Design and development of a low-cost reactor for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO)

Biodiesel stands out as a renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic fuel when compared to fossil fuels, and has attracted significant attention from researchers and industries for environmental protection and sustainable development. However, around 95% of the world biodiesel production is derived from edible oils, which leads to a competition between oil production for food or for fuel and results in increased costs compared to diesel fuel. Biodiesel production from WCO offers a clean technological solution for both disposal of WCO and cost production problems. For these reasons, non-edible waste cooking oils are considered one of the most promising alternatives of raw material for biodiesel production. WCO can also promote social inclusion in urban areas by generating extra revenue by recycling. The aim of the present work was to develop a low-cost biodiesel reactor by Biosystems Engineering students and teachers from the School of Sciences and Engineering of São Paulo State University (UNESP). The primary goal was to include biofuels technology into the Biosystems Engineering undergraduate curriculum in order to integrate and transcend the contents contemplated in our course by helping the students to build a technological low-cost reactor with innovative research in the biofuels technology field.

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Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review

Clean Energy ◽

10.1093/ce/zkaa006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 89-106

Author(s):

Baskar Thangaraj ◽

Pravin Raj Solomon

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Primary Methods ◽

Environmental Consequences

Abstract Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production. These plants mostly grow in wastelands. Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon, having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain. Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil. They are direct use through blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification. Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel. The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants (Angiosperms) belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper. The habit, habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented. The physico-chemical properties of their oil, with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them, are reviewed.

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Feasibility Evaluation of a Biodiesel Plant fed by Recycled Edible Oils Comparing two Alternative Production Technologies

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.001261 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 1019-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Edible Oils ◽

Production Method ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Feasibility Evaluation ◽

Industrial Unit ◽

Production Technologies ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Cooking Oils

<div> <p>The present work is about the techno-economic evaluation of a biodiesel industrial unit that exclusively use recycled edible oils as feedstock, for two alternative production technologies. Nowadays, many biodiesel production units use a mixture of virgin vegetable oils and waste cooking oils. The examined unit will use only waste cooking oil as raw material. Thus, two different methods for biodiesel production are assessed on a financial basis for different biodiesel prices. The investigated methods are the alkaline transesterification (a very common biodiesel production method) and the supercritical transesterification (a method with non sensitivity in moisture and free fatty acids and thus not requiring a pre-treatment stage). According to the financial evaluation, the acceptance of the project for each technology is strongly affected by biodiesel’s price. The results showed that the alkaline transesterification based project is accepted for the whole examined prices’ range while for supercritical transesterification, the project is accepted for biodiesel prices of about 0.75-0.85 €/L. </p> </div> <p> </p>

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Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy ◽

10.32438/wpe.0602149 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 149-159

Author(s):

Jatinder Kataria ◽

Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽

Amit Pal

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

World Wide ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Control Measure ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Pollution Level ◽

Animal Fats ◽

The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

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A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Zulqarnain ◽

Muhammad Ayoub ◽

Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽

Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽

Imtisal Zahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Waste Oils ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

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RAPE SEED OIL TETRAHYDROFURFURYLESTERS

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2009vol1.1105 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

K. Malins ◽

V. Kampars ◽

R. Kampare ◽

T. Rusakova

Keyword(s):

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Food Prices ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽

Mineral Oils

The transesterification of vegetable oil using various kinds of alcohols is a simple and efficient renewable fuel synthesis technique. Products obtained by modifying natural triglycerides in transesterification reaction substitute fossil fuels and mineral oils. Currently the most significant is the biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which is obtained in a reaction with methanol, which in turn is obtained from fossil raw materials. In biodiesel production it would be more appropriate to use alcohols which can be obtained from renewable local raw materials. Ethanol rouses interest as a possible reagent, however, its production locally is based on the use of grain and therefore competes with food production so it would implicitly cause increase in food prices. Another raw material option is alcohols that can be obtained from furfurole. Furfurole is obtained in dehydration process from pentose sugars which can be extracted from crop straw, husk and other residues of agricultural production. From furfurole the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), a raw material for biodiesel, can be produced. By transesterifying rapeseed oil with THFA it would be possible to obtain completely renewable biodiesel with properties very close to diesel [2-4]. With the purpose of developing the synthesis of such fuel, in this work a three-stage synthesis of rapeseed oil tetrahydrofurfurylesters (ROTHFE) in sulphuric acid presence has been performed, achieving product with purity over 98%. The most important qualitative factors of ROTHFE have been determined - cold filter plugging point, cetane number, water content, Iodine value, phosphorus content, density, viscosity and oxidative stability.

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Ethanol-Based Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.22146/ajche.50130 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (1 & 2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Mary Grace M. Oliveros ◽

Amiliza B. Baiting ◽

Menchie G. Lumain ◽

Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Fast Food ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Material Balance ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Exhaust Emission ◽

Waste Vegetable Oil ◽

Power Testing ◽

Technological Analysis

Waste vegetable oil, mainly coming from frying residues, can be used as raw material to obtain a diesel fuel (biodiesel). Biodiesel, a nontoxic, biodegradable, diesel-like fuel, is an important energy alternative capable of decreasing environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. The utilization of waste vegetable oils as raw material in biodiesel production was studied. Research was undertaken to establish the availability of used vegetable oil to supply a biodiesel process. It is intended that this work forms an academic study combined with an environmental and technological analysis of the merits of biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Laboratory experimentation investigated the possibility of using waste vegetable oil from the local fast food chains, and potassium hydroxide as catalyst for the transesterification process. The cleaned waste vegetable oil undergoes transesterification for 4 hours, after which, the biodiesel is separated from the glycerin by gravity. Washing is necessary to remove residual catalyst or soap. Overall material balance for the process gives: 1 kg Waste Vegetable oil + 0.18 kg EtOH + 0.01 kg KOH → 0.74 kg Biodiesel + 0.44 kg Glycerin The biodiesel, in pure form (B100) and in 50% proportion (B50) with petroleum diesel, was run in an essentially unmodified Toyota 2C diesel engine. Smoke density (opacity) and CO exhaust emission both decreased with B50. However, Nox increased with B50. Fuel consumption during engine power testing is significantly greater using the biodiesel, but is also significantly reduced with B50.

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A review on production of biodiesel from waste cooking oils

International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies ◽

10.53894/ijirss.v1i2.8 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 32-41

Author(s):

Muzhda Azizi ◽

Sweeta Akbari

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Waste Cooking Oils ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

The One ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

Different Sources

Nowadays, preservation of natural resources on earth is one of the most important concerns of humanity. In this regard, increasing the consumption of energy is one of the most critical challenges that humans are facing. Because, on the one hand, the untapped use of different sources of energy from fossil fuels can destroy this natural resource and, on the other hand, pollution from the use of these resources is a serious threat to the environment. Recent research suggests that affordable, sustainable and environmentally friendly fuels, which can be a good alternative to fossil fuels, have become more important. Therefore, biodiesel has made it possible to release less greenhouse gas emission and low toxicity emissions, which can partly meet fuel requirements and is the best alternative for petroleum diesel. In addition, the waste cooking oils are a major source of biodiesel for their essential compounds, such as glycerol. The use of waste cooking oils can reduce biodiesel production cost by 60 to 90 percent. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to study the production of biodiesel using transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel that can be used easily in diesel engines.

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Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review

Reviews in Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1515/revce-2016-0026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 267-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Farrukh Jamil ◽

Lamya Al-Haj ◽

Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽

Mohab A. Al-Hinai ◽

Mahad Baawain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Low Cost ◽

Bifunctional Catalyst ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Homogeneous Catalysts ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Current Scenario ◽

Short Chain Alcohol

AbstractDue to increasing concerns about global warming and dwindling oil supplies, the world’s attention is turning to green processes that use sustainable and environmentally friendly feedstock to produce renewable energy such as biofuels. Among them, biodiesel, which is made from nontoxic, biodegradable, renewable sources such as refined and used vegetable oils and animal fats, is a renewable substitute fuel for petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification in which oil or fat is reacted with short chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, nature and amount of catalysts, reaction time, and temperature. Various studies have been carried out using different oils as the raw material; different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, butanol); different catalysts; notably homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and supercritical fluids; or, in some cases, enzymes such as lipases. This article focuses on the application of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production because of their environmental and economic advantages. This review contains a detailed discussion on the advantages and feasibility of catalysts for biodiesel production, which are both environmentally and economically viable as compared to conventional homogeneous catalysts. The classification of catalysts into different categories based on a catalyst’s activity, feasibility, and lifetime is also briefly discussed. Furthermore, recommendations have been made for the most suitable catalyst (bifunctional catalyst) for low-cost oils to valuable biodiesel and the challenges faced by the biodiesel industry with some possible solutions.

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KRITERIA RUMAH MAKAN SUPPLIER MINYAK JELANTAH DALAM RANGKA PERENCANAAN BAHAN BAKU BIODIESEL

Jurnal Agro Fabrica ◽

10.47199/jaf.v1i1.25 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

D.U.M. Susilo ◽

Th. Candra Wasis A.S. ◽

Zakwan .

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Analytic Hierarchy ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

A Value ◽

Many Sources ◽

The City

The using of biodiesel as an environmentally friendly fuel has received attention from consumers to producers. So, a lot of research was done on the potential raw material to become biodiesel. One of the raw materials for biodiesel was waste cooking oil. Pontianak City have many sources including waste cooking oil from restaurants. Therefore restaurants in the city of Pontianak might be used as suppliers of waste cooking oil in biodiesel production. This study aims to determine the priority of criteria and sub-criteria for restaurants as suppliers and determine good restaurants as suppliers of used cooking in Pontianak City . Purposive technique sampling using a sample of 61 house dining, interviewed to obtain alternative data suppliers. Expert survey questionnaire contains priority weighting of criteria and supplier criteria, analyzed using AHP ( Analytic Hierarchy Process ). Grouping of restaurants based on alternative supplier values is used to determine good restaurants to be suppliers. The priority criteria for restaurants as consecutive suppliers are experience (0.289), quality (0.279), capacity (0.231), service (0.148) and price (0.053). Sub-criteria priority of restaurants as suppliers in a row is the time span of used cooking oil sold(0.161), length of time used cooking oil (0.155), income (0.129), type of cooking oil (0.107), type of fried food products (0.092), volume of cooking oil (0.090), frying volume (0.085), transaction convenience (0.082), subject to used cooking oil (0.056), used cooking oil price (0.030) and ease of payment (0.013). A value of ≥ 0.325 is a dining value that shows a very better priority as a supplier. The number of restaurants as suppliers is 8 % of the population of restaurants in the city of Pontianak..

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Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Chicken Fat as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2017.v13n3p235 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 235

Author(s):

Ribwar K. Abdulrahman

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Recent Decade ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Chicken Fat ◽

Cooking Oil

In recent decade, the demand for fuel as a source of energy has been dramatic. In fact, many oil and gas reservoirs are declining around the world. The use of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas is contributing to the phenomenon of global warming. This is because it emits high quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Thus, many researchers and energy companies are investigating the production of an environmental friendly fuel that reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. Thus, bio fuel is one of the most obvious alternative sustainable fuels that can be produced from used vegetable oil and animal fats as well. Indeed, it has several advantages. For example, a biodegradable and a renewable energy reduces global warming phenomenon. Thus, this work is an attempt to produce a biodiesel fuel from chicken fat and waste cooking oil. Also, it was found that it is possible to produce biodiesel from chicken fat and waste cooking oils using transesterification reaction method. Furthermore, the process optimization was also adopted; for example, methanol to oil ratio. It has been found that the yield percentages of the produced biodiesel is increased by increasing the amount of methanol. In addition, the maximum conversion to ester could be achieved at methanol: oil ratio about 7:1. at 60 °C.

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