scholarly journals Biaya Langsung dan Tidak Langsung pada Penyakit Hipertensi: Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Budi Respati Nur Mulianingsih ◽  
Dwi Endarti ◽  
Anna Wahyuni Widayanti
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
The Government

Hypertension is a health problem that increases mortality and morbidity and the economic burden of healthcare in Indonesia. Analysis of Cost of Illness (COI) must be conducted from different perspectives to provide additional information for policymakers about the economic impact caused by hypertension. This review aims to explain the components of healthcare costs in hypertension based on different perspectives, namely patient, payer, and healthcare providers. The results of this study show that direct and non-medical costs are the largest component of healthcare costs. Drug, doctor consultations, supporting examinations (laboratory tests), healthcare workers, administration costs are the highest direct medical costs. Travel and food expenses are components of direct non-medical costs. The lost productivity of patients or caregivers is calculated using the human capital approach and occupies health expenses as indirect costs. This can help the government and other researchers have the same perception in determining the components of the health costs under study. A study of COI can help the government control hypertension with promotive and preventive efforts and improve the government's public health program for hypertension.

scholarly journals Economic Burden of HIV/AIDS Infection in Iran; a Modelling Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesam Ghiasvand ◽  
Jebreil Shamseddin ◽  
Akbar Biglarian
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background HIV/AIDS infection is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing and poor countries. It may potentially lead to economic burden on health system. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection in is a debatable issue among researchers, and as our best knowledge, there is lack in economic evidence in this regard in Iran. The purpose of this study is calculating the economic burden of HIV/AIDS infection in Iran in 2016. Methods We used a societal perspective to capture the direct and indirect costs attributed to HIV/AIDS infection in until end of 2016. We used a prevalence model based approach to estimate the costs of the infection in Iran. For developing our model, we used the Iran Ministry of Health National Guideline for Managing of the infection of Iran by health and medical practitioners. We analysed the HIV/AIDS Surveillance System in three base case, optimistic and pessimistic approaches as our sensitivity analysis. Results Total direct costs and indirect costs attributed to the HIV/AIDS infection were 7,946,530 and 1,288,586 US$ until end of 2016. In addition, the total cost is 8,785,116. Conclusions Direct costs form approximately 85% of total costs of HIV/AIDS infection in Iran. However, we should consider that these costs are just for about 14.3% of diagnosed people who are under Antiretroviral Therapy, therefor if the government wants to scale up ART to large proportion of the population, it expectedly will raise.

scholarly journals Impact of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and interventions to contain the virus on society and patients with kidney disease in Cambodia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam Nov ◽  
Toru Hyodo ◽  
Yukie Kitajima ◽  
Kenichi Kokubo ◽  
Toshihide Naganuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Loved One ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
Access To Food

AbstractCambodia detected its first case of COVID-19 just 3 days before WHO declared that the outbreak constituted as PHEIC. As of February 15, 2021, and after two major outbreaks, only 479 cases had been reported, 396 (83%) of which were imported. This small number of cases was largely thanks to stringent measures and policies put in place by the government to curb the spread. Despite these efforts, a third cluster outbreak was declared on February 20, 2021. It has disrupted all aspects of life in Cambodia. As in many other countries affected by the virus, economic hardship, lockdowns in cities, and food insecurity ensued. Against the backdrop of this widespread impact on the citizens of Cambodia, we conducted this review article to better understand the situation of healthcare workers in nephrology and dialysis patients and the challenge they face in providing and receiving essential medical care. Healthcare providers have continued working to serve their patients despite facing a high risk of catching SARS-CoV-2 and other challenges including difficulties in traveling to work, increased physical and mental burden, and higher stress due to measures taken to minimize the risk of transmission during patients’ care. Some healthcare workers have been discriminated against by neighbors. The most difficult mission is when having to deal with families whose loved one is denied access to a hemodialysis session due to suspected COVID-19 while waiting for PCR test results. Hemodialysis patients reported facing economic hardship and increasingly difficult circumstances. When access to food is limited, patients have eaten canned or dried salted food rather than an appropriate hemodialysis diet. Because hemodialysis centers are concentrated in a few cities, access has become even harder during the travel ban. In-center hemodialysis rules are stricter and does not allow family members or escorts to enter the unit. Only a few hemodialysis patients have been vaccinated. Before COVID-19, hemodialysis patients already faced major burdens. The pandemic appears to be decreasing their quality of life and survival even further. Through this study, we have revealed current hardships and the need to improve the situations for both healthcare workers in nephrology and hemodialysis patients in Cambodia.

scholarly journals Incidence and Costs of Clostridium difficile Infections in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian R. Levy ◽  
Shelagh M. Szabo ◽  
Greta Lozano-Ortega ◽  
Elisa Lloyd-Smith ◽  
Victor Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Lost Productivity

Abstract Background.  Limited data are available on direct medical costs and lost productivity due to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in Canada. Methods.  We developed an economic model to estimate the costs of managing hospitalized and community-dwelling patients with CDI in Canada. The number of episodes was projected based on publicly available national rates of hospital-associated CDI and the estimate that 64% of all CDI is hospital-associated. Clostridium difficile infection recurrences were classified as relapses or reinfections. Resource utilization data came from published literature, clinician interviews, and Canadian CDI surveillance programs, and this included the following: hospital length of stay, contact with healthcare providers, pharmacotherapy, laboratory testing, and in-hospital procedures. Lost productivity was considered for those under 65 years of age, and the economic impact was qua.jpegied using publicly available labor statistics. Unit costs were obtained from published sources and presented in 2012 Canadian dollars. Results.  There were an estimated 37 900 CDI episodes in Canada in 2012; 7980 (21%) of these were relapses, out of a total of 10 900 (27%) episodes of recurrence. The total cost to society of CDI was estimated at $281 million; 92% ($260 million) was in-hospital costs, 4% ($12 million) was direct medical costs in the community, and 4% ($10 million) was due to lost productivity. Management of CDI relapses alone accounted for $65.1 million (23%). Conclusions.  The largest proportion of costs due to CDI in Canada arise from extra days of hospitalization. Interventions reducing the severity of infection and/or relapses leading to rehospitalizations are likely to have the largest absolute effect on direct medical costs.

HSR19-102: Direct and Indirect Economic Burden of Cervical Cancer (CxCa) in the United States in 2015: A Mixed-Methods Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3.5) ◽  
pp. HSR19-102
Author(s):  
Chizoba Nwankwo ◽  
Shelby L. Corman ◽  
Ruchit Shah ◽  
Youngmin Kwon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Early Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Productivity Costs ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Lost Productivity

Background: An estimated 12,820 women in the United States will be diagnosed with CxCa in 2018, with 4,210 deaths from the disease. The economic burden of CxCa, both in terms of healthcare costs and lost productivity, has not been adequately studied. Methods: This was a mixed-methods study that evaluated the direct and indirect costs of CxCa using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for prevalent CxCa cases and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for deaths due to CxCa. Total healthcare costs and number of work days missed were compared between CxCa cases and controls in MEPS, using propensity scores calculated from baseline demographics and comorbidities. Missed work was converted to costs using the average hourly wage for women in 2015. Per-patient incremental healthcare and lost work productivity costs were then multiplied by the number of prevalent cases of CxCa in 2015 obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). NCHS data on the age-stratified number of CxCa deaths per year (1935–2015) and life expectancy data from the Social Security Administration were then used to calcluate the number of women who would be alive in 2015 if they had not died from CxCa and the lost earnings resulting from early mortality. The primary study outcome was the total direct and indirect cost of CxCa in 2015, calculated as the sum of the incremental direct healthcare costs, incremental lost productivity costs due to missed work, and lost productivity costs resulting from early death due to CxCa. Results: An estimated 257,524 women were alive with CxCa in 2015. Total healthcare costs were $4,221 higher, and an additional 0.37 work days were missed in women with CxCa compared to propensity-matched controls. Of the 488,475 women who died of CxCa prior to 2015, 108,832 would be alive in 2015 and 38,540 would be part of the workforce. Lost earnings in 2015 attributable to these deaths totaled $2.19 billion. The total economic burden of CxCa in the United States in 2015 was thus estimated at $3.3 billion (Table 1). Conclusions: CxCa was responsible for nearly $3.3 billion in direct and indirect costs in 2015. Early death among women with CxCa was the biggest driver of total economic burden.

scholarly journals Open data on industry payments to healthcare providers reveal potential hidden costs to the public

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Mejia ◽  
Amanda Mejia ◽  
Franco Pestilli
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Drug Costs ◽  
Medical Providers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medicare Data ◽  
Open Payments

Abstract Healthcare industry players make payments to medical providers for non-research expenses. While these payments may pose conflicts of interest, their relationship with overall healthcare costs remains largely unknown. In this study, we linked Open Payments data on providers’ industry payments with Medicare data on healthcare costs. We investigated 374,766 providers’ industry payments and healthcare costs. We demonstrate that providers receiving higher amounts of industry payments tend to bill higher drug and medical costs. Specifically, we find that a 10% increase in industry payments is associated with 1.3% higher medical and 1.8% higher drug costs. For a typical provider, for example, a 10% or $25 increase in annual industry payments would be associated with approximately $1,100 higher medical costs and $100 higher drug costs. Furthermore, the association between payments and healthcare costs varies markedly across states and correlates with political leaning, being stronger in more conservative states.

scholarly journals Costs of Responding to a Measles Outbreak: Buvuma Islands, Lake Victoria, Uganda, February-May 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Nguna ◽  
Joy Kusiima Bbaale ◽  
Doreen Birungi ◽  
Benon Kwesiga ◽  
Daniel Kadobera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Despite the strong prevention efforts by the Uganda Ministry of Health (MOH), measles outbreaks continue to occur. The MOH responded to a measles outbreak in the hard to reach areas of Buvuma Islands, identifying 54 case-patients, 4 of whom developed complications and were hospitalized. We estimated the provider cost of responding to this outbreak, cost of prevention, and the cost the government would have saved with effective prevention. Methods We took the Government perspective into consideration. Using an itemized form, we systematically collected data on quantities and unit costs of all the resource inputs for both direct and indirect costs at national, district, and facility levels. Medical cost referred to hospital and clinic costs for medications, supplies, utilities, transport, and personnel; non-medical costs included those associated with person-hours spent on the outbreak investigation and control effort. Results The overall cost of investigating and controlling this outbreak was $16,259.50 (including $5,526.30) of medical costs, $10,733.20 of non-medical costs) and the cost per capita of number of children 6mon-5years was $117.80 (16,259.5/138 (number of children 6mon-5years. This is the target for measles intensified immunization following an outbreak). Conclusion and Recommendations The total cost incurred in this outbreak is four fold the amount needed to vaccinate all children in Buvuma which would have averted the outbreak. We recommend strengthening vaccination services in all corners of the country, especially hard-to-reach areas, to enable the government forego the extra cost and morbidity associated with outbreak control.

scholarly journals THE GOVERNMENT CONTROL SYSTEM OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE’S HELTHCARE

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Z. V. Yurynets ◽  
R V. Yurynets ◽  
O. A. Petrukh
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Government Control ◽  
The Government ◽  
Functional Components

The article deals with the theoretical bases of forming of the government control system of innovative development of Ukraine’s healthcare. It has been found that innovative healthcare processes are slowly developing and need to be resolved. Among the regulatory influences, state regulation is most effective in the field of market transformations. The main purpose of the article is to identify the levels of governance and healthcare providers, to group and to characterize the state regulation system of healthcare innovative development. The article deals with the levels of hierarchical control (macro level, meso level, micro level, nano level) and the corresponding subjects involved in the process of innovative development of healthcare The government control system of innovative development of healthcare can be described as a continuum of functional components, properties of objects, and relations between them in order to achieve primary objectives of innovative development in the sphere. Application of clear and effective tool of government control of innovative development in healthcare is needed for realization of the government control system of innovative development of the aforementioned field and public policy. We state, that the signs of the government control system of innovative development of health protection sphere has been distinguished as follows: aims, main reference-point, directions and tasks of government control, general criteria of the government control system of innovative development of healthcare, methods of state stimulation of innovative activity, instruments of government control of innovative development of healthcare, evaluation criteria of  instruments of government control. We established that the achievement of strategic aims of innovative development of healthcare is impossible without effective government control of innovative processes. Innovative processes are the specific, scale, difficult and many-sided object of adjusting. It requires the use of non-spread functions, methods of influence for effective development of healthcare.

Poetics of the Pillory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Keymer
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Government Control ◽  
History And Criticism ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
Restoration Measure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
Prior Restraint

On the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695, Thomas Macaulay wrote in his History of England, ‘English literature was emancipated, and emancipated for ever, from the control of the government’. It’s certainly true that the system of prior restraint enshrined in this Restoration measure was now at an end, at least for print. Yet the same cannot be said of government control, which came to operate instead by means of post-publication retribution, not pre-publication licensing, notably for the common-law offence of seditious libel. For many of the authors affected, from Defoe to Cobbett, this new regime was a greater constraint on expression than the old, not least for its alarming unpredictability, and for the spectacular punishment—the pillory—that was sometimes entailed. Yet we may also see the constraint as an energizing force. Throughout the eighteenth century and into the Romantic period, writers developed and refined ingenious techniques for communicating dissident or otherwise contentious meanings while rendering the meanings deniable. As a work of both history and criticism, this book traces the rise and fall of seditious libel prosecution, and with it the theatre of the pillory, while arguing that the period’s characteristic forms of literary complexity—ambiguity, ellipsis, indirection, irony—may be traced to the persistence of censorship in the post-licensing world. The argument proceeds through case studies of major poets and prose writers including Dryden, Defoe, Pope, Fielding, Johnson, and Southey, and also calls attention to numerous little-known satires and libels across the extended period.

The Influence of the Parties on Judges

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Alarie ◽  
Andrew J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Additional Information ◽  
High Courts ◽  
The Government

High courts differ in the processes for choosing who sits on the court, the size and composition of panels, and the cases the court hears. Once the case is before the court, a judge may also be influenced by the parties that appear in the appeal. This chapter examines this influence. The government, for example, tends to be more successful in many cases than other parties. This success may be due, for example, to the government having more resources than other parties or being a repeat player in front of the court. Further, judges seem to at least be modestly influenced by interveners, who are not actually the parties to the appeal but seek to provide additional information. Judges appear to consider the information provided by the interveners in some contexts, though the presence of interveners also appears connected to an increase in the probability of a judge dissenting.

scholarly journals Trends in incidence rate, health care use, and costs due to rib fractures in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonne T. H. Prins ◽  
Mathieu M. E. Wijffels ◽  
Sophie M. Wooldrik ◽  
Martien J. M. Panneman ◽  
Michael H. J. Verhofstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Rib Fractures ◽  
Work Absence ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Care Costs

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to examine population-based trends in the incidence rate, health care consumption, and work absence with associated costs in patients with rib fractures. Methods A retrospective nationwide epidemiologic study was performed with data from patients with one or more rib fractures presented or admitted to a hospital in the Netherlands between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 and have been registered in the Dutch Injury Surveillance System (DISS) or the Hospital Discharge Registry (HDR). Incidence rates were calculated using data from Statistics Netherlands. The associated direct health care costs, costs for lost productivity, and years lived with disability (YLD) were calculated using data from a questionnaire. Results In the 4-year study period, a total of 32,124 patients were registered of which 19,885 (61.9%) required hospitalization with a mean duration of 7.7 days. The incidence rate for the total cohort was 47.1 per 100,000 person years and increased with age. The mean associated direct health care costs were €6785 per patient and showed a sharp increase after the age of 75 years. The mean duration of work absence was 44.2 days with associated mean indirect costs for lost productivity of €22,886 per patient. The mean YLD was 0.35 years and decreased with age. Conclusion Rib fractures are common and associated with lengthy HLOS and work absenteeism as well as high direct and indirect costs which appear to be similar between patients with one or multiple rib fractures and mostly affected by admitted patients and age.

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