What Impacts Have Geographical Locations On The Cases And Deaths From Covid-19/ Sars-Cov-2 Pandemic In 36 States And Union Territories Of India:-Observational Analysis In India

Background: Curiosity and need are the major forces driving invention and discoveries. The covid-19 said to originated from Wuhan of Hubei province in china have raised so many questions and doubts about origin and spread of disease and the controversy is still going on. The geographical location of Wuhan in relation to sea is of significant value in relation to covid-19 pandemic as observed in this research. The city of Wuhan is located on both banks of the Changjiang (the Great River, a.k.a the Yangtze River) about six hundred miles upstream from Shanghai and the Pacific Ocean. It is about four hundred miles upstream from Nanjing. Its location is supremely strategic, being where the Hanshui (Han River) joins the Changjiang. The Wuhan Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market was in news and highlighted by several media and news agency as probable source of origin of covid-19. The Huanan Seafood Market located in Wuhan was a live animal and seafood market in Jianghan District, Wuhan City, and the capital of Hubei Province in Central China. My research aimed to assess the impact of geographical locations particularly coastal influence on the total/average/maximum/minimum confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India, during COVID-19 pandemic from the beginning of pandemic cases in January 2020 in India with special focus on coastal states and union territories of India. The coast is also known popularly as the coastline or seashore is the area where land meets the sea or ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean. The term coastal state and union territories is used to refer to a state where interactions of sea and land of states occur. The study also aims to find safest geographical location in covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The information on the number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India was obtained from Health Department, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India, and data were matched and analyzed from online websites as well. The impact of geographical locations on the total/average/maximum/ minimum confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India was analyzed with Microsoft office and stata 15.1 for windows (64bit) will be used with Microsoft office in next version-2 of article for epidemiological comparison by calculating incidence, prevalence, mortality rate and other indicators. The study for global correlation of this research is also under process by the author. For the purpose of research India is divided into four geographical areas, 1 Coastal states and union territories (total ten in numbers), 2 Island groups (three in numbers), 3 north eastern states and east area i.e. Laddakh 4 other states and union territories having plain areas (14 in numbers). Results: The findings showed that total numbers of death from covid-19 is highest in coastal states and union territories with a count of 240628 since beginning of the pandemic whereas the islands group reported the lowest total numbers of death from covid-19. The average death from covid-19 is highest in coastal states and union territories group with a count of 24062.8 followed by other states and union territories group with a count of 9754.07. The islands group reported the lowest average numbers of death from covid-19 with a count of 58.67. A similar trend was found for numbers of confirmed cases with coastal states on top having largest number of covid-19 cases. Conclusions: The research observation found that coastal states and union territories of India have larger number of daily cases of COVID-19 and mortality as compared to other geographical locations of the country. The observation also found that islands have least number of cases and deaths due to covid-19 pandemic. This study also gives rise to hypothesis that coastal locations are at greater risk of covid-19 infection and mortality whereas islands are safe places in covid-19 pandemics.

The Struggle Between Life and Death: A Case Study of Panapur Flood, District Saran, Bihar, India

The flood is one of the natural calamities that are the outcome of anthropogenic activities by humans. It is largely defined as the overflow of water on normally dry ground. The most common reasons are overflowing of river in short span of time, breaking of dam, or heavy rainfall. The most deadly flood that occurred in the history of Panapur is the flood of 2020 which worsened the condition of the native inhabitants. The most fragile section of society was pregnant women, elderly people, children and animals. The local inhabitants experienced fear of death from very close, submerging of houses in water, rampant rainfall, snake biting, lack of drinking water and food worked as the catalyst in worsening the condition. There was the rampant destruction not only of infrastructure but also of the wildlife. Large chunk of population lost their animals in the furious flood. Dear, pig, snake, and many other wild animals washed away from the forests of Nepal to Panapur block during flood. Many wild animals lost their lives in this nature’s fury, villagers somehow managed to save lives of eight floating dear and 32 wild pigs. People left from different corona infected state to take shelter in native village in month of April and May were left disillusioned due to the flood of July 2020. As officially reported eight people washed away and died during flood. The further unrest came when the prices of fodder surged up to 14/kg. This paper studies the impact of flood on inhabitants of Panapur block, Saran district, Bihar, India. This study is based on primary survey using sampling techniques. Six villages have been selected for survey. Result have been analysed and it was found that people lost their economy, crop, shelter, pet animals, forest, dignity and humanity. They are left under the utter disillusionment. They became homeless, helpless, hopeless and health less.

Fluxes of Physicochemical Parameters in The Cross River Estuary, Nigeria

Study on the fluxes of physicochemical parameters and nutrients in the Cross River estuary ecosystem was under taken between June, 2016 and April, 2017. Field data were collected bimonthly at five stations and analysed both insitu and in the laboratory using standard methods. The monthly mean surface water temperature ranged from 26.68±0.74 OC in June 2016 to 33.6±7.84 OC in October 2016, salinity ranged from 0.10±0.12 ‰ in October 2016 to 10.20±2.80 ‰ in March 2017, and DO from 2.740±0.563 mg/l in June 2016 to a maximum of 5.340±2.152 mg/l in January 2017. Values obtained for PO4 , SO4 , NO3 , DO, and BOD in this study were below the permissible limits [1]. There was significant (p < 0.05) temporal variation in all the parameters studied (PO4 , NO3 , SO4 , DO, BOD5 , salinity, temperature and transparency). There was no significant (p > 0.05) spatial variation in PO4 , NO3 , SO4 , temperature and transparency. Parameters studied showed both positive and negative correlations. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Performance Of Nile Tilapia Oreochromisniloticus (L) In Cages of Varied Stocking Densities

Cage culture is a new venture in Tanzania, and the knowledge of stocking density in cages is still needed. Growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L) stocked in cages of varied stocking densities and their impacts on waters were evaluated for 212 days in Shirati Bay of Lake Victoria. We started with fingerlings of 18.0±2.1 g, 19.9±14.7 g, and 18.5 ± 8.0 g mean weights. They were raised in cages at stocking densities of 70 (Treatment I), 100 (Treatment II), and 130 fish/ m3 (Treatment III) each in triplicates. We recorded monthly fish weights and lengths, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia, and micro-benthos. Parameter such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and transparency were all monitored weekly. The final average fish weights were 374.1±59.8g in treatment I, (194.8 ± 63.7g) in II, and (273.2±20.6g) in III. Percentage fish survival was the highest in treatment I (76.7%), followed by II (65.4%) and III (54.3%). Specific growth rate, production and yield was the highest in treatment I, and significantly different from treatments II and III (p <0.05). This indicates that Nile tilapia flourished well in the lowest stocking density. Water quality parameters were within the range of fish culture throughout the study and observation of water depth, distance from the shoreline, and the prevailing water currents showed lack of adverse environmental effect caused by fish cage culturing

The Importance of Artificial Rearing of Chironomidae Insect (Blood Worm) as Fish and Shrimp Food

The chironomidae family is related to Order of Diptera. They are called non biting midges. Females will lay egg masses in water. The larva feed on organic material such as organic debris and algae. Due to having hemoglobin in their larval blood, they are called bloodworm. They are able to live in a complete absence of oxygen for several hours. Hemoglobin molecules in the blood bind and hold a reserve supply of oxygen. Chironomus as indicators of organic pollution in aquatic environment. Chironomids were important in the diets of all fish species as well as shrimps. Bloodworms are harvested from mud flats and sold to fisherman or as a food source for domestic pets. In the world there are several centers for artificial rearing of this insect. There are different formulations of blood form which is prepared by different companies in the world. Rearing and artificial culturing this insect is important resource for fishes and shrimps which are the mina important food of human being.

Is it Possible to Get a SAR Image of Ocean Waves Free of Spectral Cut-off by Direct Measurement?

A method of SAR sounding of the ocean surface is proposed, which is capable of providing an undistorted by spectral cut-off wave pattern. The method involves the use of two synchronized SARs, which look across the track line and illuminate the same area of the surface. Each SAR records its own backscattered signal, which are then multiplied with each other and the resulting signal is undergoing the procedure of matched filtering. Numerical estimates of the applicability conditions of the method are carried out.

How to Obtain a SAR Image of the Ocean Surface That Is Actually Free from The Impact of Orbital Velocities

As is known, the main problem in interpreting images of the ocean surface formed by microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is the distortions introduced by the orbital movements of the small-scale (centimeter and decimeter) ripples in the field of large waves. The point is that the standard aperture synthesis procedure is a matched filtering operation aimed at extracting from the reflected signal a part that has a phase that changes according to a known scenario corresponding to a stationary reflecting surface.

Mechanisms of Survival of Arthropods in the World

The phylum Arthropoda is commonly divided into four subphyla of extant forms: Chelicerate (arachnids), Crustacea (crustaceans), Hexapoda (insects and springtails), and Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes). Arthropods are classified as [Subclass] Apterygial including: Archaeognatha (Order: Microcoryphia), three-pronged bristletails (Order: Thysanura). [Subclass] Pterygota including : Biting and Sucking lice (Order: Phthiraptera), Booklice and Bark lice (Order: Psocoptera) Cockroaches (Order: Blattodea), Dragonflies and Damselflies (Order: Odonata), Earwigs (Order: Dermaptera), Grasshoppers and Crickets (Order: Orthoptera), Praying Mantids (Order: Mantodea), Mayflies (Order: Ephemeroptera), Stick insects and Leaf insects (Order: Phasmatodea), Stoneflies (Order: Plecoptera), Termites (Previously Order: Isoptera but now part of Order: Blattodea), Thrips (Order: Thysanoptera), True Bugs (Order: Hemiptera), Web-spinners (Order: Embioptera), Zorapterans (Order: Zoraptera), Alderflies, Dobsonflies & Fishflies (Order: Megaloptera), Bees, Wasps and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera), Beetles (Order: Coleoptera), Butterflies and Moths (Order: Lepidoptera), Caddisflies (Order: Trichoptera), Fleas (Order: Siphonaptera), Flies (Order: Diptera), Lacewings, Antlions & Mantidflies (Order: Neuroptera), Scorpionflies (Order: Mecoptera), Snakeflies (Order: Raphidioptera), Strepsipterans (Order: Strepsiptera). Over one million species of insects have been discovered and described but it is estimated that there may be as many as 10 million species on earth. Insects have been around for more than 350 million years, longer than the dinosaurs and flowering plants (Figure. 1).

Very Low Density and Biodiversity of Seabird and Marine Mammal at-sea Distribution in the Amundsen Sea, 2010

Our long-term study on the quantitative at-sea distribution of the upper trophic levels - seabirds and marine mammals - in polar ecosystems aims at quantifying the factors influencing their distribution as well as detecting possible spatial and temporal changes, with special attention to hydrography and global climate changes. During the ANT- XXVI/3 expedition of icebreaking RV Polarstern in February-March 2010, a total of 8,270 seabirds belonging to 15 identified species were recorded in the Amundsen Sea during 1,070 half-hour transect counts, with a mean of eight birds per count. The most numerous species were by far Antarctic petrel, Adélie penguin and snow petrel, which together accounted for more than 80% of all individuals of these species recorded. Substantial hotspots of seabirds perched on three icebergs, representing 44% of all observations: 85% of the Antarctic petrels and 40% of the snow petrels [1]. Without taking into account these data, the mean seabird number becomes five individuals per count, representing the lowest value registered in Antarctic seas. The most numerous pinniped was crabeater seal contributing 98% of the total of 2,350 individuals of four pinniped species [2]. Among cetaceans, the most abundant species were Antarctic Minke whale and fin whale (60% and 25% of the total of 170 individuals, four species). The maps allow for a visual comparison that is sufficient for the purposes of this article, reflecting the influence of hydrological features such as water masses and fronts, pack ice and ice edge, free drifting icebergs.

Predation Attempt by a Leopard Seal on two Dwarf Minke Whales

Introduction The diet of leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx consists mainly of krill Euphorbia sp, penguins, other seals, fish and cephalopods in decreasing order of abundance no cetacean was mentioned [1-6].