scholarly journals NITROXYNIL UNCOUPLES OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE CELL MITOCHONDRIA AND A DRUG WHEREVER INJECTABLES ARE PREFERRED OVER DRENCHES

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Rahman ◽  
A. Kabir ◽  
S. Ahmed ◽  
M. K. Islam ◽  
M. S. Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Stable Solution ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Fluke Infection ◽  
The One

In the absence of effective vaccines and because of practical limitations in management options to control the snail intermediate hosts, the control of liver fluke infection and disease in livestock relies heavily on the use of flukicidal anthelmintics. Nitroxynil is a nitrate derivative from benzene compounds and presents a flukicide effect and is commonly used as the one with best spectrum from all the nitrate derivative trematocides. The drug is in fact, a low spectrum anthelmintic effective against fascioliasis, an important parasitic disease caused by flukes like Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, affecting significantly the ruminant production by means of reducing the growth, conversion rate, milk production, quality and quantity of meat and reproduction. Nitroxynil also does hold efficacy against few roundworms mainly blood-sucking species as well as certain myiasis. It is not effective against most of the tape worms or external parasites. It is chemically constitute of yellow benzene crystals, slightly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents, almost odorless and is characterized for being a stable solution, but it precipitates in presence of calcium and other salts. It is marketed as bright orange-red injectable solution due that by this route is six times more efficient than by oral route. Nitroxynil is a safe drug and it can be used at any stage of pregnancy. It does not affect fertility, gestation or fetus formation and in no way impede the reproductive performance of stallions. It’s presented as two salts, nitroxynil megaglumine and nitroxynil eglumine. The nitroxynil in salt is hydrosoluble having neutral pH and is exclusively administered to animals by subcutaneous route. The flukicide resistance phenomenon is already present in many countries in the same way that resistance against other anthelmintic drugs is spreading around worldwide. Because of the absence of new drugs against fluke infections, it is necessary to prove and compare the efficacy of the anthelmintics to prevent resistance development. In view of that we endeavored elucidating the latest progress of one such widely used flukicide nitroxynil.

Parasites and Worms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Serafino Wani
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Clonorchis Sinensis ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Blood Flukes ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Lung Fluke ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. Worms or helminths either live as parasites or free of a host in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Parasites and worms are found worldwide but mainly in the tropics. It is estimated that 20% of immigrants from endemic countries may have helminthic infections at their arrival to the UK. These people could be asymptomatic, but tend to present with unexplained symptoms, especially gastrointestinal in nature or eosinophilia. Travellers to endemic countries tend to be newly infected and have greater immune response and pronounced eosinophilia in some but not all parasitic infections. Parasites that can cause disease in humans fall under three classes: protozoa, helminths, and Ectoparasites Protozoa are microscopic, one- celled organisms that can be free living or parasitic in nature. Transmission of protozoa that live in a human’s intestine to another human typically occurs through a faeco-oral route (for example, contaminated food or water, or person- to-person contact). Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of humans are transmitted to other humans by an arthropod vector (for example, through the bite of a mosquito or sand fly). Helminths are large, multicellular organisms that are generally visible to the naked eye in their adult stages. Like protozoa, helminths can be either free living or parasitic. There are three main groups of helminths that parasitize humans: cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes. These are flat worms that comprise Echinococcus species: intestinal tapeworms and neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium) These are leaf- shaped, and they vary in length from a few millimetres to 8 cm. They include: ■ Liver fluke: Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica ■ Intestinal fluke: Fasciola buski, Heterophyes heterophyes, ■ Lung fluke: Paragonimus westernmani ■ Blood flukes: Schistosoma species These are cylindrical in structure. Blood- sucking arthropods such as mosquitoes are considered as ectoparasites because they depend on blood meal for their survival. Narrowly speaking, ectoparasites include organisms like ticks, fleas, lice, and mites (scabies) that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time (e.g. weeks to months).

scholarly journals Targeting Kinases in Fasciola hepatica: Anthelminthic Effects and Tissue Distribution of Selected Kinase Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin M. Morawietz ◽  
Hicham Houhou ◽  
Oliver Puckelwaldt ◽  
Laura Hehr ◽  
Domenic Dreisbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Uptake Kinetic

Protein kinases have been discussed as promising druggable targets in various parasitic helminths. New drugs are also needed for control of fascioliasis, a food-borne trematode infection and worldwide spread zoonosis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and related species. In this study, we intended to move protein kinases more into the spotlight of Fasciola drug research and characterized the fasciolicidal activity of two small-molecule inhibitors from human cancer research: the Abelson tyrosine kinase (ABL-TK) inhibitor imatinib and the polo-like 1 (PLK1) inhibitor BI2536. BI2536 reduced viability of 4-week-old immature flukes in vitro, while adult worms showed a blockade of egg production. Together with a significantly higher transcriptional expression of PLK1 in adult compared to immature worms, this argues for a role of PLK1 in fluke reproduction. Both fluke stages expressed ABL1-TK transcripts at similar high levels and were affected by imatinib. To study the uptake kinetic and tissue distribution of imatinib in F. hepatica, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for the first time in this parasite. Drug imaging revealed the accumulation of imatinib in different fluke tissues from 20 min to 12 h of exposure. Furthermore, we show that imatinib is metabolized to N-desmethyl imatinib by F. hepatica, a bioactive metabolite also found in humans. Besides the vitellarium, gastrodermal tissue showed strong signal intensities. In situ hybridization demonstrated the gastrodermal presence of abl1 transcripts. Finally, we assessed transcriptional changes of physiologically important genes in imatinib-treated flukes. Moderately increased transcript levels of a gene encoding a multidrug resistance protein were detected, which may reflect an attempt to defend against imatinib. Increased expression levels of the cell cycle dependently expressed histone h2b and of two genes encoding superoxide dismutases (SODs) were also observed. In summary, our pilot study demonstrated cross-stage activity of imatinib but not BI2536 against immature and adult F. hepatica in vitro; a fast incorporation of imatinib within minutes, probably via the oral route; and imatinib-induced expression changes of physiologically relevant genes. We conclude that kinases are worth analyzing in more detail to evaluate the potential as therapeutic targets in F. hepatica.

scholarly journals Fasciola hepatica findings in cattle of Jablanica region

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Valentina Milanovic ◽  
Aleksandar Nitovski ◽  
Zoran Kulisic ◽  
Milorad Mirilovic ◽  
Boban Popovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One

In the period from January 2001 to December 2005, a total of 6,904 slaughtered cattle originating from the territory of the region of Jablanica were examined at the Mesokombinat AD abattoir. The Trematoda Fasciola hepatica was found in 429 cattle (6.21%). A total of 2,150 kg livers were condemned due to the presence of the liver fluke. A comparison of cattle with bovine fasciolosis according to the years yielded a very significant difference (p<0.01) between the year 2003 (10.02) and the year 2002 (9.97), on the one side, in comparison with the years 2001 (5.14), 2004 (3.37), and 2005 (5.08), on the other side. A significant difference (p<0.05) was also established in the year 2004 (3.37) in comparison with the years 2001 (5.14) and 2005 (5.08). After analyzing the significance of the differences between the infected cattle according to the seasons, a very significant difference (p<0.01) was established between the summer (7.23) and the winter (4.74) periods. A significant difference (p<0.05) was also established between the autumn (6.49) and the winter periods. The amount of precipitation was directly proportionate to the percentage of cattle infected with fasciolosis.

scholarly journals FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PATIENT´S PREFERENCE IN CHOOSING THEIR THERAPY FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN BRAZIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-497
Author(s):  
Adhan Amenomori WU ◽  
Jaqueline Ribeiro de BARROS ◽  
Madhoor RAMDEEN ◽  
Julio Pinheiro BAIMA ◽  
Rogerio SAAD-HOSSNE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Biological Therapy ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mode Of Administration ◽  
Mode Of Application ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

BACKGROUND: Biological therapy and new drugs have revolutionized the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Ideally, the choice of medication should be a shared decision with the patient, aiming at greater satisfaction, compliance, and consequently, favorable clinical outcome. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate patient’s preferences in the choice of their therapy and the factors that influence this choice. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 101 outpatients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. The inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years and no previous exposure to biological therapy. Patients’ preferences were assessed through questions that addressed the preferred mode of administration (oral, subcutaneous, or intravenous) and the factors that determined the choice of medication (efficacy, medical indication, fear of medication, convenience, mode of application, and personal doctors’ indication). RESULTS: The mean age was 43.6±13.5 years, 75.3% were female, and 81.2% were cases of ulcerative colitis. Regarding the mode of administration, the majority of patients preferred oral (87.1%), followed by intravenous (6.93%) and subcutaneous (5.94%) medications. The reasons were “I prefer to take it at home” (42.57%), “I have more freedom” (36.63%), “I don’t like self-application” (29.70%), and “I believe it works better” (19.80%). Younger patients and patients in clinical disease activity preferred intravenous mode compared to the oral route (P<0.05). Doctor’s opinion (98%) was an important factor associated with the medication choice. CONCLUSION: Oral route was the preferred mode of administration and most patients took their physician’s opinion into account in their choice of medication.

scholarly journals Lymphocyte Populations in the Adventitial Layer of Hydatid Cysts in Cattle: Relationship With Cyst Fertility Status and Fasciola Hepatica Co-Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Jiménez ◽  
Caroll Stoore ◽  
Christian Hidalgo ◽  
Felipe Corrêa ◽  
Marcela Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Adventitial Layer

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Two types of hydatid cysts occur in intermediate hosts: fertile cysts that generate protoscoleces from the germinal layer of the cyst, and infertile cysts that do not produce protoscoleces and are unable to continue the life cycle of the parasite. The adventitial layer, a host-derived fibrous capsule surrounding the hydatid cyst, is suggested to play an important role in local immune regulation during infection and in fertility of the cysts. Fasciola hepatica, another important parasite of cattle, induces a characteristic Th2-like immune response that could modulate the immune response against E. granulosus. Natural co-infection of both parasites is common in cattle, but no reports describe the local immune response against E. granulosus with F. hepatica infection in the same host. This study analyzed the number and distribution of T and B cells in the adventitial layer of liver and lung cysts and the relationship with cyst fertility and F. hepatica co-infection. T lymphocytes were the predominant cell type in the adventitial layer of infertile hydatid cysts and were more numerous in infertile hydatid cysts. B lymphocyte numbers were not associated with hydatid cyst fertility. Mast cells were infrequent in the adventitial layer. The number of T and B cells was not associated with F. hepatica co-infection. The present study contributes to the understanding of local immune responses in bovine cystic echinococcosis.

Larval development of ovine Neostrongylus linearis in four experimentally infected mollusc species

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Y. Manga-González ◽  
M.P. Morrondo-Pelayo
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Cepaea Nemoralis ◽  
In Series ◽  
Mollusc Species ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

AbstractDevelopment of Neostrongylus linearis larvae was studied in the snail intermediate hosts Oestophora (Oestophora) barbula, Oestophorella buvinieri, Cepaea nemoralis and Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa. The molluscs of each species, all adults, were divided into groups of 40 for infection purposes. The infection doses for the first two snail species were 90 and 50 first stage larvae (L1) of N. linearis, respectively. For C. nemoralis two batches were tested: one with 200 L1 kept at 19°C and the other with 250 L1 at a temperature of 21°C. The same was done with Helix (C.) aspersa with 200 L1 at a temperature of 21°C, on the one hand and 300 L1 at 24°C on the other. One or two molluscs of each species were killed in series from the 6th day post-infection (p.i.) until the 44th. Percentage values for total larvae (1, 2 and 3) and L3 were higher with the lower dose for C. nemoralis, whilst the same was true with the higher dose in Helix (C.) aspersa. In both cases, the higher temperature appeared to contribute to cycle acceleration. Using one way analysis of variance, statistically significant differences were detected between the species of molluscs tested concerning percentages of L1 which penetrated, total larvae and L3. According to our results, the decreasing order of susceptibility of these species of molluscs as experimental intermediate hosts of N. linearis is: O. buvinieri, Oestophora (O.) barbula, C. nemoralis and Helix (C.) aspersa. It is the first time that Oestophora (O.) barbula and Oestophorella buvinieri have been named as experimental intermediate hosts of N. linearis.

Capturing and releasing settleable solids – the significance of dense undercurrents in combined sewer flows

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel A. Verbanck
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Longitudinal Velocity ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Hindered Settling ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
The One

Particulate organic matter concentrations determined at the outlet of a low-sloped combined sewer are observed to increase significantly in the very early stage of storm runoff events. It is found that this is not a result from scouring of actual deposited sediments in the sewer (which are granular), but from the dynamic behaviour of a distinct component of the sewage flow itself. During low flows in dry weather, a part of the coarsest material present in normal sanitary sewage (primarily organic debris such as human and food wastes, of about millimetric size and larger) settles and leaves the main body of the flow, but does not reach the sewer bottom to deposit there. The lowest part of the flowing sewage acts in this case as a temporary storage of highly polluting matter, as its longitudinal velocity is lower than the one of the remaining flow. An explanation for the building of these ‘dense undercurrents’ is formulated, based on a difference between free settling in the main body of flow and hindered settling near the bottom. Although this still merits further confirmation, it is likely that the process which maintains coarse solids in suspension in the undercurrent is a lift force induced by shear in the near-bed zone. The collapse of the undercurrent and the subsequent release of polluting material into the whole water column has been observed in the considered sewer to occur when bed shear stress exceeds about 1.1-1.2 N/m2. This low value can explain flushing effects occurring frequently during rainy period, or even at peak dry weather flows. On the basis of properties illustrated in this study, a number of management options can be considered for revised day-to-day operation of low-sloped interceptor sewers where dense undercurrents are likely to develop.

Phylogenetic relationships of the family Campulidae (Trematoda) based on 18S rRNA sequences

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. FERNANDEZ ◽  
D. T. J. LITTLEWOOD ◽  
A. LATORRE ◽  
J. A. RAGA ◽  
D. ROLLINSON
Keyword(s):  
18S Rrna ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
18S Rrna Gene ◽  
Host Switching ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Marine Gastropods ◽  
Echinostoma Caproni ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rrna Sequences

Traditionally, the family Campulidae has been associated either with the family Fasciolidae, parasites of ruminants, or the Acanthocolpidae, parasites of fishes, based on morphological similarities. Since morphology does not seem to resolve clearly the problem of the relationships of campulids, we have used the sequences of the 18S rRNA gene of the campulids Zalophotrema hepaticum, Campula oblonga and Nasitrema globicephalae, the fasciolid Fasciola hepatica, the acanthocolpid Stephanostomum baccatum and the outgroup Schistosoma mansoni to infer a phylogeny. Maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining methods were applied. Both methods indicated that campulids are closer to acanthocolpids than fasciolids. In order to confirm this relationship, we generated a second phylogeny using all the partial sequences of the 18S published for trematodes: Lobatostoma manteri, Echinostoma caproni, Calicophoron calicophorum, Tetracerasta blepta, Gyliauchen sp. and Opistorchis viverrini, plus those mentioned above, and Dicrocoelium dendriticum. The aspidogastrean L. manteri was used as the outgroup. Results were identical to the first analysis. According to this and the most recent Digenean phylogeny, which considers campulids and acanthocolpids as sister groups, we suggest that a common origin for these 2 groups would imply a host-switching process. The life-cycle of acanthocolpids includes marine gastropods as first intermediate hosts, and fishes as second intermediate and definitive hosts. In this context, the hypothesis would be that trematodes whose cycle ended in fishes were able to switch to mammalian hosts.

Ecology and epizootology of trematodosis in cattle, treatment and prevention in dairy cattle farms of Vologda region

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-501
Author(s):  
Кряжев ◽  
A Kryazhev
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Maximum Peak ◽  
Trematode Infection ◽  
Vologda Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Cattle Farms

Objective of research: To study the epizootiology of trematodoses of cattle from dairy cattle farms in the Vologda region; to estimate the anthelmintic efficacy of Fascocide, Helmicide, Oxiclozanide, Albendazole, Fezole, Alben. Materials and methods: A preliminary analysis of veterinary reports of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, the regional Stations on Fight against Diseases in Animals, meat-processing plants and slaughter units, Laboratories of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise was carried out for the period 2005–2009 according to the Forms «1-Vet» and «5-Vet». Coproovoscopic examinations of cattle were conducted monthly to determine seasonal and age dynamics of infection. Biological features of intermediate hosts were studied by standard methods. Fascocide at the dose of 10 mg a.i./kg, Helmicide — 7,5 g/100 kg, Oxiclozanide — 5,25 mg/kg, Albendazole — 15 mg a.i./kg and Alben — 10 mg a.i./kg were used against fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in cattle under production conditions in dairy farms and complexes of Vologda region. Results and discussion: The rates of trematode infection in various climatic and geographic zones of the region are different. The highest level of infection was registered in the North Eastern and South Eastern zones, and the lowest — in the South Western. Adult cattle are infected with Fasciola hepatica, Paramhistomum cervi and P. ichikawai all year round; the maximum peak of infection is registered in winter and spring seasons. First signs of trematode infection in calves of the first grazing season are observed at the beginning of the pasture season, which is the evidence for the overwintering of helminth larvae in intermediate hosts. Trematode infections manifest commonly as mixed infections. First individuals of Lymnaea truncatula and Planorbis planorbis appear in biotopes in the second decade of May, reaching the maximum number in August. Their infection with trematode parthenites is observed in the period from the first half of June to October; the maximum peak of infection — in August. The most effective preparations for dehelmintization against Fasciola spp. and Paramhistomum spp. are Fascocide, Helmicide and Fezole.

scholarly journals Differences in the compatibility of infection between the liver flukes Fascioloides magna and Fasciola hepatica in a Colombian population of the snail Galba sp.

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dreyfuss ◽  
A.C. Correa ◽  
F.F. Djuikwo-Teukeng ◽  
A. Novobilský ◽  
J. Höglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Galba Truncatula ◽  
Fascioloides Magna ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Liver Flukes

AbstractExperimental infections of Galba sp. (origin, Colombia) with allopatric isolates of Fasciola hepatica from France or Fascioloides magna from the Czech Republic were carried out during five successive snail generations to determine if this lymnaeid might sustain complete larval development of either parasite. In snails exposed to F. hepatica, 7 of 400 snails harboured several rediae and only two snails contained a small number of free cercariae on day 50 post-exposure. In contrast, the intensity of F. magna infection in Galba sp. progressively increased from the F1 to F5 generations. Spontaneous cercarial shedding of F. magna occurred in 7 of 100 Galba sp. belonging to the F5 generation and the number of shed cercariae did not differ significantly from that noted in control Galba truncatula of French origin. Galba sp. from Colombia can be added to the list of potential intermediate hosts for F. magna.

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