scholarly journals Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as a Potential Feedstock for Composting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3961-3974
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
By Products

Oil palm plantation has been widely planted in tropical countries, particularly Malaysia. Oil palm biomasses as by-products of palm oil production, therefore, exist abundantly. Four kilograms of dry biomasses are generated for every kilogram of palm oil produced. Empty fruit bunch is a major solid waste produced by palm oil mills, constituting 23% of the total weight of the fresh palm fruit bunch. As one of the largest palm oil producers, Malaysia generated a huge amount of EFB annually, making the country's disposal process a headache issue. Therefore, utilizing these wastes strategically could be beneficial from both economic and environmental points of view. Ideally, EFB could be used as feedstocks for bioenergy production, composites fabrication, activated carbon, and chemical synthesis. Apart from that, composting is also one of the potential approaches to solving this waste's abundance. Composting oil palm EFB means converting the EFB waste, which is essentially organic in nature, into humus suitable for crop production. The main purpose of composting is to handle organic wastes and enhance soil fertility safely. This paper gives an overview of the latest status and technologies dealing with composting of oil palm EFB, its limitations, current issues, and way forward.

scholarly journals Kontribusi Produksi Cellular Lightweight Concrete Serat Limbah Pelepah Kelapa Ssawit Terhadap Emisi CO2

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Zainuri Zainuri ◽  
Sujianto Sujianto ◽  
Adrianto Ahmad ◽  
Feliatra Feliatra
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
By Products

The vast palm oil plantations in Riau province which are 2,430,500 hectares (BPS Indonesia, 2017) have great potential as a provider of CPO (Crude Palm Oil) and other by-products and include waste. The midrib is always lowered along with the decrease in oil palm fruit bunches at harvest. Handling of waste from the midrib is only by stacking it in the field and letting it dry and self-destruct. Oil palm midribs are still a problem today because they can affect the global climate with greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon emissions can still be minimized by utilizing oil palm midribs. This study aims to measure the reduction of CO2 emissions as an added ingredient in the production of fiber CLC. Presentation of research results using descriptive methods. Research conducted in laboratories with an experimental approach is quantitative. The findings of this study are that the use of oil palm fronds as an added ingredient in producing CLC of solar and electric fuel fibers by 1 m3 can reduce CO2 emissions. The conclusion of this study is that CO2 emissions that can be reduced in the manufacture of 1 m3 of fiber CLC using diesel fuel is 111,582 tons/year and when using an electrically driven engine the CO2 emissions that can be reduced are 120.887 tons/year.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Gugus Fungsi dan Morfologi Permukaan Karbon Aktif dari Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Aktivator Asam Fosfat (H3PO4) dan Asam Nitrat (HNO3)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-208
Author(s):  
Vidyanova Anggun Mentari ◽  
Seri Maulina
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis Jacq ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
By Products

Indonesia termasuk negara produsen kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Berdasarkan laporan Badan Pusat Statistik luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia pada tahun 2016 sebesar 11.672.861 Ha. Limbah perkebunan kelapa sawit tersedia dalam jumlah yang banyak dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal salah satunya yaitu pelepah kelapa sawit. Pelepah kelapa sawit termasuk kategori limbah basah (wet by-products) dengan jumlah produksi pelepah kelapa sawit pada tahun 2016 yaitu sebesar 191.434.920 ton.Paper ini membahas perbandingan gugus fungsi dan morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dari pelepah kelapa sawit(elaeis guineensis Jacq) dengan aktivator H3PO4 dan HNO3.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan gugus fungsi dan morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dari pelepah kelapa sawit dengan aktivator H3PO4 dan HNO3. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi proses impregnasi, karbonisasi, dan pencucian. Konsentrasi aktivator yang digunakan yaitu 20% dengan suhu aktivasi 400 oC. Analisa yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini meliputi analisis morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dengan menggunakan SEM dan analisis spektra secara FTIR terhadap karbon aktif. Hasilanalisa morfologi menggunakan SEM menunjukkan adanya pori yang terbentuk pada karbon aktif dan identifikasi dengan spektrofotometer FTIR menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif pada penelitian ini mengandung gugus fungsi C=O, C=C, C-C, N=O, C-N, C-OH, CH2dan C-H Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. Based on the Central Statistics Agency's report, the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia in 2016 amounted to 11,672,851 Ha. Palm oil plantation waste is available in large quantities and has not been utilized optimally; one of which is palm tree fronds. Palm oil fronds are categorized as wet waste (wet by products) with the amount of palm oil fronds production in 2016 was equal to 191,434,920 tons. This paper discussed the comparison of functional groups and surface morphology of activated carbon from oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) with H3PO4 and HNO3 activators. This study aimed to determine the comparison of functional groups and surface morphology of activated carbon from oil palm fronds with activators of H3PO4 and HNO3. The method used included the process of impregnation, carbonization, and washing. The concentration of activator used was 20% with an activation temperature of 400 oC. The analysis carried out in this study included the analysis of the surface morphology of activated carbon using SEM and FTIR spectra analysis of activated carbon. Morphological analysis using SEM showed the presence of pores formed on activated carbon. Identification with FTIR spectrophotometer showed that the activated carbon in this study contained functional groups C = O, C = C, CC, N = O, CN, C-OH, CH2 and CH.

scholarly journals Preparation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Hironaga Akita ◽  
Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Shinji Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Glucose Content

Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer and exporter globally. When crude palm oil is produced in both plantations and oil processing mills, a large amount of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is simultaneously produced as a waste product. Here, we describe the preparation of hydrolysate from OPEFB. After OPEFB was hydrothermally treated at 180–200 °C, the resultant liquid phase was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, while the solid phase was used for acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis. Hemicellulose yield from the acid-treated solid phase decreased from 153 mg/g-OPEFB to 27.5 mg/g-OPEFB by increasing the hydrothermal treatment temperature from 180 to 200 °C. Glucose yield from the enzyme-treated solid phase obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C was the highest (234 ± 1.90 mg/g-OPEFB, 61.7% production efficiency). In contrast, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose yields in the hydrolysate prepared from the solid phase hydrothermally treated at 200 °C were the lowest. Thus, we concluded that the optimum temperature for hydrothermal pretreatment was 200 °C, which was caused by the low hemicellulose yield. Based on these results, we have established an effective method for preparing OPEFB hydrolysates with high glucose content.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH WASTES USING ZINC CHLORIDE

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riry Wirasnita ◽  
Tony Hadibarata ◽  
Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Zainab Mat Lazim
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

An oil palm empty fruit bunch-derived activated carbon has been successfully produced by chemical activation with zinc chloride and without chemical activation. The preparation was conducted in the tube furnace at 500oC for 1 h. The surface structure and active sites of activated carbons were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The proximate analysis including moisture content, ash content, bulk density, pH, and pH at zero charge was conducted to identify the psychochemical properties of the adsorbent. The results showed that the zinc chloride-activated carbon has better characteristics compared to the carbon without chemical activation.  

Removal of Bisphenol A from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

2014 ◽  
Vol 225 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riry Wirasnita ◽  
Tony Hadibarata ◽  
Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Zulkifli Yusop
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

Improved water footprint of oil palm products using eddy covariance measurements of evapotranspiration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Herz ◽  
Ana Meijide ◽  
Christian Stiegler ◽  
Bunyod Holmatov ◽  
Alexander Knohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Palm Oil Biodiesel

<p>The global population growth and changes in human lifestyle and consumption patterns put immense pressure on the limited freshwater resources in the world. Aiming at sustainable use and equitable allocation of the water resources, it becomes crucial to know the water appropriation for the production of different commodities and consumer goods. These days, oil palm (<em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) is one of the highest-demanded crops around the globe since the oil of its fruits and kernel is widely used as biofuel and major ingredients in food and cosmetic industries. Given this massive demand, the areas under oil palm cultivation in the tropics have continuously been expanding in the last decades, particularly in Indonesia. With the oil palm boom, not only biodiversity loss, and carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation have been increasing, but also the consumptions of blue and green water resources are of concern. </p><p>In this ongoing research, the concept of water footprint (WF) is employed to quantify the green and blue water use of oil palm production in the Bajubang district, Batanghari regency, Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. This is one of the first studies that uses field-measured data of evapotranspiration (ET) from oil palm plantations in different growth stages over seven years for the purpose of WF assessment, compared to the available literature where ET was estimated using modelling approaches. The multi-year measurements were conducted using the eddy covariance technique, which continuously measures water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O) fluxes at the ecosystem level over the plantation. Based on these measurements, specifically, the WF assessment is performed on a product basis during the plantation life cycle, per area and time unit, for the oil palm fruit yield and oil palm derived products (palm oil, palm-oil biodiesel). Besides the crop water consumption at the plantation (i.e. ET) as the core element, other water consumptions in the products’ processing chain are included in the WF assessment. Preliminary results indicate a WF of 2440 m<sup>3</sup> t<sup>-1</sup> for palm oil and 65 m<sup>3</sup> GJ<sup>-1</sup> for palm-oil biodiesel. This is about 50% lower than the global average estimates. Local WF account of oil palm products has a critical contribution to product transparency while being useful for comparative purposes. Contrasting the WFs of products serving the same function (e.g., palm oil biodiesel, soybean biodiesel) is of essential importance, aiming at conscious product choices in a world of freshwater scarcity.</p><p>Keywords: water footprint, oil palm, palm oil, Indonesia, eddy covariance, evapotranspiration</p>

scholarly journals Activated Carbon of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB); Core and Shaggy

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 758-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.B. Osman ◽  
N. Shamsuddin ◽  
Y. Uemura
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch
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