scholarly journals Ecological Study of Different Communities Site from District Lower Dir Laram Timargara Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Pakistan

2017 ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
INAM ULLAH

In the present research work the ecological community study was carried out of District Lower Dir Laram Timargara Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Pakistan. Salvia-Cynodon-Berberiscommunity (SCB). This community comprises a total of 24 plants species. Among these 16 are herbaceous plants, 8 are shrubby plants, while there is no single tree species found in this community. The community is dominated by Salvia moocruftianaWall, Cynodon dactylonand Berberis lyceum. The Species richness (S.R) is 1.31055873, similarity index (S.I) is 33.33333 and its Maturity index (M.I) is 49.Verbascum-Buddleja-Cotoneastercommunity (VBC).This community comprises a total of 23 plants species. Among these 10 are herbaceous, 8 are shrubby plants, while the remaining 5 plants are tree species. The community is dominated by Verbascum thapsus, Buddleja crispa and Cotoneaster nummularia.Species richness (S.R) of the community is 1.499237, similarity index (S.I) is 30.188679while its Maturity index (M.I) is 46.Cyperus-Calotropis-Ziziphuscommunity (CCZ).This community comprises a total of 32 plants species. Among these 20 are herbaceous, 8 are shrubby plants, while the remaining 5 plants are tree species. The community is dominated by Cypres rotundus, Calotropis procera and Cotoneaster nummularia. The Spcies richness (S.R) of the community is 1.146771, similarity index (SI) is 24.39024 and its Maturity index (M.I) is 58.3783. The aim of the present study to explore the flora of Laram Timargara Mountains.

Sensors ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4983-4994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Landenburger ◽  
Rick Lawrence ◽  
Shannon Podruzny ◽  
Charles Schwartz

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayu Arief Pratama ◽  
Edi Mirmanto

Ecological study with special attention to vegetation analysis has been done in the Bintan forest area, Riau Archipelago. Based on three sampling plots of 30 × 30 m, there were 73 tree (dbh ≥ 5 cm) species were recorded, belong to 64 genera and 32 families. The density is fairly high (1,485 individuals /ha) with total basal area relatively low (27.71 m2/ha).  Its indicates that most of trees are small size. Similarity index among study sites are relatively low (< 25 %), indicates that there is strong relation between habitat and species composition. Out of the 6 most common tree species in the study area, only Dipterocarpus gracillis was dominant in 2 study sites. Overall species diversity is relatively low, which is characteristic of forest vegetation on small islands. 


PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Vivanco ◽  
Nicolás Rascovan ◽  
Amy T. Austin

Plant–microbial interactions in the litter layer represent one of the most relevant interactions for biogeochemical cycling as litter decomposition is a key first step in carbon and nitrogen turnover. However, our understanding of these interactions in the litter layer remains elusive. In an old-growth mixed Nothofagus forest in Patagonia, we studied the effects of single tree species identity and the mixture of three tree species on the fungal and bacterial composition in the litter layer. We also evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) addition on these plant–microbial interactions. In addition, we compared the magnitude of stimulation of litter decomposition due to home field advantage (HFA, decomposition occurs more rapidly when litter is placed beneath the plant species from which it had been derived than beneath a different plant species) and N addition that we previously demonstrated in this same forest, and used microbial information to interpret these results. Tree species identity had a strong and significant effect on the composition of fungal communities but not on the bacterial community of the litter layer. The microbial composition of the litter layer under the tree species mixture show an averaged contribution of each single tree species. N addition did not erase the plant species footprint on the fungal community, and neither altered the bacterial community. N addition stimulated litter decomposition as much as HFA for certain tree species, but the mechanisms behind N and HFA stimulation may have differed. Our results suggest that stimulation of decomposition from N addition might have occurred due to increased microbial activity without large changes in microbial community composition, while HFA may have resulted principally from plant species’ effects on the litter fungal community. Together, our results suggest that plant–microbial interactions can be an unconsidered driver of litter decomposition in temperate forests.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Kinjouo Ghislain Kenguem ◽  
Victor François Nguetsop ◽  
Solefack Marie Caroline Momo

Les forêts d’Afrique centrale contiennent plusieurs produits d’origine animale et végétale. Les produits d’origine végétale peuvent se distinguer en produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux. Le présent travail de recherche porte sur l’importance et la gestion durable de quelques Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL), notamment l’écorce de trois arbres (Garcinia lucida, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Alstonia boonei) dans la localité de Ngovayang I. À l’aide d’un questionnaire semi-structuré, les caractéristiques du secteur des PFNL, les stratégies de gestion, ainsi que l’impact de la valorisation des PFNL ont été déterminés. Il ressort des enquêtes que les écorces de ces trois espèces sont connues et utilisées à des fins diverses telles que la consommation, l’automédication et la vente. L’initiation à l’utilisation de l’écorce de ces espèces est liée au sexe et est également fonction de l’âge des enquêtés. Leurs écorces sont approvisionnées sur le marché et vendues en majorité par les hommes. G. lucida et S. zenkeri sont utilisées à des fins nutritionnelles, médicinales et lucratives, tandis qu’Alstonia boonei est utilisée exclusivement à des fins médicinales. Pour des personnes plus jeunes, d’une tranche d’âge comprise entre 15 et 35 ans, l’exploitation de l’écorce de ces trois espèces n’a aucun impact néfaste sur la disponibilité des ressources forestières. S’agissant des personnes âgées de 35 à 65 ans, l’exploitation non contrôlée et l’écorçage anarchique de G. lucida et de S. zenkeri peuvent entrainer leur pénurie et même leur disparition dans cette région. Toutefois, la récolte échelonnée de l’écorce de G. lucida, S. zenkeri et A. boonei est utilisée comme stratégie de gestion de l’écorce de ces arbres dans cette localité.   Central African forests are teemed with several goods of animal and plant origin. Goods of plant origin are forest products and non-timber forest products. This research work focused on the identification and importance of some non-timber forest products (NTFPs), especially the bark of tree species (Garcinia lucida, Scorodophloeus zenkeri and Alstonia boonei) in the locality of Ngovayang I. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, the characteristics of the NTFP sector, management strategies, and the impact of NTFP exploitation were determined in Ngovayang I. Surveys show that the bark of these three species is well known and used for various purposes such as consumption, self-medication and sale. The initiation of the use of the bark of these species is linked to sex and also depends on the age of the respondents. Their bark is supplied on the market and sold mostly by men. G. lucida and S. zenkeri are used for food, medicinal and profit-making purposes, while A. boonei is used exclusively for medicinal purposes. For younger people, aged between 15 and 35 years old, the exploitation of the bark of these three species has no negative impact on forest resources. For old people (35 to 65 years), the uncontrolled exploitation and uncontrolled debarking of G. lucida and S. zenkeri can lead to the shortage and even extinction of these two tree species in the region. However, the planned harvest of the bark of Garcinia lucida, Scorodophloeus zenkeri and Alstonia boonei is used as strategy of management of the bark of these trees in this locality.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Ramesh Bhandari ◽  
Sharad Kumar Ghimire

 Automatically extracting most conspicuous object from an image is useful and important for many computer vision related tasks. Performance of several applications such as object segmentation, image classification based on salient object and content based image editing in computer vision can be improved using this technique. In this research work, performance of structured matrix decomposition with contour based spatial prior is analyzed for extracting salient object from the complex scene. To separate background and salient object, structured matrix decomposition model based on low rank matrix recovery theory is used along with two structural regularizations. Tree structured sparsity inducing regularization is used to capture image structure and to enforce the same object to assign similar saliency values. And, Laplacian regularization is used to enlarge the gap between background part and salient object part. In addition to structured matrix decomposition model, general high level priors along with biologically inspired contour based spatial prior is integrated to improve the performance of saliency related tasks. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on two demanding datasets, namely, ICOSEG and PASCAL-S for complex scene images. For PASCAL-S dataset precision recall curve of proposed method starts from 0.81 and follows top and right-hand border more than structured matrix decomposition which starts from 0.79. Similarly, structural similarity index score, which is 0.596654 and 0.394864 without using contour based spatial prior and 0.720875 and 0.568001 using contour based spatial prior for ICOSEG and PASCAL-S datasets shows improved result.


2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (16) ◽  
pp. 2144-2150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahlem Othmani ◽  
Lew F.C. Lew Yan Voon ◽  
Christophe Stolz ◽  
Alexandre Piboule

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans ter Steege ◽  
Terry W. Henkel ◽  
Nora Helal ◽  
Beatriz S. Marimon ◽  
Ben Hur Marimon-Junior ◽  
...  

Abstract Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such “monodominant” forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors.


1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1709-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Carleton ◽  
P. F. Maycock

One hundred and ninety-seven boreal forest stands, in a region of Ontario and Quebec south of James Bay, were examined. Tree species were summarized as relative density of each of five stem size classes. These data formed the basis for an exclusive polythetic divisive stand classification into 10 groups. Most of these groups were characterized by a single tree species. The affinity of each of 410 understorey taxa was assessed with respect to each canopy stand group or natural combination of groups. Only 121 understorey taxa showed specificity to the canopy classes identified. This apparent lack of tight overstorey–understorey affinity is discussed in relation to site nutrient status and regeneration following forest fire.


2016 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rejžek ◽  
Martin Svátek ◽  
Jan Šebesta ◽  
Radim Adolt ◽  
Petr Maděra ◽  
...  

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