scholarly journals Mechanisms of Survival of Arthropods in the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Plants ◽  
True Bugs ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
The World ◽  
Sucking Lice ◽  
Bark Lice

The phylum Arthropoda is commonly divided into four subphyla of extant forms: Chelicerate (arachnids), Crustacea (crustaceans), Hexapoda (insects and springtails), and Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes). Arthropods are classified as [Subclass] Apterygial including: Archaeognatha (Order: Microcoryphia), three-pronged bristletails (Order: Thysanura). [Subclass] Pterygota including : Biting and Sucking lice (Order: Phthiraptera), Booklice and Bark lice (Order: Psocoptera) Cockroaches (Order: Blattodea), Dragonflies and Damselflies (Order: Odonata), Earwigs (Order: Dermaptera), Grasshoppers and Crickets (Order: Orthoptera), Praying Mantids (Order: Mantodea), Mayflies (Order: Ephemeroptera), Stick insects and Leaf insects (Order: Phasmatodea), Stoneflies (Order: Plecoptera), Termites (Previously Order: Isoptera but now part of Order: Blattodea), Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera), True Bugs (Order: Hemiptera), Web-spinners (Order: Embioptera), Zorapterans (Order: Zoraptera), Alderflies, Dobsonflies & Fishflies (Order: Megaloptera), Bees, Wasps and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera), Beetles (Order: Coleoptera), Butterflies and Moths (Order: Lepidoptera), Caddisflies (Order: Trichoptera), Fleas (Order: Siphonaptera), Flies (Order: Diptera), Lacewings, Antlions & Mantidflies (Order: Neuroptera), Scorpionflies (Order: Mecoptera), Snakeflies (Order: Raphidioptera), Strepsipterans (Order: Strepsiptera). Over one million species of insects have been discovered and described but it is estimated that there may be as many as 10 million species on earth. Insects have been around for more than 350 million years, longer than the dinosaurs and flowering plants (Figure. 1).

scholarly journals Meta-analysis reveals severe pollen limitation for the flowering plants growing in East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region

BMC Ecology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianfeng Jiang ◽  
Yanping Xie
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Hengduan Mountains ◽  
Independent Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Abstract Background Pollen limitation occurs widely and has an important effect on flowering plants. The East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region is a global biodiversity hotspot. However, to our knowledge, no study has synthetically assessed the degree of pollen limitation in this area. The present study aims to reveal the degree of pollen limitation for the flowering plants growing on East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains and to test whether the reproductive features or the elevation is closely correlated with the degree of pollen limitation in this area. Results We complied data from 76 studies, which included 96 species and 108 independent data records. We found that the flowering plants in this area undergo severe pollen limitation [overall Hedges’ d = 2.004, with a 95% confidence interval (1.3264, 2.6743)] that is much higher than that of the flowering plants growing in many other regions around the world. The degree of pollen limitation was tested to determine the correlation with the capacity for autonomous self-reproduction and with the pollination pattern (generalized vs. specialized pollination) of plants. In addition, we found a clear relationship between elevation and the degree of pollen limitation, which indicates that plants might undergo more severe pollen limitation in relatively high places. Conclusions This paper is the first to address the severe pollen limitation of the flowering plants growing in East Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region. Moreover, we reveal the positive correlation between elevation and the degree of pollen limitation.

scholarly journals The World Flora Online 2020 project: will Cameroon come up to the expectation?

Rodriguésia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 961-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Michel Onana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
West African ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Book ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
High Level

Abstract Biodiverse Cameroon has been highlighted as the top country in tropical Africa for plant species diversity per degree square, with a higher diversity than all other West African countries added together, and including two of the top documented centres of plant diversity in Tropical Africa. Despite its reduced taxonomic capacity, with only six active taxonomists a high level of botanical activity in the country has resulted in accomplishments such as the databasing of the YA Herbarium (over 60,000 records), which has an in-country collection coverage of almost 95% of the known plant species that are recorded for Cameroon. Other accomplishments are the Red Data Book of the Flowering Plants of Cameroon, several local checklists and published volumes of the Flore du Cameroun which covers 37% of the country's species. Currently the checklist of Cameroon records 7,850 taxa at species and infraspecific level. Resources are needed to support and heighten the profile of this small botanical community. Already thanks to strong collaboration between Cameroon and renowned botanical institutes of others countries, in particular France and United Kingdom, one hundred and thirteen plant families have been published and would help this country to complete the recording of its biodiversity towards contributing to the World Flora Online 2020 project.

Geophysical, evolutionary and ecological processes interact to drive phylogenetic dispersion in angiosperm assemblages along the longest elevational gradient in the world

2019 ◽  
Vol 190 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Qian ◽  
Brody Sandel ◽  
Tao Deng ◽  
Ole R Vetaas
Keyword(s):  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
The World ◽  
Net Relatedness Index ◽  
Phylogenetic Dispersion

AbstractEcologists have embraced phylogenetic measures of assemblage structure, in large part for the promise of better mechanistic inferences. However, phylogenetic structure is driven by a wide array of factors from local biotic interactions to biogeographical history, complicating the mechanistic interpretation of a pattern. This may be particularly problematic along elevational gradients, where rapidly changing physical and biological conditions overlap with geological and biogeographical history, potentially producing complex patterns of phylogenetic dispersion (relatedness). We focus on the longest elevational gradient of vegetation in the world (i.e. c. 6000 m in Nepal) to explore patterns of phylogenetic dispersion for angiosperms (flowering plants) along this elevational gradient. We used the net relatedness index to quantify phylogenetic dispersion for each elevational band of 100 m. We found a zig-zag pattern of phylogenetic dispersion along this elevational gradient. With increasing elevation, the phylogenetic relatedness of species decreased for the elevational segment between 0 and c. 2100 m, increased for the elevational segment between 2100 and c. 4200 m, and decreased for the elevational segment above c. 4200 m. We consider this pattern to be a result of the interaction of geophysical (e.g. plate tectonics) and eco-evolutionary processes (e.g. niche conservatism and trait convergence). We speculate on the mechanisms that might have generated this zig-zag pattern of phylogenetic dispersion.

scholarly journals Adaptive zones shape the magnitude of premating reproductive isolation in Timema stick insects

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1806) ◽  
pp. 20190541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Muschick ◽  
Víctor Soria-Carrasco ◽  
Jeffrey L. Feder ◽  
Zach Gompert ◽  
Patrik Nosil
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Host Use ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Ecological Shifts

Simpson's fossil-record inspired model of ‘adaptive zones’ proposes that evolution is dominated by small fluctuations within adaptive zones, occasionally punctuated by larger shifts between zones. This model can help explain why the process of population divergence often results in weak or moderate reproductive isolation (RI), rather than strong RI and distinct species. Applied to the speciation process, the adaptive zones hypothesis makes two inter-related predictions: (i) large shifts between zones are relatively rare, (ii) when large shifts do occur they generate stronger RI than shifts within zones. Here, we use ecological, phylogenetic and behavioural data to test these predictions in Timema stick insects. We show that host use in Timema is dominated by moderate shifts within the systematic divisions of flowering plants and conifers, with only a few extreme shifts between these divisions. However, when extreme shifts occur, they generate greater RI than do more moderate shifts. Our results support the adaptive zones model, and suggest that the net contribution of ecological shifts to diversification is dependent on both their magnitude and frequency. We discuss the generality of our findings in the light of emerging evidence from diverse taxa that the evolution of RI is not always the only factor determining the origin of species diversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers’.

Flowering plants of the world

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (09) ◽  
pp. 31-4911-31-4911
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Plants ◽  
The World

scholarly journals Świat roślin w leksyce gwarowej na pograniczu polsko-białoruskim (na materiale "Słownika gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej")

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Mordań
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Lexical Analysis ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
The World ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The World of Plants in the Dialectal Lexis of the Polish- Belarusian Borderland: An Analysis of A Dictionary of the Local Dialect of the Bielsk Podlaski Region (Słownik gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej)This article presents a lexical analysis of vocabulary related to plants used in the Polish-Belarusian borderland. Source material comes from A Dictionary of the Local Dialect of the Bielsk Podlaski Region (Słownik gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej / Slovnik hovu͡оrki b’el’sko-pudl’ashskuĭ) by Mikołaj Wróblewski. The method of semantic fields applied in the study made it possible to identify the following groups: (1) trees and shrubs (јалу͡овец’, кл’у́ква, лішчы́на); (2) grasses, herbs and flowering plants, vines (гурчы́ц’а, кон’ушы́на, піры͡еј, хву͡ошчка); (3) fruits and vegetables (а́γрест, ры͡епа, сала́та, цібу́л’а, чорні́ц’а); (4) cereals (јачмі͡ен’, кукуру́за, ове́с); (5) mushrooms (дро́пл’а, мухомо́ра, сіроjі͡ежка); (6) parts of plants (гу͡ол’ка, корене́ц’, стебло́); (7) habitats and plant communities (бере́зінка, джу́нгліја, пере́лісок); (8) other nouns (омела́, по́росл’, садзо́нка); (9) features, properties (вул’хо́вы, доздры͡елы, оры͡еховы, прысо́хлы); (10) processes, activities (вкорені́тіс’е, вы́цвісті, зопры͡еті, позел’ені͡еті).Świat roślin w leksyce gwarowej na pograniczu polsko-białoruskim (na materiale Słownika gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej) W artykule dokonano charakterystyki słownictwa z pogranicza polsko-białoruskiego, dotyczącego świata roślin. Materiał źródłowy zaczerpnięto ze Słownika gwary bielsko-podlaszskiej (Словніка гову͡оркі б’ел’ско-пудл’ашскуј) Mikołaja Wróblewskiego. Przy opisie posłużono się metodą pól semantycznych, która pozwoliła na wyodrębnienie następujących grup: 1. drzewa i krzewy (јалу͡овец’, кл’у́ква, лішчы́на); 2. trawy, rośliny zielne i kwiatowe, pnącza (гурчы́ц’а, кон’ушы́на, піры͡еј, хву͡ошчка); 3. owoce i warzywa (а́γрест, ры͡епа, сала́та, цібу́л’а, чорні́ц’а); 4. zboża (јачмі͡ен’, кукуру́за, ове́с); 5. grzyby (дро́пл’а, мухомо́ра, сіроjі͡ежка); 6. części roślin (гу͡ол’ка, корене́ц’, стебло́); 7. miejsca, zbiorowości (бере́зінка, джу́нгліја, пере́лісок); 8. inne nazwy rzeczownikowe (омела́, по́росл’, садзо́нка); 9. cechy, właściwości (вул’хо́вы, доздры͡елы, оры͡еховы, прысо́хлы); 10. procesy, czynności (вкорені́тіс’е, вы́цвісті, зопры͡еті, позел’ені͡еті).

scholarly journals A Novel Divergent Geminivirus Identified in Asymptomatic New World Cactaceae Plants

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela S. Fontenele ◽  
Andrew M. Salywon ◽  
Lucas C. Majure ◽  
Ilaria N. Cobb ◽  
Amulya Bhaskara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
New World ◽  
Infectious Clone ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Viral Communities

Cactaceae comprise a diverse and iconic group of flowering plants which are almost exclusively indigenous to the New World. The wide variety of growth forms found amongst the cacti have led to the trafficking of many species throughout the world as ornamentals. Despite the evolution and physiological properties of these plants having been extensively studied, little research has focused on cactus-associated viral communities. While only single-stranded RNA viruses had ever been reported in cacti, here we report the discovery of cactus-infecting single-stranded DNA viruses. These viruses all apparently belong to a single divergent species of the family Geminiviridae and have been tentatively named Opuntia virus 1 (OpV1). A total of 79 apparently complete OpV1 genomes were recovered from 31 different cactus plants (belonging to 20 different cactus species from both the Cactoideae and Opuntioideae clades) and from nine cactus-feeding cochineal insects (Dactylopius sp.) sampled in the USA and Mexico. These 79 OpV1 genomes all share > 78.4% nucleotide identity with one another and < 64.9% identity with previously characterized geminiviruses. Collectively, the OpV1 genomes display evidence of frequent recombination, with some genomes displaying up to five recombinant regions. In one case, recombinant regions span ~40% of the genome. We demonstrate that an infectious clone of an OpV1 genome can replicate in Nicotiana benthamiana and Opuntia microdasys. In addition to expanding the inventory of viruses that are known to infect cacti, the OpV1 group is so distantly related to other known geminiviruses that it likely represents a new geminivirus genus. It remains to be determined whether, like its cactus hosts, its geographical distribution spans the globe.

scholarly journals Assembly of modern mammal community structure driven by Late Cretaceous dental evolution, rise of flowering plants, and dinosaur demise

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (20) ◽  
pp. 9931-9940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Chen ◽  
Caroline A. E. Strömberg ◽  
Gregory P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Ecological Structure ◽  
Dietary Preference ◽  
Dental Evolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Ecological Differences

The long-standing view that Mesozoic mammaliaforms living in dinosaur-dominated ecosystems were ecologically constrained to small size and insectivory has been challenged by astonishing fossil discoveries over the last three decades. By studying these well-preserved early mammaliaform specimens, paleontologists now agree that mammaliaforms underwent ecomorphological diversification during the Mesozoic Era. This implies that Mesozoic mammaliaform communities had ecological structure and breadth that were comparable to today’s small-bodied mammalian communities. However, this hypothesis remains untested in part because the primary focus of most studies is on individual taxa. Here, we present a study quantifying the ecological structure of Mesozoic mammaliaform communities with the aim of identifying evolutionary and ecological drivers that influenced the deep-time assembly of small-bodied mammaliaform communities. We used body size, dietary preference, and locomotor mode to establish the ecospace occupation of 98 extant, small-bodied mammalian communities from diverse biomes around the world. We calculated ecological disparity and ecological richness to measure the magnitude of ecological differences among species in a community and the number of different eco-cells occupied by species of a community, respectively. This modern dataset served as a reference for analyzing five exceptionally preserved, extinct mammaliaform communities (two Jurassic, two Cretaceous, one Eocene) from Konservat-Lagerstätten. Our results indicate that the interplay of at least three factors, namely the evolution of the tribosphenic molar, the ecological rise of angiosperms, and potential competition with other vertebrates, may have been critical in shaping the ecological structure of small-bodied mammaliaform communities through time.

Duckweeds as Promising Food Feedstocks Globally

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Pagliuso ◽  
Adriana Grandis ◽  
Janaina Silva Fortirer ◽  
Plinio Camargo ◽  
Eny Ioshevet Floh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Common Food ◽  
The World

Duckweeds are the smallest flowering plants on Earth. They grow fast on water's surface and produce large amounts of biomass. Further, duckweeds display high adaptability, and species are found around the globe growing under different environmental conditions. In this work, we report the composition of 21 ecotypes of fourteen species of duckweeds belonging to the two sub-families of the group (Lemnoideae and Wolffioideae). It is reported the presence of starch and the composition of soluble sugars, cell walls, amino acids, phenolics, and tannins. These data were combined with literature data recovered from 85 publications to produce a compiled analysis that affords the examination of duckweeds as possible food sources for human consumption. We compare duckweeds compositions with some of the most common food sources and conclude that duckweed, which is already in use as food in Asia, can be an interesting food source anywhere in the world.

Commentary on the general results

1964 ◽  
Vol 161 (982) ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Royal Botanic Garden ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
National Herbarium ◽  
The World ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
The University

As regards the collection of plants, totalling about 3000 numbers, most of the flowering plants and ferns have been identified by the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, mainly by Mr Forman and Professor Holttum. We collected, whenever possible, ten to twelve duplicates and most of these are being distributed to the main herbaria of the world. There are still, nevertheless, many specimens which need monographic revision to establish their true identity. It is impossible, yet, to say how many are new. Professor J. L. Harrison, at the University of Singapore, is still at work on his account of the small mammals and their parasites. Mr Askew is at work on the soil samples. For my part, I have studied the fig collections, and there is nowhere in the world, that I know of, with such a rich fig flora as Kinabalu. It has 78 species (15 endemic), and our expedition discovered 2 new species and 4 new varieties, which fit neatly into gaps in the classification which I have been making. The fig insects are being studied by Dr Wiebes, at the National Museum in Leiden, in our joint effort to write the zoo-botany of Ficus . Already, Dr Wiebes has been able to publish a revision of the insect genus solen which inhabits Ficus sect. Sycocarpus ; he recognizes 32 species of which 23 are new, including 10 from our collections on Kinabalu. I am also at work on the fungi, which have to be collated with my earlier Malayan collections. This work, however, means almost monographic treatment of every group. With the great help of Dr Bas, at the National Herbarium in Leiden, an illustrated account of the genus Amanita in Malaya and Borneo has recently been published. We recognize 22 new species out of a total of 30, and this proportion shows the difficulty of pursuing mycology where there are so few names.

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