Potential of Locally Available Clay as Raw Material for Traditional-Ceramic Manufacturing Industries

The traditional white-ware manufacturing industries in Bangladesh use clay as the prime raw material which is mostly imported from abroad. The main reasons are the lack of proper clay refining technolo gy in the country and in some part the unsuitable chemical and structural composition of the locally available naturally occurring clays. Moreover, particle size has also been identified as a major challenge in processing of naturally available clay. These two vital aspects affect plasticity and strength of clay during their processing. The composition and particle size of locally available clay were investigated using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to reveal the potential of these clays for industrial purpose upon refining. XRF analysis showed presence of excess SiO2 content in the form of Silicate, Fe2O3 and TiO2; all of which pose a challenge in the refining process. Moreover the amount of Al2O3 in most of the compositions is also not up to the minimum level. Using the data based on statistics on particle sizes of raw materials of various origins, this experiment was aimed to reveal the composition and properties of locally available clay that can be projected for further refining to make suitable as raw material for whiteware industries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10179 JCE 2011; 26(1): 34-37

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Mining Wastes of an Albite Deposit as Raw Materials for Vitrified Mullite Ceramics

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11030232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Pedro J. Sánchez-Soto ◽

Eduardo Garzón ◽

Luis Pérez-Villarejo ◽

George N. Angelopoulos ◽

Dolores Eliche-Quesada

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Phase Evolution ◽

Particle Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Mining Wastes ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Maximum Value

In this work, an examination of mining wastes of an albite deposit in south Spain was carried out using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, thermo-dilatometry and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, followed by the determination of the main ceramic properties. The albite content in two selected samples was high (65–40 wt. %), accompanied by quartz (25–40 wt. %) and other minor minerals identified by XRD, mainly kaolinite, in agreement with the high content of silica and alumina determined by XRF. The content of Na2O was in the range 5.44–3.09 wt. %, being associated with albite. The iron content was very low (<0.75 wt. %). The kaolinite content in the waste was estimated from ~8 to 32 wt. %. The particle size analysis indicated values of 11–31 wt. % of particles <63 µm. The ceramic properties of fired samples (1000–1350 °C) showed progressive shrinkage by the thermal effect, with water absorption and open porosity almost at zero at 1200–1250 °C. At 1200 °C, the bulk density reached a maximum value of 2.38 g/cm3. An abrupt change in the phase evolution by XRD was found from 1150 to 1200 °C, with the disappearance of albite by melting in accordance with the predictions of the phase diagram SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O and the system albite-quartz. These fired materials contained as main crystalline phases quartz and mullite. Quartz was present in the raw samples and mullite was formed by decomposition of kaolinite. The observation of mullite forming needle-shape crystals was revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The formation of fully densified and vitrified mullite materials by firing treatments was demonstrated.

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Use of Ceramic Waste for the Manufacture of Sintered Parts

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1012 ◽

pp. 233-238

Author(s):

Vanessa Moura de Souza ◽

Vinícius Martins ◽

Rejane Maria Candiota Tubino

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Selection Process ◽

Compaction Pressure ◽

Raw Material ◽

Powder Technology ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Compression Pressure ◽

X Ray ◽

Ceramic Waste ◽

Quality Process

This paper evaluated the use of the pitcher, a ceramic waste obtained through the quality process of a sanitary ware industry, in the development of a material for usage in the manufacture of sintered parts. The pitcher was obtained through powder technology and is composed, according to the chemical analysis obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, of clayey minerals (clay and kaolin), quartz, and feldspar, which may include ceramic rocks such as granite, pegmatite and phyllite; that is, it has proved to be a potential raw material due to the minerals that can still be reused. The pitcher passed through a granulometry-based selection process, sieving about 20kg using the following sieve sequence: 18 MESH, 25 MESH, 30 MESH, 120 MESH and 400 MESH; with around 70% of the residue being retained in the sieves of 120 and 400 MESH, which were selected to be used in the evaluation. The samples were compacted in a manual press with different pressures, between 300 and 1000 kgf, and after were sintered at a temperature of 1100oC in a resistive furnace. To characterize the material, the apparent and green density, as well as the compressibility curve, were determined to identify the best compression pressure. The microstructure of the test specimen and the pitcher homogeneity were evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Both particle sizes presented the typical compressibility curve, in which the density increases with increasing compaction pressure, while the curve slope decreases with increasing pressure. The density increase with the increasing compaction pressure indicates a good densification for the temperatures, independent of the sample granulometry. The sintering porosity decreased proportionally to the particle size in the sintered samples. The analysis showed that the particle size of 400 MESH sintered at 1100oC obtained more porous surfaces, thus indicating a promising future for the manufacture of parts using powder technology, especially for the development of filters.

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Determination of amorphous matter in industrial minerals with X-ray diffraction using Rietveld refinement.

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece ◽

10.12681/bgsg.20940 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

George Christidis ◽

Katerina Paipoutlidi ◽

Ioannis Marantos ◽

Vasileios Perdikatsis

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Rietveld Refinement ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Internal Standard ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Matter Content ◽

Size Difference ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Amorphous Matter

A great variety of fine grained industrial rocks, which are valued by the industry contain variable amounts of amorphous or poorly crystalline matter, which is not easily detectable by the conventional mineralogical analysis methods based on X-ray diffraction (XRD). The quantification of amorphous matter in industrial rocks is a major task because it provides a thorough characterization of the raw materials and assists to interpret their reactivity. Among the most reliable methods used for quantification of amorphous matter, are those which are based on Rietveld refinement. In this study we prepared 1:1 mixtures of synthetic or natural calcite and quartz with 5-80% glass flour and added corundum (α-Al2O3) internal standard and applied the Autoquan2.80 © software based on the BGMN computer code to quantify the amorphous matter content. The mixtures with synthetic minerals yielded results with minimum absolute error due to the similar particle size of the minerals, the internal standard and the glass. By contrast, the mixtures with natural minerals displayed greater relative error due to the particle size difference between the minerals on the one hand and the internal standard and the glass on the other, due to the microabsorption effect. Moreover, preferred orientation was important in the case of natural calcite, due to perfect cleavage plane. Mixtures containing up to 25% amorphous matter did not display the characteristic hump at 20-30 °2θ, suggesting that the lack of the hump is not a safe criterion for the recognition of amorphous matter.

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Effects of Size and Dispersity of Microcrystalline Celluloses on Size, Structure and Stability of Nanocrystalline Celluloses Extracted by Acid Hydrolysis

Nano LIFE ◽

10.1142/s1793984414410141 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 04 (04) ◽

pp. 1441014 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Qi Liu ◽

Weiping Hao ◽

Yongguang Yang ◽

Aurore Richel ◽

Canbin Ouyang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Size Structure ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Sonication Treatment

Nanocrystalline celluloses (NCCs) were separated from four commercial microcrystalline celluloses (MCCs) by an acid hydrolysis–sonication treatment. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted to investigate the NCCs. MCCs with different morphologies and particle sizes showed different aggregation degrees. The aggregation of MCCs followed the order MCC1 > MCC3 > MCC2 > MCC4, which is the same order of the heights of the resulting NCCs. The best uniformity and thermal stability were characterized for NCC3, which was produced by MCC3 with smallest original particle size and good dispersity among the four MCCs. This result suggests that both the original particle size and dispersity of MCCs had significant effects on separated NCCs.

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Preparation and Properties of CaF2 Nano-Powder

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.257 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 680 ◽

pp. 257-260

Author(s):

Meng Yun Dong ◽

Cheng Zhang ◽

Jin Feng Xia ◽

Hong Qiang Nian ◽

Dan Yu Jiang

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Particle Size ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Nano Powder ◽

Direct Precipitation ◽

Scanning Electron

CaF2 nano-power was prepared by direct precipitation methods with Ca(NO3)2 and KF as raw materials. The influences of presintering temperature and sintering temperature on the particle size and distribution of CaF2 nano-power were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). This study provided an experimental method for preparation of CaF2 nano-power. The results show that the best presintering temperature of CaF2 nano-power is 500°C and the best sintering temperature of CaF2 ceramic is 900°C.

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Use of basaltic waste as red ceramic raw material

Cerâmica ◽

10.1590/0366-69132016623621955 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (362) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. M. Mendes ◽

G. Morales ◽

P. J. Reis

Keyword(s):

Size Distribution ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Microstructure Evaluation ◽

Firing Shrinkage ◽

Physical And Chemical

Abstract Nowadays, environmental codes restrict the emission of particulate matters, which result in these residues being collected by plant filters. This basaltic waste came from construction aggregate plants located in the Metropolitan Region of Londrina (State of Paraná, Brazil). Initially, the basaltic waste was submitted to sieving (< 75 μm) and the powder obtained was characterized in terms of density and particle size distribution. The plasticity of ceramic mass containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of basaltic waste was measured by Atterberg method. The chemical composition of ceramic formulations containing 0% and 20% of basaltic waste was determined by X-ray fluorescence. The prismatic samples were molded by extrusion and fired at 850 °C. The specimens were also tested to determine density, water absorption, drying and firing shrinkages, flexural strength, and Young's modulus. Microstructure evaluation was conducted by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Basaltic powder has similar physical and chemical characteristics when compared to other raw materials, and contributes to ceramic processing by reducing drying and firing shrinkage. Mechanical performance of mixtures containing basaltic powder is equivalent to mixtures without waste. Microstructural aspects such as pore size distribution were modified by basaltic powder; albite phase related to basaltic powder was identified by X-ray diffraction.

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HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF POTASSIUM BISMUTH TITANATE NANOPARTICLES

International Journal of Nanoscience ◽

10.1142/s0219581x06004954 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 05 (04n05) ◽

pp. 663-669 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

GANGQIANG ZHU ◽

HONGYAN MIAO ◽

GUOQIANG TAN ◽

YUN LIU ◽

AO XIA

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Particle Size ◽

Phase Composition ◽

Bismuth Titanate ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Phase Particle ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron

Potassium bismuth titanate nanoparticles were prepared by the hydrothermal method using Ti ( C 4 H 9 O )4 and Bi ( NO 3)3·5 H 2 O as raw materials in alkaline solution at temperatures of 160–200°C. The crystal phase, particle size, morphology and dispersion of the particles were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the particles with sizes of about 50–100 nm in diameter are well-dispersed K 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 (KBT) crystals of tetragonal structure, and the alkaline concentration and the temperature of solutions have great effects on the phase composition and morphology of the resultant particles. We could gain the KBT phase of high purity when the concentration of KOH is about 8–12 M and the reaction temperature is about 170–180°C.

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Effect of Barium Aluminates on Acid Resistance of Fracturing Proppants

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3291 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 383-390 ◽

pp. 3291-3297

Author(s):

Shiao Zhao ◽

Bo Lin Wu ◽

Shuo Qin ◽

Yan Rong Zhao ◽

Zu Sheng Hu

Keyword(s):

Mass Fraction ◽

Barium Carbonate ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Raw Material ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Free System ◽

X Ray ◽

Acid Solubility ◽

Industrial Standards

In order to explore the effect of removing siliceous components on acid resistance of fracturing proppants, acid resistance of fracturing proppants in a new silicon-free system was studied in this paper. The fracturing proppants were made by pressureless sintering using high-purity alumina and barium carbonate as the basic raw material. Acid resistance test was carried out in 12 wt% HCl + 3 wt% HF at 65 oC for 30 minutes according to The Petroleum and Gas Industrial Standards of China (SY/T5108-2006) and morphology, structure and chemical analysis of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Experiments show that fracturing proppants that contain barium aluminates have better acid resistance. The acid solubility of the samples is less than 3%, especially when the content of barium carbonate is about 10% (mass fraction, the same below), the acid solubility of the sample reaches 0.52% which is far beyond the demands (5%) of the Standards of SY/T5108-2006. Results prove that the removal of siliceous components of raw materials can prominently improve the acid resistance of fracturing proppants. It can provide a new referential thought for improving the acid resistance of fracturing proppants.

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Occurrences of kaolin in Koutaba (west Cameroon): Mineralogical and physicochemical characterization for use in ceramic products

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2015.050.5.04 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 593-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Nkalih Mefire ◽

A. Njoya ◽

R. Yongue Fouateu ◽

J.R. Mache ◽

N.A. Tapon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Ball Clays ◽

Potential Use ◽

Representative Samples

AbstractThirty clay samples collected from three hills in Koutaba (west Cameroon) were characterized in order to evaluate their potential use as raw materials for ceramics. After preliminary mineralogical identification by X-ray diffraction, three representative samples from the three different hills, referred to hereafter as K1M, K2M and K3M, were selected for further investigation by X-ray fluorescence, plasticity, granularity and thermogravimetric analysis. The main clay minerals are kaolinite (32–51%) and illite (up to 12%). Additional major phases are quartz (32–52%), goethite (6–7%) and feldspars (0–4%). The chemical composition showed variable amounts of SiO2(60–72%), Al2O3(15–20%) and Fe2O3(1–9%), in accordance with the quartz abundance in all of the samples studied. The particle-size distribution showed a large proportion of silty fraction (64–88%) with moderate sandy (9–19%) and clayey fractions ( < 5% for K2M, 12% for K1M and 20% for K3M). All of the clays showed moderate plasticity-index values (8–11%). Because of these characteristics, K1M and K3M may be suitable for use in common bricks and hollow ceramic products. Sieving or the addition of ball clays is recommended to increase the plasticity of sample K2M for use in common bricks.

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Modifying admixtures to cement compositions produced from local raw materials

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201814302006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 143 ◽

pp. 02006

Author(s):

Daria Vasileva ◽

Egor Protodiakonov ◽

Anastasia Egorova ◽

Svetlana Antsupova

Keyword(s):

Cement Paste ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Raw Material ◽

Free Calcium ◽

Hardened Cement ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Hardened Cement Paste ◽

X Ray ◽

Insoluble Compounds

Durability of hardened cement paste depends on chemical and mineralogical composition of Portland cement. The main factor for hardened cement paste is higher content of calcium aluminate and free calcium hydroxide, binding of which into water-insoluble compounds causes increase in resistance to water, frost and corrosion. The purpose of this research is to develop modifying admixtures to cement compositions based on local raw material - rock sand. Chemical and mineralogical properties of the source materials were studied using X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Standard methods were used for defining physico-mechanical properties of sand and binder. Influence of the degree of mechanochemical activation of modifying admixture on the properties of binder and hardened cement paste made on its basis was studied. Research methods of scanning electron microscopy and spectral measurements were applied. The possibility of using admixture based on rock sand as a modifier was determined, its usage providing increase of strength, sulphate and frost resistance, which causes higher durability of cement concrete.

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