with minimal lead uptake and hence safe for human consumption

scholarly journals Transfer of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Toxic Elements from Soil to Grapes to White Wines in Uncontaminated Vineyards

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13271
Author(s):  
Justin B. Richardson ◽  
Jahziel K. Chase
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
White Wines ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Dietary Requirements

Wine is a popular beverage and may be a source of nutrient and toxic elements during human consumption. Here, we explored the variation in nutrient and toxic elements from soils to grape berries and commercial white wines (Chardonnay) at five USA vineyards (New York, Vermont, California, Virginia) with strongly contrasting geology, soils, and climates. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients (Ca, K, and Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Cu, and Zn), and toxic elements (As, Cd, and Pb). Our study showed contrasting macronutrient, micronutrient, and toxic element concentrations in soils and in vines, leaves, and grapes. However, plant tissue concentrations did not correspond with total soil concentrations, suggesting a disconnect governing their accumulation. Bioconcentration factors for soil to grape berry transfer suggest the accumulation of Ca, K and Mg in berries while Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb were generally not accumulated in our study or in previous studies. Wines from the five vineyards studied had comparable nutrient, micronutrient, and toxic metal concentrations as wines from Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Croatia, Czech Republic, and Japan. The transfer of nutrients and toxic elements from grape berries to wine indicated that only Ca, K, and Mg were added or retained while concentrations of all other micronutrients and toxic elements were somewhat to extensively diminished. Thus, there appears to be a substantial effect on the geochemistry of the wine from the grape from either the fermentation process (i.e., flocculation), or a dilution effect. We conclude that soils, geology, and climate do not appear to generate a unique geochemical terroir as the transfer and concentration of inorganic nutrients appear to be comparable across strongly contrasting vineyards. This has several implications for human health. Nutrients in wine have potential impacts for human nutrition, as wine can meet or exceed the recommended dietary requirements of Ca, K, Mg, and Fe, and toxic metals As and Pb concentrations were also non-trivial.

scholarly journals Pratiques de production et caracteristiques physiques et chimiques du shô basi, un couscous de niebe (Vigna unguiculata) produit au Mali

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17509-17528
Author(s):  
A Timitey ◽  
◽  
L Adinsi ◽  
YE Madodé ◽  
F Cissé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Steam Cooking ◽  
End Products ◽  
Cowpea Varieties

In West Africa, cowpea is processed into several end-products among which the most consumed in Mali is a steamed granulated product known as cowpea couscous or Shô basi, in Bambara. Organoleptic properties ofShô basi are variable, probably as a consequence of the diversity of the practices of production. This study aims at determining these practices, their constraints and the physico-chemical characteristics of Shô basi as sold on Malian markets. A survey using focus group discussions, and involving eighteen (18) Shô basi production cooperatives, each gathering 8 to 32 members, was conducted in South Mali. The information collected was related to cowpea varieties used for production, flow diagrams, constraints of production, and quality criteria of the end-products. Eighteen (18) Shô basi samples were collected from the interviewed groups and used for the determination of the physical and chemical properties of Shô basi. Results showed that most of the processors were married, non or moderately literate and aged between 20 and 59 years women. The main cowpea varieties used for the production are sangaraka and wilibali, both from the species Vigna unguiculata. Both varieties of cowpea are characterized by a white or cream color. Shô basi is produced using a single process with two major technological variants. One involves a wet total dehulling (VDT), whereas the second involves a dry partial dehulling (VDP) of cowpea seeds. Regardless of the technological variant and cowpea variety used, interviewees indicated that a good qualityShô basi must have a light color, a soft mouthfeel texture, a homogeneous granule size and lacking beany flavor. Protein(25,0g/100g) and polyphenol (24,3mg/100g)contents as well as swelling level were similar for Shô basi from both variants. However, Shô basi from technology involving partial dehulling (VDP) was less bright, richer in fiber and minerals, and contained more fine granules thanShô basi involving whole dehulling(VDT). Cowpea dehulling, flour granulation, steam cooking and drying are the mean constraints for quality standardization and large-scale production of Shô basi in Mali.

scholarly journals Genome-wide association study reveals candidate genes for flowering time in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dev Paudel ◽  
Rocheteau Dareus ◽  
Julia Rosenwald ◽  
Maria Munoz-Amatriain ◽  
Esteban Rios
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genome Wide

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp., diploid, 2n = 22) is a major crop used as a protein source for human consumption as well as a quality feed for livestock. It is drought and heat tolerant and has been bred to develop varieties that are resilient to changing climates. Plant adaptation to new climates and their yield are strongly affected by flowering time. Therefore, understanding the genetic basis of flowering time is critical to advance cowpea breeding. The aim of this study was to perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify marker trait associations for flowering time in cowpea using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 367 accessions from a cowpea mini-core collection were evaluated in Ft. Collins, CO in 2019 and 2020, and 292 accessions were evaluated in Citra, FL in 2018. These accessions were genotyped using the Cowpea iSelect Consortium Array that contained 51,128 SNPs. GWAS revealed seven reliable SNPs for flowering time that explained 8-12% of the phenotypic variance. Candidate genes including FT, GI, CRY2, LSH3, UGT87A2, LIF2, and HTA9 that are associated with flowering time were identified for the significant SNP markers. Further efforts to validate these loci will help to understand their role in flowering time in cowpea, and it could facilitate the transfer of some of this knowledge to other closely related legume species.

scholarly journals Quantification of Pesticide Residues in Retail Samples of Cowpea - Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
C. S. Okoye ◽  
C. E. Oguh ◽  
O. J. Umezinwa ◽  
C. C. Uzoefuna ◽  
B. C. Nwanguma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Dimethyl Phosphate ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
City State

Quantification of pesticide residues in retail samples of food is one way to determine the level of human exposure to these chemicals and hence their potential health hazards. The study was aimed at quantifying the level of some known pesticides in retail samples of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (Cowpea) from two cropping seasons. Five cultivars of cowpea from two different harvest seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018) were purchased from Ogige Market, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. The cowpeas were identified based on city/state where they were cultivated. Two foreign samples were also purchased from London, UK. The pesticide residues were determined using gas chromatography coupled with electron capturing detector (GC-ECD). The results showed that the retail samples of cowpea contained residues of one or more organochlorines and organophosphates. The levels of post-harvest pesticides, 2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) in 2016/17 season (0.02 μg/g) exceeded the international permissible standards (0.01 μg/g). The levels of the pre-harvest pesticides, glyphosate was low in both seasons (0.01 μg/g) when compared to the international permissible standards (0.1 μg/g).  The DDVP was not detected in the two foreign samples. HCB (Hexachlorobenzene), α-HCH (alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane), Chlorpyrifos, g-chlordane, t-nonachlor, p-p’-DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), p-p’-DDE (Dichlorodiphenyldichlo-rowthylene), and p-p’-DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) were detected in the cowpea from two cropping seasons despite being banned from agricultural use. This could be due to the additional application of pesticides during storage of the cowpeas. The findings concludes that the levels of some of the residues exceeded the safety limits while some were below the safety limits, suggesting that some of samples of the cowpea were not safe for human consumption as bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity of these residues was likely to pose serious health risks to the consumers. Generally, cowpea from the 2016/17 season contained higher pesticide residues than those from the 2017/18 season.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variation of Mineral Elements and Phytate Levels of Thirty Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Varieties Cultivated in Burkina Faso

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Pierre A.E.D. Sombie ◽  
Ibrahim Ouedraogo ◽  
Jean Baptiste D.L.S. Tignegré ◽  
Adama Hilou ◽  
Tinga J. Ouedraogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Phytate Content

Cowpea is consumed as a staple food in many developing countries. The present study was undertaken to determine the variation in mineral elements and phytate concentrations in 30 cowpeas seeds varieties consumed in Burkina Faso. The composition of the thirty cowpeas seeds in total mineral varies from 5.08 % ± 0.00 to 3.55 % ± 0.08. The genotype CR06-07 showed the high content of total mineral (ashes) and the genotype Kondesyoungo local, the low content of ashes. IT81D-994 showed the high content of iron (7.07 ± 0.057 mg/100g of seeds dw), zinc (4.42 ± 0.012 mg/100 g of seeds dw), magnesium (239.80 ± 1.192 mg/100 g of seeds dw), calcium (123.39 ± 2.31 mg /100 g of seeds dw) and potassium (1201.97 ± 25.66 mg/100 g of seeds dw). Na and Se levels in the seeds showed about 4.5-fold and 7.6-fold variations between the cowpeas varieties. The genotype komcallé showed the high content of sodium (5.45 ± 0.20 mg/100 g of seeds dw) and the genotype KVx 414-22-2 had the high content of selenium (0.006 ± 0.0002 mg/100 g of seeds dw). The phytate content of the cowpeas genotypes varied from 555.61 ± 7.48 for TVU 14676 to 13.50 ± 1.14 mg/100 g of seeds dw for KVx 30-309-6G. The [Phy]/[Fe], [Phy]/[Zn], [Phy]/[Ca] and [Phy] x [Ca]/[Zn] ratios showed that the phytate content might compromise the Fe, Zn and Ca bioavailability in some cowpeas varieties. This study indicates that the cowpeas varieties might be considered as mineral source suitable for animal and human consumption.

scholarly journals Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc Contents of Fish Marketed in NW Mexico

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín G. Frías-Espericueta ◽  
Francia K. G. Zamora-Sarabia ◽  
J. Isidro Osuna-López ◽  
María D. Muy-Rangel ◽  
Werner Rubio-Carrasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fish Muscles ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Nw Mexico ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Copper Lead

To assess if they were within the safety limits for human consumption, the Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents of fish muscles, bought from separate stalls of the fish markets of nine cities of NW Mexico, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Considering all fish and markets, the mean contents were Zn:23.23±5.83, Cu:1.72±0.63, Cd:0.27±0.07, and Pb:0.09±0.04 µg/g (dry weight). Cu, Zn, and Pb did not reach levels of concern for human consumption, but the high Cd values determined in Mazatlán (Mugil cephalus:0.48±0.15;Diapterusspp.:0.57±0.33;Lutjanusspp.:0.72±0.12; small shark:0.87±0.19 µg/g dry weight) indicate that this was the only metal of concern for human health because the daily individual consumption of fish muscle to reach the PTDI would be within 0.27 and 0.41 kg.

Potentially toxic metals and metalloids in surface water intended for human consumption and other uses in the Mantaro River watershed, Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 237-245
Author(s):  
María Custodio ◽  
Daniel Álvarez ◽  
Walter Cuadrado ◽  
Raúl Montalvo ◽  
Salomé Ochoa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Potentially Toxic Metals ◽  
Metals And Metalloids ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Mine Wastewater ◽  
High Concentrations

The concentration of Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As in the surface water intended for human consumption and other uses in the Mantaro River basin were analysed using multivariate methods. The water samples were collected from seven water bodies in the Junín region in June 2019, in the low discharge period. In each body of water, a sector with six sampling sites was established. The Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As contents were determined by the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. The correlation analysis revealed positive and significant correlations (P < 0.05) for the Zn/Pb, Pb/Fe and Zn/Fe pairs with a good association, higher than 0.80 and for the Pb/Cu, Fe/Cu, As/Pb and As/Zn pairs a weak degree of association (P < 0.05). The analysis of the main components showed three components with their own values > 1. The hierarchical grouping analysis classified the evaluated water bodies into three groups according to the concentration of the Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As. The high concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic recorded in the CIMIRM and MERIS irrigation channels reveal that the Mantaro River continues to be a sink for mine wastewater discharges and runoff from mining liabilities at the headwaters of the Mantaro basin. It is, therefore, necessary to implement urgent management policies to control and reduce the levels of contamination by potentially toxic metals and metalloids in the Mantaro River.

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