Scientific capacity of Russian universities: Problems and prospects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Ilyina ◽  
◽  
Victoria Lapochkina ◽  
Elena Plekhanova ◽  
Karina Bezrodnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
State University ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Physics Institute ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
World Class ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Russian Universities

In the recent years, the contribution of Russian universities into science and technology has increased. The RF Government has been intensively developing and implementing instruments to support fundamental and applied sciences and to ensure implementation of their achievements into real economy and social sphere. Several Russian universities accomplish world-class studies and research, in particular, classic universities like Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, Ural Federal University, Tomsk State University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. Academic science has much to offer the real sector as the universities are much closer to and has got the tighter relations with the entrepreneurial sector than the state-financed (80-90% funding) research institutes. However, average universities fall short compared to those mentioned above, partially due to the lack of extrabudgetary financing by business organizations which makes a little bit over 30%, while in the developed countries this figure sometimes exceeds 70%.

scholarly journals Ghana's Evolutionary Role in a Changing World Economic Order

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Joel Osarcar Barima
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
World Economic Order ◽  
Oil Revenues

The world economy has been passing through interesting and significant changes for several years now promising for some (the emerging countries in particular) and not so promising for others (the developed countries). Huge transfer of resources has taken place and the process is continuing. In this context, it is but natural for African observers to raise the question: African share of world resources remaining somewhat unchanged (as per the World Bank data), what is the role and future of the African countries in this changing scenario? Are they going to be partners in the transfer of resources that is being experienced? An attempt has been made here to examine the case of Ghana – a leading economy in the continent. The author wouldcontendthatalthoughthecountryispoisedtogrowspectacularlyassomeforecasterswouldenvisage,thanks to the prospect of oil revenues, Ghana has to traverse a long way if it is to be noticed in the world bodies. Growth and development must occur in substantive measures from the present state of affairs. Agriculture, almost the backbone for any developing country, must take the lead to offer meaningful support to the more promising industry. The real economy, in its basic form, must be properly understood, developed and managed with strategic investments in place. And this must be followed by or accompanied with a vibrant knowledge-based service economy. Failing this, the burgeoning oil wealth may only be hallucinatory at best. Keywords: Ghanaianeconomy;Worldeconomicorder;Economicforecast

On the Analysis of the Efficiency of a Piecewise-Linear Model for Progressive Taxation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
V. S. Mkhitaryan ◽  
V. F. Shishov ◽  
D. V. Iskorkin
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Progressive Taxation ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Piecewise Linear Model ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
The Developed Countries

The article presents the authors’ ideas regarding the measurement of the effectiveness of the proposed modernized version of the progressive taxation scale. The comparative statistical and economic analysis of taxation of individuals carried out in the article showed that in most countries with developed market economies, a progressive taxation scale is used, which allows taking into account population ability to pay and the established subsistence minimum. At present, Russia is practically one of the developed countries in which a flat scale has remained. But recently, in our country, measures are being taken to introduce some elements of progressive taxation. The paper also shows that a significant drawback of the progressive scale used in different countries is the abrupt change in the size of the tax. It is proposed that, the so-called «piecewise-linear» model of the progressive taxation scale that from the taxpayer’s perspective is fairer, be used. Using statistical data, the authors demonstrated the advantages of the proposed «piece-wise-linear» model of the progressive taxation scale in comparison with the «flat» scale. The «piecewise linear» scale proposed in the study will allow individuals (taxpayers) to make an easier transition to a progressive tax rate. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed version of the «piecewise-linear» taxation scale, an economic and mathematical model has been developed, which implies tax exemption for persons with incomes below the subsistence level and an increase in the tax rate, compared to the existing one, for persons with large incomes. The model was tested on data of Rosstat on the income of individuals. The introduction of «piecewise-linear» taxation scale will, in authors’ opinion, increase tax collection and more fully implement the distribution function of taxation, which will ultimately stimulate the development of the economy and social sphere.

scholarly journals Theory of Brick-and-Mortar Retailing in India(ToR-b)

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-132
Author(s):  
H.R. Ganesh ◽  
P. S. Aithal
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Indian Market ◽  
Indian Consumers ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Consumer Orientation ◽  
World Class ◽  
The Developed Countries

Brick-and-mortar (B&M) retailers in India are constantly devoting their time, effort, energy, and money in discovering and adopting retailing theories, models, and frameworks that are practiced by the B&M retailers in the developed countries that have matured markets and consumers. This is a clear example of a serious timing issue. We believe the Indian market and consumers are moving towards the same maturity levels, but it is still a long way to go as the Indian consumers belong to the widest variety of religions, regions, languages, cultures, sub-cultures, ethnicities, and socioeconomic backgrounds with divergent needs. In addition to expecting world-class overall store-image, they yet require retailers to facilitate honest and authentic human-led engagement. This means, thoughtful and logical integration of existing theories aligned to, the Indian market; consumer's maturity level; divergent consumer needs are crucial, and this is the core of our theory. The ToR-b adopts elements of retailing theories that are known and suitable for retailing in the Indian context, in addition to identifying (i) new elements influencing honest and authentic humanled engagement; higher consumer-level customization; higher levels of consumer-orientation, (ii) significance of their association and determination with return on investment, (iii) their role in influencing the long-term sustainability of a retailer, and most importantly (iv) their ability to enhance interest among existing and potential employees, investors, and consumer’s minds with a particular retailer. Insights from multiple empirical and qualitative studies, field experiments, and evaluation of consumer-level transactions involved in building this theory made us strongly believe that the overall phenomenon of B&M retailing in India is truly complex and complexity is necessary to an adequate description of a phenomenon. We hope that in addition to laying a foundation for new directions to guide future research on Indian retailing, our theory will provide new and noteworthy insights into the overall phenomenon of B&M retailing in India.

scholarly journals Migraine and orexin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Irina Ostroukhova ◽  
Olga Rudko ◽  
Artemii Tretiakov
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Genetic Causes ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Peptide Concentration ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Desire To Eat

Migraine is diagnosed in approximately 15% of the population in the developed countries. This disease affects not only patient’s well-being, but also economy and social sphere. Despite this significant impact, little is known on the genetic causes of migraine. Several migraine symptoms, including tiredness, yawning, drowsiness, and the desire to eat certain foods, give an idea of migraine connection to orexin system. This system includes orexines – peptides, predominantly synthesized in the lateral hypothalamic area and involved in wake and sleep cycle and many other neurological functions; and their two receptors HCRTR1 and HCRTR2. Here we summarize known data on orexin system polymorphisms and changes in peptide concentration in patients with migraine.

How to Assure Stable Development in Unstable Financial Environment?

2007 ◽  
pp. 4-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Liquidity ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Russian Stock Market ◽  
Stable Development ◽  
Financial Environment

Growing involvement of Russian economy in international economic sphere increases the role of external risks. Financial problems which the developed countries are encountered with today result in volatility of Russian stock market, liquidity problems for banks, unstable prices. These factors in total may put longer-term prospects of economic growth in jeopardy. Monetary, foreign exchange and stock market mechanisms become the centerpiece of economic policy approaches which should provide for stable development in the shaky environment.

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

Global Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Russia

2009 ◽  
pp. 9-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kudrin
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Real

The article examines the causes of origin and manifestation of the current global financial crisis and the policies adopted in developed countries in 2007—2008 to deal with it. It considers the effects of the financial crisis on Russia’s economy and monetary policy of the Central Bank in the current conditions as well as the main guidelines for the fiscal policy under different energy prices. The measures for fighting the crisis that the Russian government and the Central Bank use to support the real economy are described.

Power Generation for India with Higher Efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Umeshkannan P ◽  
Muthurajan KG
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Developed Nations

The developed countries are consuming more amount of energy in all forms including electricity continuously with advanced technologies.  Developing  nation’s  energy usage trend rises quickly but very less in comparison with their population and  their  method of generating power is not  seems  to  be  as  advanced  as  developed  nations. The   objective   function   of   this   linear   programming model is to maximize the average efficiency of power generation inIndia for 2020 by giving preference to energy efficient technologies. This model is subjected to various constraints like potential, demand, running cost and Hydrogen / Carbon ratio, isolated load, emission and already installed capacities. Tora package is used to solve this linear program. Coal,  Gas,  Hydro  and  Nuclear  sources can are  supply around 87 %  of  power  requirement .  It’s concluded that we can produce power  at  overall  efficiency  of  37%  while  meeting  a  huge demand  of  13,00,000  GWh  of  electricity.  The objective function shows the scenario of highaverage efficiency with presence of 9% renewables. Maximum value   is   restricted   by   low   renewable   source’s efficiencies, emission constraints on fossil fuels and cost restriction on some of efficient technologies. This    model    shows    that    maximum    18%    of    total requirement   can   be   met   by   renewable itself which reduces average efficiency to 35.8%.   Improving technologies  of  renewable  sources  and  necessary  capacity addition  to  them in  regular  interval  will  enhance  their  role and existence against fossil fuels in future. The work involves conceptualizing, modeling, gathering information for data’s to be used in model for problem solving and presenting different scenarios for same objective.

International Economic Assistance in the 1970's — A Critique of Partners in Development (Review Article)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-490
Author(s):  
Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Foreign economic aid is at the cross-roads. There is an atmosphere of gloom and disenchantment surrounding international aid in both the developed and developing countries — more so in the former than in the latter. Doubts have grown in the developed countries, especially among the conservatives in these countries, as to the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development, the wastes and inefficiency involved in the use of aid, the adequacy of self-help on the part of the recipient countries in husbanding and mobilising their own resources for development and the dangers of getting involved, through ex¬tensive foreign-aid operations, in military or diplomatic conflicts. The waning of confidence on the part of the donors in the rationale of foreign aid has been accentuated by an increasing concern with their domestic problems as well as by the occurrence of armed conflicts among the poor, aid-recipient countries strengthened by substantial defence expenditure that diverts resources away from development. The disenchantment on the part of the recipient countries is, on the other hand, associated with the inadequacy of aid, the stop-go nature of its flow in many cases, and the intrusion of noneconomic considerations governing the allocation of aid amongst the recipient countries. There is a reaction in the developing countries against the dependence, political and eco¬nomic, which heavy reliance on foreign aid generates. The threat of the in¬creasing burden of debt-service charge haunts the developing world and brings them back to the donors for renewed assistance and/or debt rescheduling.

PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR SECARA SPASIAL TERHADAP KONVERGENSI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Anisa Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Neoclassical Growth Theory

Motivated by inter-regional disparities condition that occurs persistently, this study examines the Indonesian economy in the long run in order to know whether it tends to converge or diverge. This convergence is based on the Solow Neoclassical growth theory assuming the existence of diminishing returns to capital so that when the developed countries reach steady state conditions, developing countries will continuously grow up to 'catch-up' with developed countries. Based on regional economics perspective, each region can not be treated as a stand-alone unit,therefore, this study also focuses on the influence of spatial dependency and infrastructure. Economical and political situations of a region will influence policy in that region which will also have an impact to the neighboring regions. The estimation results of spatial cross-regressive model using fixed effect method consistently confirmed that the Indonesian economy in the long term will likely converge with a speed of 8.08 percent per year. Other findings are road infrastructure has a positive effect on economic growth and investment and road infrastructure are spatially showed a positive effect on economic growth. In other words, the investment and infrastructure of a region does not only affect the economic growth of that region but also to the economy of the contiguous regions. 

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