scholarly journals Vitamin D Metabolism and Guidelines for Vitamin D Supplementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-126
Author(s):  
Indra Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Significant Health

Vitamin D is essential for bone health and is known to be involved in immunomodulation and cell proliferation. Vitamin D status remains a significant health issue worldwide. However, there has been no clear consensus on vitamin D deficiency and its measurement in serum, and clinical practice of vitamin D deficiency treatment remains inconsistent. The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is widely used as a biomarker of vitamin D status. Other metabolic pathways are recognised as important to vitamin D function and measurement of other metabolites may become important in the future. The utility of free 25(OH)D rather than total 25(OH)D needs further assessment. Data used to estimate the vitamin D intake required to achieve a serum 25(OH)D concentration were drawn from individual studies which reported dose-response data. The studies differ in their choice of subjects, dose of vitamin D, frequency of dosing regimen and methods used for the measurement of 25(OH)D concentration. Baseline 25(OH)D, body mass index, ethnicity, type of vitamin D (D2 or D3) and genetics affect the response of serum 25(OH)D to vitamin D supplementation. The diversity of opinions that exist on this topic are reflected in the guidelines. Government and scientific societies have published their recommendations for vitamin D intake which vary from 400–1000 IU/d (10–25 µg/d) for an average adult. It was not possible to establish a range of serum 25(OH)D concentrations associated with selected non-musculoskeletal health outcomes. To recommend treatment targets, future studies need to be on infants, children, pregnant and lactating women.

scholarly journals Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bouillon ◽  
Claudio Marcocci ◽  
Geert Carmeliet ◽  
Daniel Bikle ◽  
John H White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

AbstractThe etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L) accelerates bone turnover, bone loss, and osteoporotic fractures. These risks can be reduced by 800 IU of vitamin D together with an appropriate calcium intake, given to institutionalized or vitamin D–deficient elderly subjects. VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are widely expressed. Numerous genetic, molecular, cellular, and animal studies strongly suggest that vitamin D signaling has many extraskeletal effects. These include regulation of cell proliferation, immune and muscle function, skin differentiation, and reproduction, as well as vascular and metabolic properties. From observational studies in human subjects, poor vitamin D status is associated with nearly all diseases predicted by these extraskeletal actions. Results of randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are supportive of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the incidence of some diseases, but, globally, conclusions are mixed. These findings point to a need for continued ongoing and future basic and clinical studies to better define whether vitamin D status can be optimized to improve many aspects of human health. Vitamin D deficiency enhances the risk of osteoporotic fractures and is associated with many diseases. We review what is established and what is plausible regarding the health effects of vitamin D.

scholarly journals Recommended intakes of vitamin D to optimise health, associated circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and dosing regimens to treat deficiency: workshop report and overview of current literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel G. J. Balvers ◽  
Elske M. Brouwer-Brolsma ◽  
Silvia Endenburg ◽  
Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot ◽  
Frans J. Kok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
Skeletal Disease ◽  
Health Council ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

AbstractVitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that traditionally has been linked to bone health. Recently, its involvement has been extended to other (extra-skeletal) disease areas, such as cancer, CVD, energy metabolism and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem, and several recommendation-setting bodies have published guidelines for adequate vitamin D intake and status. However, recommendations from, for example, the Health Council of the Netherlands do not provide advice on how to treat vitamin D deficiency, a condition that is often encountered in the clinic. In addition, these recommendations provide guidelines for the maintenance of ‘minimum levels’, and do not advise on ‘optimum levels’ of vitamin D intake/status to further improve health. The NutriProfiel project, a collaboration between the Gelderse Vallei Hospital (Ede, the Netherlands) and the Division of Human Nutrition of Wageningen University (Wageningen, the Netherlands), was initiated to formulate a protocol for the treatment of vitamin deficiency and for the maintenance of optimal vitamin D status. To discuss the controversies around treatment of deficiency and optimal vitamin D status and intakes, a workshop meeting was organised with clinicians, scientists and dietitians. In addition, a literature review was conducted to collect recent information on optimal intake of vitamins, their optimal circulating concentrations, and effective dosing regimens to treat deficiency. This information has been translated into the NutriProfiel advice, which is outlined in this article.

Vitamin D - From Essentiality to Functionality

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Bischoff-Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Normal Vitamin ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Muscle Health

Vitamin D is essential in bone and muscle health. Severe deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels < 25 nmol/l) can result in rickets and osteomalacia, fractures, myopathy and falls. All recent recommendations on vitamin D agree that children and adults should reach a target 25-hydroxyvitamin D range of at least 50 nmol/l (threshold for normal vitamin D status) and 50 % of the population may be below that threshold. A vitamin D intake of 600 to 800 IU per day as recommended today will prevent about 97 % of children and adults from vitamin D deficiency. Notably, a higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D threshold of more than 60 nmol/l is needed for optimal functionality, fall and fracture in adults age 65 and older.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Prognostic Implications of Vitamin D Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitsugu Obi ◽  
Takayuki Hamano ◽  
Yoshitaka Isaka
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Definition Of

Vitamin D is an important nutrient involved in bone mineral metabolism, and vitamin D status is reflected by serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and nutritional vitamin D supplementation decreases elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations in subgroups of these patients. Furthermore, vitamin D is supposed to have pleiotropic effects on various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Indeed, there is cumulative evidence showing the associations of low vitamin D with the development and progression of CKD, cardiovascular complication, and high mortality. Recently, genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D-binding protein have received great attention because they largely affect bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations. This finding suggests that the serum total 25(OH)D concentrations would not be comparable among different gene polymorphisms and thus may be inappropriate as an index of vitamin D status. This finding may refute the conventional definition of vitamin D status based solely on serum total 25(OH)D concentrations.

scholarly journals Implications of Vitamin D Research in Chickens can Advance Human Nutrition and Perspectives for the Future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew F Warren ◽  
Kimberly A Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract The risk of vitamin D insufficiency in humans is a global problem that requires improving ways to increase vitamin D intake. Supplements are a primary means for increasing vitamin D intake, but without a clear consensus on what constitutes vitamin D sufficiency, there is toxicity risk with taking supplements. Chickens have been used in many vitamin D-related research studies, especially studies involving vitamin D supplementation. Our state-of-the-art review evaluates vitamin D metabolism and how the different hydroxylated forms are synthesized. We provide an overview with how vitamin D is absorbed, transported, excreted, and what tissues in the body store vitamin D metabolites. We also discuss a number of studies involving vitamin D supplementation with broilers and laying hens. Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity are also described and how they can be caused. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is important for vitamin D metabolism. However, there is much more that can be understood with VDR in chickens. Potential research aims involving vitamin D and chickens should explore VDR mechanisms which could lead to newer insights with VDR. Utilizing chickens in future research to help with elucidating vitamin D mechanisms has great potential to advance human nutrition. Finding ways to increase vitamin D intake will be necessary because the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in many populations. Chickens can provide a dual purpose with addressing pandemic-caused vitamin D deficiency: 1) vitamin D supplementation gives chickens added value with possibly leading to vitamin D-enriched meat and egg products; and 2) chickens’ use in research provides data for translational research. Expanding vitamin D-related research in chickens to include more nutritional aims in vitamin D status has great implications with developing better strategies to improve human health.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Weekly Split versus Single Doses of Ergocalciferol on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D among Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Naowanit Nata ◽  
Jessada Kanchanasinitth ◽  
Pamila Tasanavipas ◽  
Ouppatham Supasyndh ◽  
Bancha Satirapoj
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Split Dose ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Background. Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem among patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Vitamin D supplementation leads to reduced serum parathyroid hormone levels and improved cardiovascular markers. Different doses and time intervals of oral vitamin D supplementation may differ in each patient on dialysis. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of weekly split and single dose of ergocalciferol at 60,000 IU on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) among patients on CAPD. Methods. A randomized study was conducted among patients on CAPD with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency (25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL). Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the split dose group was given ergocalciferol 20,000 IU three times weekly and the single dose group was given ergocalciferol 60,000 IU once weekly for 8 weeks. Main outcomes measured serum 25(OH)D concentrations, serum calcium, serum phosphate, and intact parathyroid levels at 8 weeks after being enrolled. Results. Of 128 screened patients, 50 met the criteria for eligibility and were randomized. At 8 weeks after treatment, mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations significantly increased from baseline 22.7 ± 5.9 to 29.5 ± 9.5 ng/mL P = 0.004 in the split dose group and 22.9 ± 5.3 to 31.2 ± 12.3 ng/mL P = 0.003 in the single dose group. No significant change was found in increase of serum 25(OH)D between the two groups P = 0.561 . At the end of study, a similar proportion of patients in both groups reached the desirable serum concentration of 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL (60% in the single group vs. 40% in the split group, P = 0.258 ). No significant cases of hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, or serious adverse events occurred during the study. Conclusion. Weekly single and split doses of ergocalciferol 60,000 IU achieved similar effects on serum 25(OH)D levels among patients on CAPD with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency, suggesting that weekly single dose would be prescribed for adequate vitamin D repletion. This trial is registered with TCTR20200821005.

VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION IN FEMALE NURSES: THE EFFECTS ON SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D, AND NON-SPECIFIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negin Masoudi Alavi ◽  
Mahla Madani ◽  
Mohsen Taghizadeh ◽  
Mohammad Reza Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Single High Dose ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Before And After ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Female Nurses

Purpose: To investigate the effect of weekly single high dose vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and non-specific musculoskeletal pain in female nurses. Methods: In this prospective study in Kashan/Iran, from April 1, 2014, through September 30, 2014, the 150 nurses with vitamin D deficiency received the weekly pearls of 50,000 units of vitamin D3 for 10 weeks. The serum level of 25(OH)D was measured before and after supplement therapy. The subjects were also asked to complete the Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. All analyses were conducted with SPSS version 16. Results: After 10 weeks of intervention there was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D. The 82 nurses (54.7%) had 25(OH)D in normal range, while the 68 nurses (45.3%) were still vitamin D deficient. Weight could explain 15.4% increase in 25(OH)D. Before intervention 135 (90%), of nurses reported musculoskeletal pain in at least one region, after intervention this number decreased to 72.7%. There was a statistically significant improvement in musculoskeletal pain in neck, shoulders, upper back, lower back, hips/tights, knees, and ankles/feet after intervention. Conclusions: The weekly single high dose of vitamin D for 10 weeks could resolve vitamin D deficiency in about half of the patients. Patients with non-specific musculoskeletal pain might benefit from vitamin D supplementation.

Vitamin D status in infancy and cardiometabolic health in adolescence

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Joshua Garfein ◽  
Kerry S Flannagan ◽  
Sheila Gahagan ◽  
Raquel Burrows ◽  
Betsy Lozoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

ABSTRACT Background Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity-related conditions, but the role of early life vitamin D status on the development of obesity is poorly understood. Objectives We assessed whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] at age 1 y was related to metabolic health through adolescence. Methods We quantified serum 25(OH)D in samples obtained at age 1 y from 306 participants in a cohort study in Santiago, Chile. Anthropometry was performed at ages 5, 10, and 16/17 y. At 16/17 y, we determined body composition using DXA and quantified metabolic parameters in a blood sample. We examined the associations of infancy 25(OH)D with BMI-for-age z-score (BMIZ) at ages 5, 10, and 16/17 y; with percentage fat and percentage lean body mass at age 16/17 y; and with a metabolic syndrome (MetS) score and its components at age 16/17 y. Results Infancy 25(OH)D was inversely associated with BMIZ in childhood. Every 25-nmol/L difference in 25(OH)D was related to an adjusted 0.11 units lower BMIZ at age 5 y (95% CI: −0.20, −0.03; P = 0.01) and a 0.09 unit lower BMIZ change from ages 1 to 5 y (95% CI: −0.17, −0.01; P = 0.02). Also, every 25-nmol/L 25(OH)D in infancy was associated with an adjusted 1.3 points lower percentage body fat mass (95% CI: −2.2, −0.4; P = 0.005) and an adjusted 0.03 units lower MetS score (95% CI: −0.05, −0.01; P = 0.01) at age 16/17 y, through inverse associations with waist circumference and the HOMA-IR. Conclusions Serum 25(OH)D at age 1 y is inversely associated with childhood BMIZ, percentage body fat at age 16/17 y, and a MetS score at age 16/17 y. Intervention studies are warranted to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation in early life on long-term cardiometabolic outcomes.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma A. Hurst ◽  
Natalie Z. Homer ◽  
Richard J. Mellanby
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolites ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.

scholarly journals Insufficient autumn vitamin D intake and low vitamin D status in 7-year-old Icelandic children

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adda Bjarnadottir ◽  
Asa Gudrun Kristjansdottir ◽  
Hannes Hrafnkelsson ◽  
Erlingur Johannsson ◽  
Kristjan Thor Magnusson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
School Based ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Supplements

AbstractObjectiveThe aim was to investigate autumn vitamin D intake and status in 7-year-old Icelanders, fitting BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness as predictors.DesignThree-day food records and fasting blood samples were collected evenly from September to November, and cardiorespiratory fitness was measured with an ergometer bike. Food and nutrient intakes were calculated, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) and serum parathyroid hormone were analysed. Suboptimal vitamin D status was defined s-25(OH)D <50 nmol/l, and deficient status as s-25(OH)D <25 nmol/l.SettingSchool-based study in Reykjavik, Iceland in 2006.SubjectsOf the 7-year-olds studied (n 265), 165 returned valid intake information (62 %), 158 gave blood samples (60 %) and 120 gave both (45 %).ResultsRecommended vitamin D intake (10 μg/d) was reached by 22·4 % of the children and 65·2 % had s-25(OH)D <50 nmol/l. Median s-25(OH)D was higher for children taking vitamin D supplements (49·2 nmol/l v. 43·2 nmol/l, respectively; P < 0·0 0 1). Median s-25(OH)D was lower in November (36·7 nmol/l) than in September (59·9 nmol/l; P < 0·001). The regression model showed that week of autumn accounted for 18·9 % of the variance in s-25(OH)D (P < 0·001), vitamin D intake 5·2 % (P < 0·004) and cardiorespiratory fitness 4·6 % (P < 0·005).ConclusionsA minority of children followed the vitamin D recommendations and 65 % had suboptimal vitamin D status during the autumn. Week of autumn was more strongly associated with vitamin D status than diet or cardiorespiratory fitness, which associated with vitamin D status to a similar extent. These results demonstrate the importance of sunlight exposure during summer to prevent suboptimal vitamin D status in young schoolchildren during autumn in northern countries. An increased effort is needed for enabling adherence to the vitamin D recommendations and increasing outdoor activities for sunlight exposure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document