scholarly journals Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
E. O. Bakhrushina ◽  
M. N. Anurova ◽  
N. B. Demina ◽  
I. V. Lapik ◽  
A. R. Turaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ophthalmic Delivery ◽  
Ophthalmic Diseases

Introduction. Effective delivery of ophthalmic drugs is challenging. The eye has a number of protective systems and physiological barriers, which is why ophthalmic dosage forms have a low bioavailability, usually not exceeding 5 %. Topical drug administration is relatively easy to use and is most commonly prescribed by physicians for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, especially the anterior segment of the eye. However, when using traditional delivery systems, a number of problems arise: patients' violation of the drug administration technique, and, as a consequence, a decrease in treatment compliance, restriction of drug delivery to the target eye tissues due to low epithelial permeability and rapid clearance after drug administration. Maintaining a constant therapeutic drug level is another challenge that traditional delivery systems often fail to cope with.Text. The article discusses the types of ophthalmic delivery systems. Traditional ones are represented by such dosage forms as eye drops, ointments, gels. Modern ophthalmic dosage forms are represented by: eye films, contact lenses and eye implants. The characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each type of delivery systems and their promising directions of development, as well as modern developments in this area are given.Conclusion. Currently, most of the scientific research on the development of ophthalmic delivery systems is devoted to obtaining dosage forms capable of maintaining a constant concentration of the drug in the target tissue, providing the transport of active ingredients to them. This is achieved by using modern advances in nanotechnology and polymer chemistry. Receive liquid and soft dosage forms with micro-, nano- and micro-nano-carriers. Polymeric delivery systems such as films, lenses and implants are being actively developed and studied. The development of modern technological approaches opens up new possibilities for the treatment of a wide range of ophthalmic diseases by reducing the side effects often induced by the intrinsic toxicity of molecules, reducing the frequency of the administered dose and maintaining the pharmacological profile of the drug. Thus, the use of modern ophthalmic delivery systems can significantly limit the use of invasive treatments.

scholarly journals Role of Novel Drug Delivery Systems in Bioavailability Enhancement: At A Glance

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehta Abhinav ◽  
Jain Neha ◽  
Grobler Anne ◽  
Vandana Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Bioavailability Enhancement ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Novel Drug

Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) are one of the most strategies which enable to overcome the problems related to drug bioavailability. It is the rate and extent to which a drug becomes available to the target tissue after its administration. Most of the new drugs used today have poor bioavailability and are required to be administered at higher doses because only a small fraction of the administered dose is absorbed in the systemic circulation and able to reach the target site. This results in the wastage of major amount of drug and lead to adverse effects. Pharmaceutical technology mainly focuses on enhancing the solubility and permeability of drugs with lower bioavailability. Nanotechnology is the concept used in NDDS that enables a weight reduction of drug particles accompanied by an increase in stability and improved functionality. Various approaches such as nanosuspensions, liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, cubosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), cyclodextrins, phytosome etc., are used for the enhancement of bioavailability. The present review focuses on the different approaches used for bioavailability enhancement along with their advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Allergic Conjunctival Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Yu-Chi Liu ◽  
Molly Tzu-Yu Lin ◽  
Anthony Herr Cheun Ng ◽  
Tina T. Wong ◽  
Jodhbir S. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Resident Time ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Tear Turnover ◽  
Based Medicine

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common external eye diseases and the prevalence has been increasing. The mainstay of treatment is topical eye drops. However, low bioavailability, low ocular drug penetration, transient resident time on the ocular surface due to tear turnover, frequent topical applications and dependence on patient compliance, are the main drawbacks associated with topical administration. Nanotechnology-based medicine has emerged to circumvent these limitations, by encapsulating the drugs and preventing them from degradation and therefore providing sustained and controlled release. Using a nanotechnology-based approach to load the drug is particularly useful for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs such as immunomodulatory agents, which are commonly used in allergic conjunctival diseases. In this review, different nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanomicelles, nanosuspension, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, and their potential ophthalmic applications, as well as advantages and disadvantages, are discussed. We also summarize the results of present studies on the loading of immunomodulators or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to nano-scaled drug delivery systems. For future potential clinical use, research should focus on the optimization of drug delivery designs that provide adequate and effective doses with safe and satisfactory pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-toxic profiles.

scholarly journals Noisomes: as novel vesicular drug delivery system

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Kumar Ray ◽  
Nargish Bano ◽  
Tripti Shukla ◽  
Neeraj Upmanyu ◽  
Sharad P. Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Repulsive Forces

Target-specific drug-delivery systems for the administration of pharmaceutical compounds enable the localization of drugs to target sites within the body.  The basic component of drug delivery systems is an appropriate carrier that protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and thereby enhances drug concentration in target tissues. Niosome are microscopic non-ionic surfactant bilayer vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or their lipids. The amphiphilic nature of niosomes promotes their efficiency in encapsulating lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs.  Noisome are promising vehicle for drug delivery and being non-ionic, more stable, inexpensive, biodegradable, biocompatible, non immunogenic and exhibit flexibility in their structural characterization. Various additives in niosomes include nonionic surfactant as film forming agent, cholesterol as stabilizing and rigidizing agent for the bilayer and various charge inducers which develop a charge on the surface of niosomes and stabilize the prepared formulation by the resulting repulsive forces. Niosomes have been widely evaluated for controlled release and targeted delivery for the treatment of cancer, viral infections, microbial diseases, psoriasis, leishmaniasis, migraine, parkinson and other diseases. Niosomes can prolong the circulation of the entrapped drug in body. Encapsulation of drug in vesicular system can be predicted to prolong the existence of drug in the systemic circulation and enhance penetration into target tissue, perhaps reduce toxicity if selective uptake can be achieved. In addition to conventional, oral and parenteral routes, they are amenable to be delivered by ocular, transdermal, vaginal and inhalation routes. Delivery of biotechnological products including vaccine delivery with niosomes is also an interesting and promising research area. More concerted research efforts, however, are still required to realize the full potential of these novel systems. This review article focuses on the concept of niosomes, advantages and disadvantages, composition, method of preparation, separation of unentrapped drug, factors influencing the niosomal formulation and characterization, marketed formulations of niosomes and also gives up to date information regarding recent applications of niosomes in drug delivery. Keyword:  Drug-delivery system, Niosomes, 

scholarly journals Soft Contact Lenses as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5577
Author(s):  
Iwona Rykowska ◽  
Iwona Nowak ◽  
Rafał Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Innovative Drug ◽  
Soft Contact ◽  
Soft Contact Lenses ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

This review describes the role of contact lenses as an innovative drug delivery system in treating eye diseases. Current ophthalmic drug delivery systems are inadequate, particularly eye drops, which allow about 95% of the active substance to be lost through tear drainage. According to the literature, many interdisciplinary studies have been carried out on the ability of contact lenses to increase the penetration of topical therapeutic agents. Contact lenses limit drug loss by releasing the medicine into two layers of tears on either side of the contact lens, eventually extending the time of contact with the ocular surface. Thanks to weighted soft contact lenses, a continuous release of the drug over an extended period is possible. This article reviewed the various techniques to deliver medications through contact lenses, examining their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the potential of drug delivery systems based on contact lenses has been extensively studied.

A Review on Emerging Floating Drug Delivery System

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christe Mary M ◽  
Sasikumar Swamiappan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Gastric Residence Time ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Floating Drug Delivery ◽  
Floating Drug Delivery System

Presently, various approaches have been exploited in the prolongation of gastric residence time which includes floating drug delivery system (FDDS), swelling and expanding systems, bio-adhesive systems, modified shape systems and high density systems. Among various methods, floating drug delivery system is considered to be a predominant method. Gastric emptying of dosage forms is an extremely varying process and ability to extend and control the emptying time is a valuable resource for the dosage forms. This FDDS is having the ability to provides a solution for this purpose. The FDDS is a bulk density system lower than the gastric fluid, so that the rest will float on the stomach contents for a prolonged period of time and allowing the drug to release slowly at a desired rate from the system and intensifies the bio-availability of the drug having narrow absorption window. The main intension of writing this review on floating drug delivery system is to study the mechanism of flotation to acheive the gastric retention and to discuss briefly about the background of FDDS, advantages and disadvantages, application of FDDS and factors affecting the gastric retension time.

Development of Innovative Orally Fast Disintegrating Film Dosage Forms: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1666-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibhu Prasad Panda ◽  
N.S Dey ◽  
M.E.B. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Innovative Drug ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Over the past few decades, there has been an increased interest for innovative drug delivery systems to improve safety, efficacy and patient compliance, thereby increasing the product patent life cycle. The discovery and development of new chemical entities is not only an expensive but also time consuming affair. Hence the pharmaceutical industries are focusing on the design and development of innovative drug delivery systems for existing drugs. One such delivery system is the fast disintegrating oral film, which has gained popularity among pediatric and geriatric patients. This fast disintegrating film with many potential benefits of a fast disintegrating tablet but devoid of friability and risk of choking is more acceptable to pediatric and geriatric patients. Formulation of fast disintegrating film can be achieved by various techniques, but common methods of preparation include spraying and casting. These film forming techniques use hydrophilic film former in combination with suitable excipients, which allow the film to disintegrate or dissolve quickly in the mouth within a few seconds without the administration of water. In view of the advantages of the fast disintegrating films over the fast disintegrating tablets and other dosage forms, it has the potential for commercial exploitation. The oral film dosage form not only has certain advantages of other fast disintegrating systems but also satisfies the unmet needs of the market. The present review emphasizes on the potential benefits, design and development of robust, stable, and innovative orally fast- disintegrating films and their future scenarios on a global market as a pharmaceutical dosage form.  

Bridging the Gap of Drug Delivery in Colon Cancer: The Role of Chitosan and Pectin Based Nanocarriers System

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 911-924
Author(s):  
Rohitas Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Polymer Carriers

Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases, and traditional chemotherapy has not been proven beneficial in its treatment. It ranks second in terms of mortality due to all cancers for all ages. Lack of selectivity and poor biodistribution are the biggest challenges in developing potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of colon cancer. Nanoparticles hold enormous prospects as an effective drug delivery system. The delivery systems employing the use of polymers, such as chitosan and pectin as carrier molecules, ensure the maximum absorption of the drug, reduce unwanted side effects and also offer protection to the therapeutic agent from quick clearance or degradation, thus allowing an increased amount of the drug to reach the target tissue or cells. In this systematic review of published literature, the author aimed to assess the role of chitosan and pectin as polymer-carriers in colon targeted delivery of drugs in colon cancer therapy. This review summarizes the various studies employing the use of chitosan and pectin in colon targeted drug delivery systems.

Topical Lipid Based Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Diseases: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-298
Author(s):  
Suresh Kumar Sahu ◽  
Rakesh Raj ◽  
Pooja Mongia Raj ◽  
Ram Alpana
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Transcutaneous Delivery ◽  
Topical Dosage ◽  
Topical Dosage Forms

Treatment of skin ailments through systemic administration is limited due to toxicity and patients discomfort. Hence, lower risk of systemic side effects from topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, emulsions and gels is more preferred for the treatment of skin disease. Application of lipid based carriers in drug delivery in topical formulations has recently become one of the major approaches to improve drug permeation, safety, and effectiveness. These delivery systems include liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, Nanoemulsions (NEs), Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) and micelles. Most of the liposomes and SLNs based products are in the market while some are under investigation. Transcutaneous delivery of therapeutics to the skin layer by novel lipid based carriers has enhanced topical therapy for the treatment of skin ailments. This article covers an overview of the lipid-based carriers for topical uses to alleviate skin diseases.

Advanced Hydrogels Based Drug Delivery Systems for Ophthalmic Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srividya Gorantla ◽  
Tejashree Waghule ◽  
Vamshi Krishna Rapalli ◽  
Prem Prakash Singh ◽  
Sunil Kumar Dubey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Aqueous Gels ◽  
Ophthalmic Delivery ◽  
3D Printed

Hydrogels are aqueous gels composed of cross-linked networks of hydrophilic polymers. Stimuli-responsive based hydrogels have gained focus over the past 20 years for treating ophthalmic diseases. Different stimuli-responsive mechanisms are involved in forming polymer hydrogel networks, including change in temperature, pH, ions, and others including light, thrombin, pressure, antigen, and glucose-responsive. Incorporation of nanocarriers with these smart stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems that can extend the duration of action by increasing ocular bioavailability and reducing the dosing frequency. This review will focus on the hydrogel drug delivery systems highlighting the gelling mechanisms and emerging stimuli-responsive hydrogels from preformed gels, nanogels, and the role of advanced 3D printed hydrogels in vision-threatening diseases like age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. It also provides insight into the limitations of hydrogels along with the safety and biocompatibility of the hydrogel drug delivery systems.

Development and Evaluation of Sustained Release Lipid Nanocarriers for Curcumin

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-235
Author(s):  
Harshal A. Pawar ◽  
Bhagyashree D. Bhangale
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Sustained Release ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Lipid based excipients have increased acceptance nowadays in the development of novel drug delivery systems in order to improve their pharmacokinetic profiles. Drugs encapsulated in lipids have enhanced stability due to the protection they experience in the lipid core of these nano-formulations. Phytosomes are newly discovered drug delivery systems and novel botanical formulation to produce lipophilic molecular complex which imparts stability, increases absorption and bioavailability of phytoconstituent. Curcumin, obtained from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has a wide range of biological activities. The poor solubility and wettability of curcumin are responsible for poor dissolution and this, in turn, results in poor bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, the curcumin-loaded nano phytosomes were developed to improve its physicochemical stability and bioavailability. Objective: The objective of the present research work was to develop nano-phytosomes of curcumin to improve its physicochemical stability and bioavailability. Methods: Curcumin-loaded nano phytosomes were prepared by using phospholipid Phospholipon 90 H using a modified solvent evaporation method. The developed curcumin nano phytosomes were evaluated by particle size analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results: Results indicated that phytosomes prepared using curcumin and lipid in the ratio of 1:2 show good entrapment efficiency. The obtained curcumin phytosomes were spherical in shape with a size less than 100 nm. The prepared nano phytosomal formulation of curcumin showed promising potential as an antioxidant. Conclusion: The phytosomal complex showed sustained release of curcumin from vesicles. The sustained release of curcumin from phytosome may improve its absorption and lowers the elimination rate with an increase in bioavailability.

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