scholarly journals Deep Eutectic Solvents as an Alternate to Other Harmful Solvents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 847-860
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Drug Solubility ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Solventless Reaction

Solvents generally in liquid form, are used to dissolve, dilute, suspend any substances or extract other materials. More than one-third of the drugs listed in the various Pharmacopeias fall into the poorly water-soluble or water-insoluble categories. For more than 200 years, traditional solvents could be used as a solvent for substances that were insoluble in water. But the usage of these types of solvents should be decreased because these types of solvents are volatile, flammable, and often toxic. Also, the industrialist’s usages in different types of processes prove the risk for workers. In recent years, several solvents have been proposed to be the greener replacement for traditional solvents. Replacing hazardous chemicals with more environmentally friendly alternatives is a matter of current interest, in line with the philosophy of Green Chemistry. The use of nontraditional or nonconventional solvents such as supercritical fluids (SCFs) such as Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, fluorous solvents, solventless reaction Ionic liquids (ILs) and their derivatives [polymeric ILs and magnetic ILs], and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are alternatives for environmentally unfriendly traditional solvents. Among them, DES is a neoteric class of green solvents defined as a mixture of two or more compounds that are typically solid at room temperature, but when combined at a particular molar ratio, changes into a liquid at room temperature. It is assumed that eutectic mixtures show low volatility, have a broad liquid range, and are water-compatible, non-flammable, non-toxic, biocompatible, and eco-friendly. Eutectic solvents have been useful in several pharmaceutical fields, such as the increase of drug solubility, permeation, and absorption.

scholarly journals Tailoring Properties of Acidic Types of Natural Deep Eutectics Solvents (NADES): Enhanced Solubility of Curcuminoids from Curcuma zeodaria

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 01011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orchidea Rachmaniah ◽  
Lailatul Jumiati Fazriyah ◽  
Nurul Hesti Seftiyani ◽  
M. Rachimoellah
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Enhanced Solubility ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

Recently Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) show their potential as a promising green solvents at 21th century for extraction of natural products. Rutin, a poorly water soluble flavonoid, was reported better solubilized in NADES than in water as well as a paclitaxel and ginkgolide B, a completely water-insoluble compound. In case of curcuminoids, phenolic compounds from powder of Curcuma Zeodaria shown better solubilized in acidic type of NADES such malic acid-sucrose-water (MAS-H2O = 1:1:11, mole ratio) and citric acid-sucrose-water (CAS-H2O = 1:2:15, mole ratio) compare to water and ethanol. Indicating that NADES, a water-based solvent, appropriate for extracting curcuminoids. However, the inherent high viscosity of NADES hamper the process extraction. Lowering the viscosity, water content of NADES is varied, adding a certain amount of water up to 60% of water content. All the varied water content of both CAS-H2O and MAS-H2O were successfully extracted curcuminoids. Yielded 0.06-0.16 mg curcuminoids/g dry weight. However, 60% of water content of both CAS-H2O and MAS-H2O gave more or less similar value of curcuminoids to CAS-H2O (20% of water) and MAS-H2O (30% of water). Curcuminoids is more stable in CAS-H2O compare to MAS-H2O for 96 h of time duration.

scholarly journals Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents to Reduce the Release of Hazardous Gases to the Atmosphere: A Critical Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Irfan Wazeer ◽  
Mohamed K. Hadj-Kali ◽  
Inas M. Al-Nashef
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Hazardous Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The release of certain gases to the atmosphere is controlled in many countries owing to their negative impact on the environment and human health. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). Considering the major contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming and climate change, mitigation of these gases is one of the world’s primary challenges. Nevertheless, the commercial processes used to capture these gases suffer from several drawbacks, including the use of volatile solvents, generation of hazardous byproducts, and high-energy demand. Research in green chemistry has resulted in the synthesis of potentially green solvents that are non-toxic, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are novel solvents that upon wise choice of their constituents can be green and tunable with high biocompatibility, high degradability, and low cost. Consequently, the capture of toxic gases by DESs is promising and environmentally friendly and has attracted much attention during the last decade. Here, we review recent results on capture of these gases using different types of DESs. The effect of different parameters, such as chemical structure, molar ratio, temperature, and pressure, on capture efficiency is discussed.

scholarly journals Performance of p-Toluenesulfonic Acid–Based Deep Eutectic Solvent in Denitrogenation: Computational Screening and Experimental Validation

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainul F. Kamarudin ◽  
Hanee F. Hizaddin ◽  
Lahssen El-blidi ◽  
Emad Ali ◽  
Mohd A. Hashim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Computational Screening ◽  
Toluenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Fuel Oils

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green solvents developed as an alternative to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids to extract nitrogen compounds from fuel oil. DESs based on p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) are a new solvent class still under investigation for extraction/separation. This study investigated a new DES formed from a combination of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (TBPBr) and PTSA at a 1:1 molar ratio. Two sets of ternary liquid–liquid equilibrium experiments were performed with different feed concentrations of nitrogen compounds ranging up to 20 mol% in gasoline and diesel model fuel oils. More than 99% of quinoline was extracted from heptane and pentadecane using the DES, leaving the minutest amount of the contaminant. Selectivity was up to 11,000 for the heptane system and up to 24,000 for the pentadecane system at room temperature. The raffinate phase’s proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and GC analysis identified a significantly small amount of quinoline. The selectivity toward quinoline was significantly high at low solute concentrations. The root-mean-square deviation between experimental data and the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) model was 1.12% and 0.31% with heptane and pentadecane, respectively. The results showed that the TBPBr/PTSADES is considerably efficient in eliminating nitrogen compounds from fuel oil.

scholarly journals Pyrrolidinium salt based binary and ternary deep eutectic solvents: green preparations and physiochemical property characterizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Sheila N. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Reaction Media

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be green solvents for various applications. However, their synthesis via chemical reaction with by-products or waste produced is contradictory to the concept of green chemistry, and the purity problem and economic feasibility limit their applications in some large-scale industrial applications. 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide ([bmpy][Br]), which is a molten salt with melting point above 100°C is a precursor of pyrrolidinium ILs, but hardly can be put under the category of IL because of its high melting point. In this study, [bmpy][Br] based binary deep eutectic solvent (BDES) and ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES) were synthesized to prepare [bmpy][Br] in liquid form. During the preparation process, no reaction media was employed, no by-product was generated, and no further purification was required, thereby making it a completely green process. The prepared TDES has better thermal stability and larger free volume than BDES, which is potentially useful for sorption applications with high temperature requirement. It is also because of the green preparation process that the TDES is also expected to be capable for the large-scale industrial applications. This work is opening up new avenues for the study of binary and ternary IL-DES system and their applications.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of the Solvent-Assisted Active Loading Technology (SALT) for Liposomal Loading of Poorly Water-Soluble Compounds

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griffin Pauli ◽  
Wei-Lun Tang ◽  
Shyh-Dar Li
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drug Solubility ◽  
Active Loading ◽  
Rapid Loading ◽  
Poorly Soluble ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble ◽  
Formulation Stability

A large proportion of pharmaceutical compounds exhibit poor water solubility, impacting their delivery. These compounds can be passively encapsulated in the lipid bilayer of liposomes to improve their water solubility, but the loading capacity and stability are poor, leading to burst drug leakage. The solvent-assisted active loading technology (SALT) was developed to promote active loading of poorly soluble drugs in the liposomal core to improve the encapsulation efficiency and formulation stability. By adding a small volume (~5 vol%) of a water miscible solvent to the liposomal loading mixture, we achieved complete, rapid loading of a range of poorly soluble compounds and attained a high drug-to-lipid ratio with stable drug retention. This led to improvements in the circulation half-life, tolerability, and efficacy profiles. In this mini-review, we summarize our results from three studies demonstrating that SALT is a robust and versatile platform to improve active loading of poorly water-soluble compounds. We have validated SALT as a tool for improving drug solubility, liposomal loading efficiency and retention, stability, palatability, and pharmacokinetics (PK), while retaining the ability of the compounds to exert pharmacological effects.

scholarly journals Solubility and Stability of Some Pharmaceuticals in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents-Based Formulations

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2645
Author(s):  
Natali Rianika Mustafa ◽  
Vincent Simon Spelbos ◽  
Geert-Jan Witkamp ◽  
Robert Verpoorte ◽  
Young Hae Choi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Tube Feeding ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Poorly Soluble ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

Some medicines are poorly soluble in water. For tube feeding and parenteral administration, liquid formulations are required. The discovery of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) opened the way to potential applications for liquid drug formulations. NADES consists of a mixture of two or more simple natural products such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, choline/betaine, and poly-alcohols in certain molar ratios. A series of NADES with a water content of 0–30% (w/w) was screened for the ability to solubilize (in a stable way) some poorly water-soluble pharmaceuticals at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The results showed that NADES selectively dissolved the tested drugs. Some mixtures of choline-based NADES, acid-neutral or sugars-based NADES could dissolve chloral hydrate (dissociated in water), ranitidine·HCl (polymorphism), and methylphenidate (water insoluble), at a concentration of up to 250 mg/mL, the highest concentration tested. Whereas a mixture of lactic-acid–propyleneglycol could dissolve spironolacton and trimethoprim at a concentration up to 50 and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The results showed that NADES are promising solvents for formulation of poorly water-soluble medicines for the development of parenteral and tube feeding administration of non-water-soluble medicines. The chemical stability and bioavailability of these drug in NADES needs further studies.

scholarly journals Cloud Point Extraction as a Method for Preconcentration of Metal Ions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusretá Hasic ◽  
Emir Horozic
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Point ◽  
Cloud Point Extraction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble ◽  
Toxic Organic Solvents ◽  
Water Soluble Complex

Cloud point extraction (CPE) is an attractive technique that reduces solvent con- sumption and exposure, disposal costs, and process time. This method has an im- portant practical application and is used to separate and concentrate the analyte as a step before its determination, and after the formation of a poorly water-soluble complex. Use of nonionic surfactants as ”green solvents” which represent an effec- tive alternative to toxic organic solvents (in classical extraction), along with other advantages, such as low cost and low flammability, makes this method attractive and worth further research and optimization. This paper presents a detailed de- scription of the principles, procedure, advantages, disadvantages and application of CPE.

scholarly journals Structural and Transport Properties of Binary Mixtures of Deep Eutectic Solvent (Ethaline) with Primary Alcohols: A Molecular Dynamics Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
kishant kumar ◽  
Anand Bharti ◽  
Aditya Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Primary Alcohols

<table><tr><td>Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are classified as the green solvents which are considered as an alternative to volatile organic solvents. In this work, the thermophysical, structural and transport properties of binary mixtures of DES ethaline (choline chloride (ChCl) + ethylene glycol (etgly) at a molar ratio of 1:2) with primary alcohols (methanol/ethanol) are studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations</td></tr></table> <br>

NEW ECO-FRIENDLY TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FRUSEMIDE TABLETS USING MIXED HYDROTROPIC SOLUBILISATION

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (04) ◽  
pp. 75-76
Author(s):  
R. K. Maheshwari ◽  
◽  
J. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dimethyl Formamide ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble Drugs ◽  
Water Soluble Drugs ◽  
Reproducible Method ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

In the present study, a blend of 15% w/V sodium salicylate, 5% w/V niacinamide, 5% w/V sodium acetate and 5% w/V sodium citrate was prepared to carry out titrimetric estimation of frusemide tablets. The solubility of frusemide in distilled water at room temperature was found to be 0.64 mg/mL. The solubility of frusemide was significant in this mixed hydrotropic blend (21.39 mg/mL) with more than 33 fold enhancement in solubility. The crushed powder of tablets of frusemide was extracted using this blend. The analysis of the drug was done by titrimetric analysis with 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution. Various organic solvents like methanol, chloroform, dimethyl formamide and ethanol have been employed for solubilisation of poorly water soluble drugs to conduct their titrimetric analysis. This proposed method for analysis is recommended because it eliminates the use of toxic solvents and it is a novel, rapid, accurate and reproducible method that is economic as well. Statistical data proved accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the proposed analytical method. The proposed method uses the concept of mixed hydrotropy and provides an alternative method of analysis where the toxicity of solvents can be eliminated.

scholarly journals Potential Application of Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms for Small Molecule Drug and Vaccine Delivery System

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 158-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nasir Uddin ◽  
Debasish Basak ◽  
Robert Hopefl ◽  
Babak Minofar
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Ionic liquids are salts in which the ions are poorly coordinated, which causes them to exist in liquid form below 100°C, or at room temperature. Therefore, these are also defined as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). In ionic liquids, at least one ion has a delocalized charge and one component is organic, which prevents the formation of a stable solid form of crystal lattice. Physical properties of ionic liquids, such as melting point, viscosity, and solubility of starting materials and other solvents, are impacted by the substituents on the organic component and by the counterions. Many ionic liquids have even been developed to address specific synthetic problems and that is the reason these are also termed as "designer solvents". Ionic liquids are considered as “green solvents” that exhibit several unique characteristics such as high ionic conductivity, high solvation power, thermal stability, low volatility, and recyclability. Although very useful with several advantages, ionic liquids have some limitations that include high cost and ease of recycling. Moreover, the toxicity and biodegradability of ionic liquids are not yet well understood. Nonetheless, ionic liquids can potentially be used in the field of pharmacy in drug design and formulation development. In drug or vaccine dosage formulation development, ionic liquids can be used as a solubility enhancer, permeability enhancer, stabilizer, targeted delivery inducer, stealth property provider or bioavailability enhancer. In this article we reviewed the physical properties of ionic liquids and potential application of ionic liquids in developing formulations for vaccines and small molecule drugs (A table has been added).

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