scholarly journals Process simulation of biodiesel production from vegetable oil deodorization distillate using hydrotalcite-hydroxyapatite as catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e15210615452
Author(s):  
Laura A. de Almeida ◽  
Renata N. Vilas Bôas ◽  
Marisa F. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Activity Coefficient Model ◽  
Simulator Design

In There are few simulation studies in the literature focusing on the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil deodorization distillate (VODD), a waste originating from the vegetable oil processing stage, using hydrotalcite-hydroxyapatite as a heterogeneous catalyst. In this study, the simulation process was performed using open interface software DWSIM® Version 6.3. The motivation relied on the positive performance of the catalyst during the experimental studies. So, in the simulator design, the lipid raw material, ethanol, and the catalyst were fed together in a CSTR-01 conversion reactor. The thermodynamic fluid package used for this process was the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model. The process flowchart consisted of the reaction step (oil transesterification), and separation steps of the ethyl esters produced, excess ethanol and purification of biodiesel. As a result, different scenarios were simulated, using commercial soybean oil as a comparative form, different types of catalysts and different molar ratios of alcohol and VODD. Among the main differences between the simulated cases, it was demonstrated that the excess of alcohol (1:45) caused greater quantity of VODD consumption, and consequently the greater formation of ethyl esters (biodiesel), resulting higher conversions (> 95%). In addition, the results obtained confirmed the adequacy of VODD as a potential raw material to produce biodiesel, as it is relatively cheaper than edible oils and contributes to the use of waste. Thus, confirming that the chemical catalyst was able to form the main esters of fatty acids even using a residual raw material.

scholarly journals Ethanol-Based Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1 & 2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mary Grace M. Oliveros ◽  
Amiliza B. Baiting ◽  
Menchie G. Lumain ◽  
Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Power Testing ◽  
Technological Analysis

Waste vegetable oil, mainly coming from frying residues, can be used as raw material to obtain a diesel fuel (biodiesel). Biodiesel, a nontoxic, biodegradable, diesel-like fuel, is an important energy alternative capable of decreasing environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. The utilization of waste vegetable oils as raw material in biodiesel production was studied. Research was undertaken to establish the availability of used vegetable oil to supply a biodiesel process. It is intended that this work forms an academic study combined with an environmental and technological analysis of the merits of biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Laboratory experimentation investigated the possibility of using waste vegetable oil from the local fast food chains, and potassium hydroxide as catalyst for the transesterification process. The cleaned waste vegetable oil undergoes transesterification for 4 hours, after which, the biodiesel is separated from the glycerin by gravity. Washing is necessary to remove residual catalyst or soap. Overall material balance for the process gives: 1 kg Waste Vegetable oil + 0.18 kg EtOH + 0.01 kg KOH → 0.74 kg Biodiesel + 0.44 kg Glycerin The biodiesel, in pure form (B100) and in 50% proportion (B50) with petroleum diesel, was run in an essentially unmodified Toyota 2C diesel engine. Smoke density (opacity) and CO exhaust emission both decreased with B50. However, Nox increased with B50. Fuel consumption during engine power testing is significantly greater using the biodiesel, but is also significantly reduced with B50.

scholarly journals Catalytic hydrogenation of straight vegetable oil using NiMo/ Al2O3 catalyst for biodiesel production

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02045
Author(s):  
SD Sumbogo Murti ◽  
J. Prasetyo ◽  
G.W. Murti ◽  
Z. D. Hastuti ◽  
F. M. Yanti
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Straight Vegetable Oil ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

The attractiveness of biodiesel as an alternative fuel compared to fossil fuels because it has many advantages such as the availability of abundant raw materials, more environmentally friendly, high combustion efficiency, low sulphur content, high cetane number and biodegradability. Making biodiesel from straight vegetable oil (VGO) has been done through the catalytic hydrogenation process. A VGO of callophylum inophyllum oil was treated via degumming and neutralisation to remove all impurities before hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing was carried out in a 500ml autoclave at 30 – 50 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure, 300 – 400oC of reaction temperature and equipped with stirrer and cooling system. NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst was activated with CS2 mixture at 370oC prior to the reaction. Some physical and chemical properties of the catalytic hydroprocessing product have been investigated in accordance to ASTM standard. The measurement result of product varies according to the operation condition. The result showed that callophyllum inophyllum oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel production over NiMo/Al2O3. Sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts are preferred due to high diesel yield.

scholarly journals Optimization of Pyrolysis Operating Condition for Deriving Corn Starch Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herry Santoso ◽  
Christ Michael ◽  
Hillman Wira ◽  
Maria Inggrid
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fatty Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

Biodiesel can be produced from various oils and fats. Due to possibility of diversion of edible oils from feedstocks to raw materials for biodiesel production, which may lead to food crisis, it is preferable to choosenon-edible oils as raw material for biodiesel production. As a country rich in natural resources, Indonesia has avast amount and variety of non-edible fatty-oil production plants. However, non-edible oils usually have highfree fatty acid (FFA) contents. Oils with high FFA contents cannot be converted directly to biodiesel using aconventional alkaline catalyzed process due to saponification problem. To avoid this problem, the high FFAcontents in the oils must be reduced via esterification process using acid catalyst. The use of homogeneous acidcatalyst in this process can be very corrosive and not environmentally friendly while the use of commerciallyavailable heterogeneous acid catalyst can be very expensive. In this research, a heterogeneous acid catalystsuitable for biodiesel production will be derived from corn starch through pyrolysis followed by sulphonationprocesses. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of pyrolysis temperature and time to the aciddensity of the catalyst and the activity of the catalyst in the esterification of oleic acid using a 22 factorial designwith 3 center points experimental design. It is found that the catalyst obtained from pyrolysis at 400°C for 15hours has the optimum–HSO3 content of 5.9% which corresponds to the highest average conversion of theesterification of oleic acid of 97.45%.

scholarly journals Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review

Clean Energy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Baskar Thangaraj ◽  
Pravin Raj Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Environmental Consequences

Abstract Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production. These plants mostly grow in wastelands. Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon, having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain. Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil. They are direct use through blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification. Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel. The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants (Angiosperms) belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper. The habit, habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented. The physico-chemical properties of their oil, with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them, are reviewed.

scholarly journals Feasibility Evaluation of a Biodiesel Plant fed by Recycled Edible Oils Comparing two Alternative Production Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1028 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Edible Oils ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Feasibility Evaluation ◽  
Industrial Unit ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils

<div> <p>The present work is about the techno-economic evaluation of a biodiesel industrial unit that exclusively use recycled edible oils as feedstock, for two alternative production technologies. Nowadays, many biodiesel production units use a mixture of virgin vegetable oils and waste cooking oils. The examined unit will use only waste cooking oil as raw material. Thus, two different methods for biodiesel production are assessed on a financial basis for different biodiesel prices. The investigated methods are the alkaline transesterification (a very common biodiesel production method) and the supercritical transesterification (a method with non sensitivity in moisture and free fatty acids and thus not requiring a pre-treatment stage). According to the financial evaluation, the acceptance of the project for each technology is strongly affected by biodiesel&rsquo;s price. The results showed that the alkaline transesterification based project is accepted for the whole examined prices&rsquo; range while for supercritical transesterification, the project is accepted for biodiesel prices of about 0.75-0.85 &euro;/L.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Methanolysis of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: New Process Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Al-Sakkari ◽  
S.T. El-Sheltawy ◽  
A. Soliman ◽  
I. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
New Process ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Biodiesel is an alternative liquid biofuel consists of a mixture of methyl or ethyl esters. It can be produced through transesterification where low molecular weight alcohol (e.g. methanol or ethanol) reacts with lipid or fat (triglyceride) to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester FAME) and glycerol as a valuable byproduct. The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline material such as potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst. This paper presents a suggested new process design of a biodiesel plant that treats about 24 tons/ day of low free fatty acids, FFA, waste vegetable oil and WVO.

scholarly journals Universal Kinetic Model to Simulate Two-Step Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2994
Author(s):  
A. Alcantara ◽  
F. J. Lopez-Gimenez ◽  
M. P. Dorado
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Concentration Variation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Kinetics Of

To date, to simulate biodiesel production, kinetic models from different authors have been provided, each one usually applied to the use of a specific vegetable oil and experimental conditions. Models, which may include esterification, besides transesterification simulation, were validated with their own experimental conditions and raw material. Moreover, information about the intermediate reaction steps, besides catalyst concentration variation, is either rare or nonexistent. Here, in this work, a universal mathematical model comprising the chemical kinetics of a two-step (esterification and transesterification) vegetable oil-based biodiesel reaction is proposed. The proposed model is universal, as it may simulate any vegetable oil biodiesel reaction from the literature. For this purpose, a mathematical model using the software MATLAB has been designed. Using the mathematical model, the estimation of mass variation with time, of both reactants and products, as well as glyceride conversion and homogeneous catalyst concentration variation (instead of only alcohol/catalyst solution) are allowed. Moreover, analysis of the influence of some important variables affecting the reaction kinetics of biodiesel production (e.g., catalyst concentration), along with comparison and model validation with data from different authors may be carried out. In addition, Supplementary material with a collection of 290 rate constants, derived from 55 different experiments using different vegetable oils and conditions is provided.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Production of Enzymatic Biodiesel from Residual Babassu Oil (Orbignya sp.) via RSM

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerine S. Moreira ◽  
Lourembergue S. Moura Júnior ◽  
Rodolpho R. C. Monteiro ◽  
André L. B. de Oliveira ◽  
Camila P. Valle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Maximum Loss ◽  
Babassu Oil ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Residual oil from babassu (Orbignya sp.), a low-cost raw material, was used in the enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production, using lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) and ethanol. For the first time in the literature, residual babassu oil and Novozym® 435 are being investigated to obtain biodiesel. In this communication, response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) were used to optimize the esterification and study the effects of four factors (molar ratio (1:1–1:16, free fatty acids (FFAs) /alcohol), temperature (30–50 °C), biocatalyst content (0.05–0.15 g) and reaction time (2–6 h)) in the conversion into fatty acid ethyl esters. Under optimized conditions (1:18 molar ratio (FFAs/alcohol), 0.14 g of Novozym® 435, 48 °C and 4 h), the conversion into ethyl esters was 96.8%. It was found that after 10 consecutive cycles of esterification under optimal conditions, Novozym® 435 showed a maximum loss of activity of 5.8%, suggesting a very small change in the support/enzyme ratio proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and insignificant changes in the surface of Novozym® 435 proved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after the 10 consecutive cycles of esterification.

scholarly journals Design and development of a low-cost reactor for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Paulo Sérgio Barbosa dos Santos ◽  
Lúcia Adriana Villas-Bôas ◽  
Mariana Matulovic da Silva Rodrigueiro ◽  
Leonardo Alexandre Lopes ◽  
Thiago Rocha Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Undergraduate Curriculum ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel stands out as a renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic fuel when compared to fossil fuels, and has attracted significant attention from researchers and industries for environmental protection and sustainable development. However, around 95% of the world biodiesel production is derived from edible oils, which leads to a competition between oil production for food or for fuel and results in increased costs compared to diesel fuel. Biodiesel production from WCO offers a clean technological solution for both disposal of WCO and cost production problems. For these reasons, non-edible waste cooking oils are considered one of the most promising alternatives of raw material for biodiesel production. WCO can also promote social inclusion in urban areas by generating extra revenue by recycling. The aim of the present work was to develop a low-cost biodiesel reactor by Biosystems Engineering students and teachers from the School of Sciences and Engineering of São Paulo State University (UNESP). The primary goal was to include biofuels technology into the Biosystems Engineering undergraduate curriculum in order to integrate and transcend the contents contemplated in our course by helping the students to build a technological low-cost reactor with innovative research in the biofuels technology field.

scholarly journals MICROWAVE IRRADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROCESS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING MACAUBA OIL (Acrocomia aculeata)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 034-046
Author(s):  
Marcos Roberto Do Nascimento Pereira ◽  
Pedro Prates Valério ◽  
Salvador Carlos Grande ◽  
Maria Helena Caño de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Productive Potential

Macauba is an oleaginous palm tree widely found in Brazil. Its productive potential can reach 6000 kg of oil per hectare. In this study, crude vegetable oil was mechanically extracted from the mesocarp (pulp) of fresh Macauba fruit and subjected to physical-chemical determinations to analyse the following parameters: acid value, moisture content and kinematic viscosity. The results strongly indicate that Macauba palm oil is an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel production. Furthermore, concerning fatty acid composition, a predominance of unsaturated compounds was noted (75.92%) of which 63.21% are oleic acid, and 9.21% are linoleic acid. In this context, to produce ethyl esters, Macauba palm oil was subjected to alkaline transesterification by homogeneous catalysis, with microwave irradiation being applied to the heating step. The results indicated a conversion rate of 96.6%, for a molar ratio ethanol/oil of 12:1, a catalyst concentration equal to 1.0 wt% (KOH) and a reaction time equal to 60 seconds.

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