scholarly journals Invertebrate fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings and its connection with the nitrogen, sulphur and phenolics concentration of the needles

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Laine ◽  
Juhani Itämies ◽  
Markku Orell ◽  
Sisko Kvist
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Invertebrate Fauna ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The composition of the invertebrate fauna living on young Norway spruce (Picea abies) branches was studied in northern Finland both in urban and rural areas during the summer months of 1988. Attention was given to the total nitrogen, sulphur and phenolics concentration of the needles. The material consisted of 52627 invertebrates from 300 separate spruce saplings. Mites formed the majority of the invertebrates. Most numerous were Ameronothrus dubinini, Diapterobates humeralis and Ceratoppia bipilis. Springtails and spiders were also numerous. The invertebrate abundances were highest in the urban areas of Isko and Linnanmaa, where the sulphur and nitrogen concentration of the needles was high and the phenolics/nitrogen ratio low. The lowest invertebrate abundances were found in Rusko, the most urban area, and Taivalkoski, the most rural area. Nitrogen and sulphur concentrations were highest at Rusko and lowest at Taivalkoski. Possible reasons for the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Rural and urban prevalence of sexual assault against women in an African population

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-635
Author(s):  
Adeleke NA ◽  
Adebimpe WO ◽  
Farinloye EO ◽  
Olowookere AS
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Sexual assault is about the most dehumanizing form of gender based violence against women worldwide. Nigeria and many other countries in Africa do not have National data on women sexual assault. This survey is aimed at generating data on sexual assault against women in Osun state, Nigeria. Objective: To determine the patterns of sexual assault against women in Urban and Rural areas of Osun State in South western Nigeria. Methodology: A cross section survey using interviewer administered questionnaire was carried out among selected 1,200 women aged 15 years and above in urban and rural areas, between August and December 2014. The questionnaire was patterned after WHO Multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence data instrument. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 23.75 ±(13.22) years in rural area, in the urban area it was 27.69 ±(10.23) years. 46 % and 54 % were married in urban and rural areas respectively. The prevalence of completed rape was 10.0 % in urban and 9.2 % in rural, while that of attempted rape was 31.4 % and 20.0 % in the urban and rural area respectively. Women in the rural areas experienced repeat sexual assault and suffered non-genital injuries more the in urban area. Having partner and living in urban area were associated with female sexual assault. Conclusions: Sexual assault against women constitutes public health issue in Osun state with rural women incurring greater negative health consequences. Primary prevention strategies should focus at young men and women in both rural and urban areas of the state. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.628-635

scholarly journals The seasonal variability of the amount of global solar radiation reaching the ground in urban and rural areas on the example of Warsaw and Belsk

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Kinga Nelken ◽  
Kamil Leziak
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Urban Station ◽  
Reverse Relationship ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to determine the contemporary differences in the inflow of global solar radiation in Warsaw (urban station) and Belsk (rural station). The meteorological data used comprised daily sums of global solar radiation (in MJ•m−2) and the duration of sunshine (in hours) for the period 2008 2014. On clear days in spring and summer, the rural area receives more solar radiation in comparison to the urban area, whereas in autumn a reverse relationship occurs. On cloudy days in all seasons, the rural area receives more solar radiation than the urban area, and the relationship is the strongest in winter. Differences between urban and rural areas on cloudy days are smaller than those observed on clear days.

scholarly journals Assessment of Women participation in Agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Gopalakrishnan Tharani ◽  
Mohamed Sameem Roshan Akther ◽  
Nanthakumaran Ananthini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Women Participation

An attempt was made to assess the women contribution towards agriculture in Vavuniya district, Sri Lanka. 60 farm family households' women were randomly selected from rural and urban area of Kovilkulam AI region of Vavuniya district in Sri Lanka and the data were collected by constructed questionnaire. The objectives of this study are to identify the factors contributing women participation in agriculture, to identify the constraints faced by the women in participating agriculture and to evaluate the women participation in decision making activity in agriculture. Minitab 15 and MS excel were used for data analysis. The level of women participation in agricultural activities was found out using chi-square test and the factors contributing for women participation in agricultural activities were identified using multiple regression analysis in urban and rural areas separately (α=0.05). The results revealed that 90% of the rural women respondents and 50% of the urban respondents participated in the agricultural activities which is a significant difference. The mean values of women participation in agricultural activities in urban and rural areas were 77 hours and 836 hours per annum respectively. The multiple regression model for women participation in urban area found that the participation of women negatively correlated with status of employment, age and education level (p=0.000). In rural area, age and educational level were negatively influencing on women participation in agricultural activities (p=0.000). R-square values of fitted regression models were 72 % and 91% in urban and rural area respectively 72% and 91% variation in respective women participation were explained by these models. The obstacles for the women in participation in agricultural activities were reported as lack of knowledge and training in agriculture field, family burden, cultural and social barriers and physical constraints. 60% of women from rural areas and 90% of women from urban areas were involved in decision making especially in the selection of crops and varieties for planting and livestock rearing. Enhancing the awareness and the technical knowledge to the women in the field of agriculture would contribute to increase income from agriculture at household level, district level and finally at national level. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 3, Issue-3: 159-162

scholarly journals A comparison of breast feeding practices among urban and rural areas of Rangareddy district of Telangana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 2136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vijay Kumar ◽  
Indranil Acharya ◽  
Jayanti P. Acharya ◽  
Puligila Raj Shravani ◽  
Sabbineni Ramya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing young infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 800 mothers from urban and rural areas of Rangareddy District. A pre designed pre tested questionnaire was used to interview the mothers. Questionnaire contained questions related to demographic factors and breast feeding practices. Institutional Ethical clearance was taken. Results: The overall prevalence of exclusive breast feeding was 65%, being comparatively more in rural area (68%) which was statistically significant. Colostrum was discarded by 15% mothers in urban and 9% in rural area. Breast feeding was initiated within 1 hour in 184 (46%) in urban area and in 148 (37%) in rural area. Conclusions: Though mothers from rural area had certain favorable breast feeding practices such as demand feeding, colostrum being given but still various inappropriate practices were prevalent in both rural and urban areas. 

scholarly journals Does Rural to Urban Migration Improves Indian Women's Health Status and Knowledge of AIDS

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutapa Agrawal ◽  
Praween Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Condition Of Women

The present paper explores the effect of patterns and duration of migration upon health and morbidity condition of women and knowledge and awareness of AIDS. Cross-sectional data from India's second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99) is used for this study. Analysis is based on 73,558 women age 15-49 years who belonged to different streams of migration. Bivariate as well as multivariate techniques have been used for data analysis.Women migrating towards rural area are more underweight than migrating towards urban area whereas reverse for overweight. However, women migrating from rural to rural area were more anaemic than women migrating from rural to urban area. Significant differences were also found for morbidity conditions like Asthma, Tuberculosis, Jaundice, Malaria and some reproductive health problems according to streams of migration. Knowledge of AIDS also significantly differs according to the stream and duration of migration. We found stream of migration and duration of migration plays a key role in health, morbidity condition and knowledge of AIDS among women. Therefore, quality of health care in urban areas should be more widely disseminated in rural areas to improve the health status of women. Also the information-education-communication (IEC) programmes related to AIDS should be made more strengthened and effective through television, radio and also through the school teachers to reach the rural masses in India.

scholarly journals Consumption of the trans fats and fats in adult females in urban and rural areas of Ludhiana: a population-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4769
Author(s):  
Govind Maakhni ◽  
Shavinder Singh ◽  
Deepshikha Kamra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Adult Females

Background: In India, fast foods are becoming part of our daily lifestyle. Foods prepared in restaurants are very high in trans fats (TFs). Also, alarmingly about 400,000 tonnes of snacks, which are largely prepared in TFs are consumed every year. According to recent studies, TFs levels are 5 to 12 times higher in the oils consumed in India as compared to the world standard. The WHO recommends that TFs intake be less than 1 percent of total caloric intake. The objective of the study was to assess the consumption of TFs and fats in foods by the population in urban and rural areas.Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study. All adult females above 18 years of age who took an active part in kitchen were interviewed. Their dietary patterns were assessed. The sampling was done using a systematic random sampling technique and 200 participants each in rural and urban areas were selected.Results: 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding WHO limit of less than 1 percent TFs consumption. The median value of TFs consumption was higher in urban area (0.575 grams/day) than in rural area (0.427 grams/day).Conclusions: The study concludes that 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding TFs consumption. Therefore, a proactive approach to ensure that these WHO regulations have the full intended effect needs to be taken.

scholarly journals A study on complementary feeding practices among mothers in urban and rural areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1162
Author(s):  
Sandhya Rani Javalkar ◽  
Radha Y. Aras
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to ensure the growth, health, and development of children to their full potential. Complementary feeding is a process starting when breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast milk. The objective was to study complementary feeding practices and the various factors influencing them in urban and rural areas.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Urban and Rural area of Mangalore Taluk. Data was collected by interview method among 408 mothers using a predesigned pretested questionnaire, information regarding demographic profile, socio-economic status, complementary feeding practices, etc was collected.Results: As many as 186 (45.3%) i.e., 129/186 (69.3%) mothers in the rural area and 57/186 (30.6%) mothers in urban area started complementary feeds at the age of 6 months. The most common food preferred as complementary food was combination of rice and dal together. The number of meals per day given to the child varied from 2-4/day. The number of snacks given per day to the child varied from 1-4 /day; commonly preferred snacks were Biscuits both in urban and rural areas Bottle feeding was practiced by 181 (44.4%) of the mothers, that included 113/181 (62.4%) from rural area and 68/181 (37.5%) from urban area.Conclusions: Poor complementary feeding practices were observed both in rural and urban areas. Family member’s advice, poor knowledge and influence of baby food marketing strategies have resulted in inappropriate practices.

scholarly journals The Psocoptera of Norway spruce (Picea abies) branches in northern Finland

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Laine ◽  
Juhani Itämies ◽  
Markku Orell
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hypogymnia Physodes ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Pooled Data

The psocid fauna living on spruce branches was studied in northern Finland, both in urban areas near the industrial city of Oulu and in rural surroundings, during the years 1986-88. Samples of about 6000 psocids of 19 species were taken from old and young spruces. The psocid assemblage of the rural area of Taivalkoski differed significantly from other areas according to the pooled data of old spruces. Mesopsocus unipunctatus (Müller), Caecilius burmeisteri Brauer and Trichadenotecnum majus (Kolbe) were most numerous in the most urban areas, Reuterella helvimacula (Enderlein) in the areas characterized by the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes.

scholarly journals Comparative study to determine self-medication practice and pattern in urban and rural areas of Etawah district

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Nishant Singh ◽  
Naresh Pal Singh ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Jain ◽  
Vaibhav Singh ◽  
Shailendra Chaurasiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Reason ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: According to William Osler, a great feature which distinguishes man from animals is the desire to take medicine. Self-medication is an age old practice. According to World Health Organization guidelines “self-medication is defined as use of medicinal products by the individuals to treat self-recognized disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continuous use of a medication prescribed by a physician for chronic or recurring diseases or symptoms.Methods: It was a cross sectional study, which was conducted among residents of urban and rural areas of Etawah district, Uttar Pradesh by using 40×5 cluster sampling. The data was collected by using pre designed, semi-structured questionnaire. Proforma included socio- demographic profile, practice of self- medication and pattern of self-medication.Results: Most of the participants who indulged in self-medication in urban areas 69.5% and rural areas 65% belong to the age group 20-39 years. Majority of the participants (51.0%) in urban areas belonged to the nuclear family while most of the participants (50%) belonged to joint family followed by nuclear family (40%) in rural areas. most common reason for self-medication in urban area was the availability of old prescription which is present in 30.0% (60) of subjects but in rural area most common reason for self-medication was high fee of doctor which was 29.0% (58).Conclusions: Most common age group indulged in self-medication was 20-39 years. Most common reason for self-medication was availability of old prescription at home while in rural area, high fees of doctor was the common reason for self-medication.

scholarly journals THE ANTROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON CUEJDIU RIVER WATER QUALITY

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Constantin MIHAI
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Untreated Sewage ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Village

Water pollution is caused in rural areas, especially by uncontrolled wastedeposits located in river bed and in urban areas is discharged, irregular,untreated sewage. The Cuejdiu River is a tributary of the Bitriţa River inthe left side,with a total length of 24 km. Evaluation of water quality of the CuejdiuRiver was achieved by processing the results obtained from tests analyzedfor 30 samples, taken on March 17, 2012, between the mouth of the RiverBestriţa and upto the exit of the village Cuiejdi. Analysis of water samples was performedin the laboratory of the Department of Geography, at the Faculty ofGeography and Geology and was taken into account several parameters such asconductivity, pH, total acidity, nitrates, chlorine. The values obtainedwere cartographically represented to highlight differences between thesector that cross of the rural area and the sector located in the urbanarea. Water Management System Neamţ realizes assessments of the ecologicaland chemical status of the river Cuejdiu only in urban areas, classifyingwater quality in relation to general indicators. Thus, data obtained over aperiod of 10 years, from 2000 to 2010, and performing through charts,helped us to observe the time evolution of water quality in the area. Theimpact of human activities is evident in both urban and rural areas. In theurban area the connections made by citizens, particularly those who live onthe ground blocks, to the rainwater system, instead of sewerage systems,lead to the degradation of water quality. As regards the rural area, thesituation is just as difficult, meaning that the waste discharged into theriverbed changes the chemical composition of water.

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