scholarly journals Erratum: COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 14. Reporting week ending 23:59 AEST 3 May 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate

An error in data processing resulted in the tabulation of incorrect CFR values, for age groups of 50–59 and above, in Table 5 (Crude Case Fatality Rate of all cases and hospitalised cases, by age group) as originally published in the COVID-19 (Australia) epidemiology report 14 (https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.42). The table below provides the corrected values.

"Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis" (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alamad ◽  
Yousef S. Khader, Khader
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Probable Case

BACKGROUND As a consequence of war and collapse of health system in Yemen, diphtheria fatal epidemic occurred at the end of 2017 OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen, determine its incidence and case fatality rate METHODS Data of patients with diphtheria was obtained from the Diphtheria program in a form of line list which were collected on daily basis by electronic Diseases Early Warning System (eDEWS). Probable case was defined as any person suffered from laryngitis or pharyngitis or tonsillitis and adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx and/or nose. Confirmed case was defined as probable case that is laboratory-confirmed or linked epidemiologically to laboratory-confirmed case RESULTS A total of 2,243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% of cases were males and 51% of cases were females. About 44% of cases were 5 -15 years old. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptoms (91%) followed by psedumembrane (81%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentage of partial vaccinated patients, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown were 7%, 31%, 48% and 14%, respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 of population. The highest incidence was among age group <15 years (11 per 100,000) and the lowest incidence was among age group of ≥ 15 years (5 per 100,000). The overall case fatality rate (CFR) among all age groups was 5%, being higher (10%) in the age group < 5 years. . Five of difficult to access governorates had double CFR (22%) which were Raymah, Abyan , Sa'ada, Lahj, Al Jawf. CONCLUSIONS : Diphtheria in Yemen in 2017-2018 affected a significant number of people. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children ≤ 15 years were more affected with higher fatality among children < five years. Five of difficult to access governorates had double CFR of WHO estimate. To control diphthereia epidemic in Yemn, it is recommended to increase vaccination coverage through campaigns and boosters, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response and provide antitoxin for management of severe cases.

scholarly journals Estimating effective infection fatality rates during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Staerk ◽  
Tobias Wistuba ◽  
Andreas Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Substantial Fraction ◽  
Second Wave

Abstract Background The infection fatality rate (IFR) of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most discussed figures in the context of this pandemic. In contrast to the case fatality rate (CFR), the IFR depends on the total number of infected individuals – not just on the number of confirmed cases. In order to estimate the IFR, several seroprevalence studies have been or are currently conducted. Methods Using German COVID-19 surveillance data and age-group specific IFR estimates from multiple international studies, this work investigates time-dependent variations in effective IFR over the course of the pandemic. Three different methods for estimating (effective) IFRs are presented: (a) population-averaged IFRs based on the assumption that the infection risk is independent of age and time, (b) effective IFRs based on the assumption that the age distribution of confirmed cases approximately reflects the age distribution of infected individuals, and (c) effective IFRs accounting for age- and time-dependent dark figures of infections. Results Effective IFRs in Germany are estimated to vary over time, as the age distributions of confirmed cases and estimated infections are changing during the course of the pandemic. In particular during the first and second waves of infections in spring and autumn/winter 2020, there has been a pronounced shift in the age distribution of confirmed cases towards older age groups, resulting in larger effective IFR estimates. The temporary increase in effective IFR during the first wave is estimated to be smaller but still remains when adjusting for age- and time-dependent dark figures. A comparison of effective IFRs with observed CFRs indicates that a substantial fraction of the time-dependent variability in observed mortality can be explained by changes in the age distribution of infections. Furthermore, a vanishing gap between effective IFRs and observed CFRs is apparent after the first infection wave, while an increasing gap can be observed during the second wave. Conclusions The development of estimated effective IFR and observed CFR reflects the changing age distribution of infections over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Further research is warranted to obtain timely age-stratified IFR estimates, particularly in light of new variants of the virus.

scholarly journals Disease Profile and Death Pattern among the Children Admitted in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Be Nazir Ahmmad ◽  
Fazlur Rahman ◽  
Naznin Parvin ◽  
Md Shamsul Alam ◽  
Shitangshu Banerjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Medical College Hospital ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Medical College

Background: Rajshahi medical college hospital is a tertiary care teaching and referral center in the North-West part of Bangladesh. To assess the epidemiological trend in hospital admission, including morbidity and mortality pattern of illness in the pediatric population, it needs to develop effective health care planning, appropriate resource allocation, and integration of existing health care service facilities. Objective: To evaluate the diseases and deaths of children admitted in the department of pediatrics, Rajshahi medical college hospital, Rajshahi. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study. The collected case records of all patients admitted in the department of pediatrics from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2019 (3 years) were analyzed.  Result: A total of 62000 children were admitted during the mentioned study period. All the patients were distributed into three age groups infant, under five, and more than five, contributing 22%, 27.5%, and 19%, respectively. Acute watery diarrhea (21%), hereditary hemolytic anemia (18%), bronchopneumonia (10.4%), acute gastritis (9.4%), and acute bronchiolitis and wheezy child (7.17%) were the top five diseases in each of the three years of admission. Among the total admitted patients, 1003 (1.61%) patients died. Infant, under five, and more than five age groups constitute 61.3%, 28.1%, and 15.1%, respectively. Encephalitis and fulminant hepatic failure found the top two diseases causing death with a case fatality rate was 61% and 43%, respectively. The next highest case fatality rate was found in acute leukemia (15%). Other common causes of death include meningitis, cerebral palsy with complications (7.5%), bronchopneumonia with complications (3.8%). Conclusion: An admission-related comprehensive evaluation of this study will help to understand the diseases and death patterns of a hospital, leading to the development of more effective planning and case management strategies. TAJ 2021; 34: No-1: 55-62

Phylogenetic group and serotype of E. coli isolates are important risk factors affecting intensity of colibacillosis in broilers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kumar ◽  
R. Gupta ◽  
N. Jindal and Y.C. Bangar
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Phylogenetic Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Class 1

The study was conducted on 106 E. coli isolates to determine the phylogenetic group, serotype and carriage of Class 1 integrons in isolates and ascertain their association along with other parameters with vital disease measures in broiler flocks affected with colibacillosis. Out of 32 isolates of which “O” antigen was characterized, serogroup O2 comprising of 12 (37.5%) isolates was most prevalent in the present study. Most of the isolates (85/106; 80.19%) belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Mean apparent morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate (CFR) were 3.77%, 2.32% and 61.49%, respectively. There was significant difference in number of outbreaks reported in different age groups (p less than 0.0001). Also, there was significant association between phylogenetic group and age of outbreak due to E. coli (p=0.024). Comparatively, no significant association was observed between age of outbreaks and serotypes (p=0.980). There was significant association between various disease measures and E. coli isolates affiliated to various phylogenetic groups and serotypes. All the measures (apparent morbidity, mortality and CFR) of disease were highest in outbreaks due to isolates of phylogenetic group B2 and serogroup O20. However, the measures were not significantly affected by the presence of integrons in the E. coli.

Ten-Year Study of Pediatric Drownings and Near-Drownings in King County, Washington: Lessons in Injury Prevention

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1040
Author(s):  
Linda Quan ◽  
Edmond J. Gore ◽  
Kim Wentz ◽  
Jill Allen ◽  
Alvin H. Novack
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
King County ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Older Children ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Sports ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

The factors associated with submersion events among &lt;20-year-old persons that occurred in King County from 1974 to 1983 were studied to focus prevention efforts. Near-drowning (n = 103) and drowning (n = 96) victims were identified from medical examiners' reports, paramedics' reports, and hospital discharge registers. Annual incidence was 5.5; the mortality rate was 2.6 per 100,000 children. Although preschool-aged children had the largest incidence (12.8), followed by older adolescents (4.9), adolescents had the largest case fatality rate, 77%. Lake and river victims had the largest incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate; swimming pools, the smallest case fatality rate (25%). A total of 89% of all victims had absent or no supervision; victims supervised by lifeguards had a 42% case fatality rate. Prior seizures were part of the history of 7.5% of all victims; 25% of fatal submersions by adolescents were associated with alcohol. Bathtub submersions were associated with child abuse in three of 16 preschool-aged children and epilepsy in four of five older children. Certain age groups and sites combined had the greatest incidence: preschool-aged children in swimming pools, infants in bathtubs, teenagers in lakes and rivers. Incidence decreased in public and semipublic pools coincident with fencing regulations. These findings suggest prevention strategies: extending fencing requirements to private pools, discouraging alcohol consumption during water sports, changing bathing practices of epileptics, and improving lifeguard efficacy.

Mortality of tetanus at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
F I Ojini ◽  
M A Danesi
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Medical Wards

Records of 349 tetanus patients, aged 10 years and above, admitted to the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, between 1990 and 1999 were reviewed. The male:female ratio was 1.98:1, and the ages were between 10 and 88 years, with a mean age of 29.8 years. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) of tetanus was 36.96% (33.19% for men and 44.44% for women). The CFR is similar to that previously reported in the hospital, but higher than that reported from Europe and North America. The lowest CFR was in the 10-19-year age group, and there was a trend towards increasing CFR with increasing age. Tetanus patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) had a significantly higher CFR than those in the medical wards. Unlike in developed countries, where management of tetanus in ICU has resulted in a decrease in CFR, the CFR of tetanus at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital has not significantly reduced over the years.

scholarly journals Chagas Disease-Related Mortality in Spain, 1997 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Jose-Manuel Ramos-Rincon ◽  
Jara Llenas-García ◽  
Hector Pinargote-Celorio ◽  
Veronica Sánchez-García ◽  
Philip Wikman-Jorgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Male Sex

Background. Chagas disease (CD) is associated with excess mortality in infected people in endemic countries, but little information is available in non-endemic countries. The aim of the study was to analyze mortality in patients admitted to the hospital with CD in Spain. Methods. A retrospective, observational study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. We used the CD diagnostic codes of the 9th and 10th International Classification of Diseases to retrieve CD cases from the national public registry from 1997 to 2018. Results. Of the 5022 hospital admissions in people with CD, there were 56 deaths (case fatality rate (CFR) 1.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8%, 1.4%), 20 (35.7%) of which were considered directly related to CD. The median age was higher in those who died (54.5 vs. 38 years; p < 0.001). The CFR increased with age, peaking in the 70–79-year (7.9%, odds ratio (OR) 6.27, 95% CI 1.27, 30.90) and 80–89-year (16.7%, OR 14.7, 95% CI 2.70, 79.90) age groups. Men comprised a higher proportion of those who died compared to survivors (50% vs. 22.6%; p < 0.001). Non-survivors were more likely to have neoplasms (19.6% vs. 3.4%; p < 0.001), heart failure (17.9% vs. 7.2%; p = 0.002), diabetes (12.5% vs. 3.7%; p = 0.001), chronic kidney failure (8.9% vs. 1.6%; p < 0.001), and HIV (8.9% vs. 0.8%; p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, the variables associated with mortality were age (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.07), male sex (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.03, 3.14), cancer (aOR: 4.84, 95% CI 2.13, 11.22), and HIV infection (aOR 14.10 95% CI 4.88, 40.73). Conclusions. The case fatality rate of CD hospitalization was about 1%. The mortality risk increased with age, male sex, cancer, and HIV infection.

scholarly journals Age-specific infection and death rates for human A(H5N1) avian influenza in Egypt

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Human H5n1 ◽  
Sex Biases ◽  
Age And Sex

The age-specific infection and death profiles among confirmed human cases of influenza A(H5N1) infection in Egypt differ markedly from those recorded in other countries. The case fatality rate among human H5N1 cases in Egypt is 34%, versus an average of 66% in other countries. In Egypt, children younger than 10 years comprise 48% of reported cases, nearly twice the global average of approximately 25%, and no H5N1 fatalities have been confirmed among individuals in this age group as of 23 April 2009. Females outnumber males among confirmed H5N1 cases by a factor of nearly 2:1, and 90% of reported fatalities in Egypt have been females. The evident age and sex biases in morbidity and mortality among H5N1 cases in Egypt are phenomena that warrant further investigation and analysis.

scholarly journals Hospitalization and Case Fatality in Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease and COVID-19 Infection

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 7-8
Author(s):  
Lana Mucalo ◽  
Amanda M. Brandow ◽  
Sadie F. Mason ◽  
Ashima Singh ◽  
Bradley W. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
General Population ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
California Department

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy that can affect nearly every organ system. Individuals living with SCD are at high risk of developing serious infections which can further trigger disease related complications and attribute additional morbidity and mortality. In light of the evolving pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, and the potential for future infectious disease epidemics, it is important to understand the impact that COVID-19 has on hospitalization rates and mortality in this medically vulnerable population. The objective of this study was to describe hospitalization and case fatality rates secondary to COVID-19 among individuals living with SCD in different age groups and compare these to the general population. The Medical College of Wisconsin established the international SECURE-SCD Registry to collect data on pediatric and adult COVID-19 infections in individuals living with SCD. Providers are instructed to report confirmed COVID-19 cases to the registry after sufficient time has passed to observe the disease course through resolution of acute illness and/or death. For each case, providers complete a short form that includes the following data: patient demographics, COVID-19 related hospitalization, COVID-19 severity/management strategies, if the patient died due to COVID, and other information about SCD complications. Data are de-identified and without protected health information to facilitate rapid and increased reporting. We calculated the hospitalization rate and case fatality rate for individuals with SCD by specific age group and contrasted it with the rates publicly available for the general Black population. We utilized data from California Department of Public Health for case fatality rate comparison in Blacks and data from COVID-NET for hospitalization rate comparison. We used indirect age adjustment to calculate standardized mortality ratios using COVID-19 data from California state as the reference population. As of July 17th 2020, 218 cases of COVID-19 in Blacks with SCD in the US were reported to the registry. There was a slight predominance of females (52.8%) and 32.1% of reported cases were patients 18 years and under. There were 15 deaths reported with overall mortality rate of 6.9%. Figure 1 shows the distribution of cases and deaths by age group and gender. Mortality rate in SCD patients was highest in the 50-64 years age group (23.1%) in contrast to mortality rate peaks seen in the general population in patients older than 80 years (Table 1). Young adult SCD patients aged 18-34 years had a case fatality rate of 3.3% and those aged 34-50 years had a rate of 14.9%. California Department of Public Health report case fatality rates for Blacks are less than 1% in both of these comparative age groups. Age-standardized mortality ratio shows that individuals with SCD are 7.7 times more likely to die due to COVID-19 infection compared to the general population. The overall hospitalization rate in individuals with SCD was 72.5% and 18.8% of reported hospitalized cases were children. Among hospitalized adults with SCD, stratification by age showed that 85% were aged 18-49, whereas only 25.7% of people 18-49 years in the general Black population were hospitalized (Table 2). Our findings show that individuals with SCD who have COVID-19 infection have higher rates of death due to COVID-19 than the general Black population. Also, a large proportion of COVID hospitalization for the SCD population occurs among the younger age group. Further analysis is planned to examine effects of underlying comorbidities and prior SCD-associated complications on the severity of COVID-19 in individuals with SCD. Disclosures Mucalo: NIH/NHLBI: Research Funding; NIH/NINDS: Research Funding. Brandow:Greater Milwaukee Foundation: Research Funding; NIH / NHLBI: Research Funding. Panepinto:HRSA: Research Funding; NINDS: Research Funding; NINDS: Research Funding; NHLBI: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Changing epidemiology of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Thailand

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. CHAREONSOOK ◽  
H. M. FOY ◽  
A. TEERARATKUL ◽  
N. SILARUG
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Causes

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are reportable diseases, the third most common causes for hospitalization of children in Thailand. Data collected from the Ministry of Public Health were analysed for trends. Rates of DHF increased in Thailand until 1987 when the largest epidemic ever, 325/100000 population, was recorded. Whereas the disease used to be confined to large cities, the rate is now higher in rural (102·2 per 100000) than urban areas (95·4 per 100000 in 1997). The age of highest incidence has increased, and the age group most severely affected is now those 5–9 years old (679/100000 in 1997). The case fatality rate has decreased with improved treatment and is now only 0·28%.

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