scholarly journals Pozycja w systemie władzy USA oraz zadania Rady ds. Monitorowania Stabilności Finansowej

2017 ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
Finance Company ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Financial Company

Present article discusses some of the key issues introduced to the US federal law in 2010 to ensure the stability of the financial sector in the United States. Special attention was paid to two issues, i.e. the rules and procedures under which the FSOC may considered a non-banking finance company to be important from the point of view of stability of the US financial sector (and in such situation trigger supplementary supervision by the FRS) and the procedure for controlled liquidation of a financial company considered by the FSOC to be a risk to the stability of the US financial system.

The great Chinese surprise: the rupture with the United States is real and is happening

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-437
Author(s):  
Xiangfeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Pendulum Swing ◽  
The Us ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Trade War ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Ample evidence exists that China was caught off guard by the Trump administration's onslaught of punishing acts—the trade war being a prime, but far from the only, example. This article, in addition to contextualizing their earlier optimism about the relations with the United States under President Trump, examines why Chinese leaders and analysts were surprised by the turn of events. It argues that three main factors contributed to the lapse of judgment. First, Chinese officials and analysts grossly misunderstood Donald Trump the individual. By overemphasizing his pragmatism while downplaying his unpredictability, they ended up underprepared for the policies he unleashed. Second, some ingrained Chinese beliefs, manifested in the analogies of the pendulum swing and the ‘bickering couple’, as well as the narrative of the ‘ballast’, lulled officials and scholars into undue optimism about the stability of the broader relationship. Third, analytical and methodological problems as well as political considerations prevented them from fully grasping the strategic shift against China in the US.

Das European Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee: Ein Beitrag zur Regulierungskultur in Europa

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-335
Author(s):  
Harald A. Benink ◽  
Reinhard H. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Financial Regulatory ◽  
Regulatory Committee ◽  
Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee

AbstractThe turbulence in the international financial markets in the 1980s inspired the idea that independent academics might be in a position to make a contribution to the improvement of regulation and thus ultimately also to the stability of the national financial sector in the United States. This led to the creation of the US “Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee“, a group of academics and other independent experts working in the field of financial regulation, which meets regularly and issues statements concerning conceptual as well as current issues in financial regulation. Two years ago, a similar shadow committee was founded in Europe. It is composed of members from 11 different countries. The special problems of financial regulation in Europe, as well as the special features of the European Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee (ESFRC), derive from the fact that despite the trend towards economic and political integration, Europe is still a collection of different nations with different institutional set-ups and political and economic traditions. In this paper, Harald Benink, chairman of the ESFRC, and Reinhard H. Schmidt, one of the two German members, describe the origin, the objectives and the functioning of the committee and the thrust of its recommendations.

Treaties in US Domestic Law: Medellín v. Texas in Context

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Reed ◽  
Ilmi Granoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
The Us ◽  
Treaty Law ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
Death Penalty Case

AbstractIn Medellín v. Texas, a Texas death penalty case, the United States Supreme Court decided that it could not enforce what it acknowledged to be an international legal obligation to comply with the Avena judgment of the International Court of Justice. The Supreme Court's judgment in Medellín has put our understanding of the domestic treatment of US treaty law in a state of flux. Under the Supremacy Clause of the US Constitution, treaties are the supreme law of the land: binding, equivalent to federal statutes and enforceable by judges. After Medellín, treaties may not necessarily be enforceable federal law, depending on whether they are self-executing without additional legislation. The Supreme Court's decision depends upon the dramatic expansion of a narrow but necessary exception to the Supremacy Clause provided in an 1829 Supreme Court precedent. The consequence of that expansion is to put the US historical approach to treaty-making in question. This article provides (a) a brief overview of treaty law in the United States, including the law before Medellín regarding the domestic effect of treaty law, (b) an overview of Medellín, (c) a critique of the Court's reasoning in Medellín and (d) a discussion of its consequences.

scholarly journals Removal of a General – The Rebirth of a Latent Conflict Between Two Sovereign States: USA and Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Diana Chiş-Manolache ◽  
Ciprian Chiş
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
World History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Period ◽  
World Power ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability

AbstractGenerally speaking, the relations between different states of the world, but especially between the states that represent world powers or have a certain type of arsenal, are able to influence the stability and the state of calmness from a certain region of the world, but also the notion of peace at the globally level. The 2020 year began with such a situation, in the sense that United States of America and Iran, which have been for a long period in relations not among the most well, have arrived at a moment that could represent, to a very large extent, the starting point of a conflict that will enter in the world history. The elimination of a very important Iranian general by US troops in early January 2020, by a surprise attack amonk Iraqian teritory, markedly aggravated relations between the United States of America and Iran, but also between the great world power and Iraq or other major global players who have harshly criticized the US attack.

scholarly journals RTHP-06. IMPACT OF THE AMERICAN TAX PAYER RELIEF ACT ON STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY UTILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi211-vi211
Author(s):  
Shearwood McClelland III ◽  
Catherine Degnin ◽  
Yiyi Chen ◽  
Gordon Watson ◽  
Jerry Jaboin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Stereotactic Radiosurgery ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Cancer Data Base ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Whole Brain Radiation ◽  
The Us

Abstract INTRODUCTION For brain metastases, single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) spares appropriately chosen patients from the invasiveness of operative intervention and the permanent cognitive morbidity of whole brain radiation. SRS is delivered predominantly via two modalities: Gamma Knife, and linear accelerator (LINAC). The implementation of the American Tax Payer Relief Act (ATRA) in 2013 represented the first time limitations specifically targeting SRS reimbursement were introduced into federal law. The subsequent impact of the ATRA on SRS utilization in the United States (US) has yet to be examined. METHODS The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) from 2010–2016 identified brain metastases patients from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) throughout the US having undergone SRS. Utilization between GKRS and LINAC was assessed before (2010–2012) versus after (2013–2016) ATRA implementation. Utilization was adjusted for several variables, including patient demographics and healthcare system characteristics. RESULTS From 2012 to 2013, there was a substantial decrease of LINAC SRS in favor of GKRS overall (37% to 28%) and individually in both academic and non-academic centers. Over the three-year span immediately preceding ATRA implementation, 65.8% received GKRS and the remaining 34.2% receiving LINAC. In the four years immediately following ATRA implementation 68.0% received GKRS compared with 32% receiving LINAC; these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS ATRA implementation in 2013 caused an initial spike in Gamma Knife SRS utilization, followed by a steady decline, similar to rates prior to implementation. These findings are indicative that the ATRA provision mandating Medicare reduction of outpatient payment rates for Gamma Knife to be equivalent with those of LINAC SRS had a significant short-term impact on the radiosurgical treatment of metastatic brain disease throughout the US. Such findings should serve as a reminder of the importance and impact of public policy on treatment modality utilization by physicians and hospitals.

scholarly journals CURRENT FEATURES OF CURRENCY FORMATION OF CURRENCIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE US DOLLAR – EUR

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (390) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
L. A. Maysigova ◽  
Sh. U. Niyazbekova ◽  
K. G. Bunevich ◽  
L. P. Moldashbaeva ◽  
T. M. Mezentseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
The Us ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
The Stability

The relevance of the research topic is determined by globalization processes, which have a huge impact on our country, as well as on the countries around us and their economies. In modern conditions, it is obvious that the financial difficulties of one country can cause a global crisis. Issues of a qualitative analysis of the monetary system are important for the stability of the economies of countries. The authors of the article emphasize that the monetary system is needed in order to regulate foreign exchange relations. The authors did not choose the EUR/USD pair by chance – it is the most traded currency pair in the Forex market (about 29% of the total daily trading volume). Such popularity is due primarily to the fact that the United States and the European Union are two of the strongest economies in the world. In addition, this pair responds quite predictably to the main economic indicators relating to the United States and the European Union. Based on the analysis, the authors made conclusions, made recommendations on the need to adapt the trading strategy to market volatility. The procedure for forming EUR/USD quotes at various hours, days and months has been studied. EUR/USD is compared with several other currency pairs and their ranges in separate trading sessions. the following conclusions are made: EUR/USD has medium volatility compared to other pairs under consideration, but is clearly inferior to GBPUSD and GBPJPY; the volatility for most couples during the Asian session is low, and in the case of detruding it encourages the use of scalping; during the European and American sessions, volatility is almost doubled.

Some features of the legal regulation of ensuring economic security in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vladimirovich Kudinov ◽  
Elena Gennadievna Mukhina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Stability

The article examines the features of the legal regulation of ensuring economic security in the United States, shows the infl uence of threats in the fi eld of economic security on the social development of social relations, living conditions of people, the activities of state executive authorities. Highlighted the main powers of the US executive authorities to ensure economic stability within the state. The main areas of activity of the executive authorities in the fi eld of ensuring economic security was the promotion of American interests in the international arena. At the same time, to protect its geopolitical interests on the economic security of other states, the United States uses such forms of infl uence as tariffi ng, fi nancial restrictions on exports and imports, organized boycotts, asset freezes, economic sanctions, bans on trade, technology transfer and border crossing, embargoes, no-fl y zones and blockades, provoking and inciting armed confl icts. The conclusion is substantiated that economic security is the basis for the stability of any state and serves as the foundation for national institutions and state authorities that ensure it. At the same time, in order to ensure the economic security of the country, the Russian Federation must not only take into account the aggressive US policy in this area, but also actively build and strengthen relations within the framework of economic associations of partner states (for example, ASEAN, EAEU, CIS, BRICS, SCO) and China with the purpose of protecting state interests in the fi eld of ensuring economic security, as well as with the countries of the European Union, and primarily with Germany.

THE MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE US ENERGY DOCTRINE: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156
Author(s):  
Z. Kh. TSORIEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Us

The article examines the chronology of the development of the energy doctrine of the United States, which for many years has been focused on reducing the country's dependence on foreign energy imports. And while the United States does not currently need to import foreign energy on a huge scale, to effectively ensure energy security, a number of factors must be taken into account, both from a domestic and international point of view.

US Supreme Court, Medellín v. Texas: More than an Assiduous Building Inspector?

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN KING GAMBLE ◽  
CHRISTINE M. GIULIANO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Strong Reaction ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Supreme Court ◽  
Supreme Court Case

AbstractThe US Supreme Court case of José Ernesto Medellín, Petitioner v. Texas, decided on 25 March 2008, has generally been seen as a US refusal to follow unambiguous treaty provisions. There has not been such a strong reaction to US behaviour relative to specific treaty obligations since the 1992 Alvarez-Machain case. The Supreme Court majority (six votes to three) held that ‘neither Avena nor the President's Memorandum constitutes directly enforceable federal law’. The uncomfortable – and to many illogical – conclusion reached by the Court was that even though Avena is an ‘international law obligation on the part of the United States’, it is not binding law within the United States even in the light of an explicit presidential order. While the result may be disappointing, the case should be understood in the context of a legal system that (i) makes treaties part of ‘the supreme Law of the Land’; (ii) has developed a complicated concept of self-executing treaties; and (iii) can be hesitant to direct states (sub-national units) to follow presidential directives even on matters of foreign policy.

scholarly journals The USA, Russia and China as a Center of Influence in Global Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 09009
Author(s):  
Irina Minakova ◽  
Tatyana Bukreeva ◽  
Olga Solodukhina ◽  
Artyom Golovin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
International System ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Key Issues

Research background. Due to the significant role that the United States, Russia and China play in the world political and economic processes, US-Russia-China relations can be recognized as the most important interstate relations in the world, setting the direction for the transformation of the international system. Nowadays, the study of these trilateral relations is a relevant scientific task. The authors, on a systematic basis, have investigated the aspects of interaction between the USA, Russia and China in the modern economy, which opened the way for solving the key issues of international relations. The authors have published several papers on this issue in Russia and abroad, including publications in Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals. Purpose of the article is to analyse the US-Russia-China relations and to determine the directions of their development in the context of globalization of the world economy. Methods. To analyse the interests, a systematic method was used that allows considering the interests of the United States, China and Russia as an holistic, complex mechanism with elements constantly interacting with each other. Findings & Value added. Despite geographical, linguistic, religious, and other distinctions, the United States, China, and Russia have a lot in common. There were historical periods of active and positive cooperation between these three major superpowers. In our opinion, in spite of the current contradictions between the parties, Russia, China and the United States have a mutual concern in harmonizing trilateral interests. However, the existed contradictions are not insoluble.

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