Eremotherium (Xenarthra, Mammalia) materials from the collections of Laboratório de Paleontologia e Evolução and Laboratório de Geologia of Universidade Federal de Goiás

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e316973951
Author(s):  
Millena Silva Mendes ◽  
Tábata Zanesco ◽  
Luíza Bomfim Melki ◽  
Caio César Rangel ◽  
Bruno Martins Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Pleistocene Mammals ◽  
Research Investments

This study presents the first survey of fossil mammal specimens housed at the collections of the Federal University of Goiás. Here, we describe a set of associated femur and vertebrae fragments, one fragment of tibia, and two left and right maxillary fragments, identified as Eremotherium. Despite its fragmentary condition, the size and morphological aspect of the materials show diagnostic characteristics that suggest their relationship with Eremotherium. These new specimens described here contribute to the paleontology of the Goiás State, which may provide future research investments in collections not yet known, which may increase the knowledge on Pleistocene mammals of Central Brazil.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of clove oil and cautery disbudding methods on preventing horn growth in dairy goat kids

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa N Hempstead ◽  
Joseph R. Waas ◽  
Mairi Stewart ◽  
Vanessa M. Cave ◽  
Amanda R. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Horn Growth ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Final Observation ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Oil Injection ◽  
Administration Methods

AbstractThe effectiveness of clove oil and cautery disbudding on horn growth was evaluated in goat kids. The study used 243 Saanen doe kids (4±1.0 days old; mean ± SD) on two commercial dairy goat farms, and were disbudded with either (i) clove oil injection (CLOVE), (ii) a cautery iron and bud removed (BUDOFF), or (iii) a cautery iron with bud left intact (BUDON). Each kid received a different treatment per bud, which were balanced between buds (left and right) and randomly allocated. A trained observer monitored bud growth following treatment for 3 months recording either: N: no growth, H: normal horn, S: abnormal horn (scur), or SC: soft, fibrous lump (scorn). After the final observation, buds were assessed for the probability of detecting (i) success (no growth), (ii) scurs, (iii) horns or (iv) scorns [with 95% CI]. The probability of success for BUDOFF (0.77 [0.63, 0.87]) was higher than for BUDON (0.20 [0.11, 0.34]) and CLOVE (0.09 [0.04, 0.18]; P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the probability of success for BUDON was higher than for CLOVE (P ≤ 0.05). The probability of scurs was higher for CLOVE (0.72 [0.63, 0.80]) than BUDOFF (0.25 [0.17, 0.34]) and BUDON (0.30 [0.21, 0.39]; P ≤ 0.05). There was no difference in the probability of scurs for BUDOFF and BUDON (P > 0.05). The probability of horns was higher for CLOVE (0.21 [0.15, 0.29]) than BUDON (0.02 [0.01, 0.06]; P ≤ 0.05); horns were not observed for BUDOFF. The probability of scorns for BUDON, the only treatment that led to scorns, was 0.41 (0.25, 0.60). These results suggest that BUDOFF was more effective at preventing growth than CLOVE and BUDON and appears the most effective method, of the methods tested, for disbudding kids. Future research should explore different clove oil administration methods or other alternatives to cautery disbudding that may be both efficacious and cause less pain.

Skin dose measurement and estimating the dosimetric effect of applicator misplacement in gynecological brachytherapy: A patient and phantom study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mehrsa Majdaeen ◽  
Masoumeh Dorri—Giv ◽  
Shaghayegh Olfat ◽  
Gholamreza Ataei ◽  
Razzagh Abedi-Firouzjah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Calculation ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Treatment Planning System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Surface Dose ◽  
Dose Measurement ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Doses

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate skin dose differences between TPS (treatment planning system) calculations and TLD (thermo-luminescent dosimeters) measurements along with the dosimetric effect of applicator misplacement for patients diagnosed with gynecological (GYN) cancers undergoing brachytherapy. METHODS: The skin doses were measured using TLDs attached in different locations on patients’ skin in pelvic regions (anterior, left, and right) for 20 patients, as well as on a phantom. In addition, the applicator surface dose was calculated with TLDs attached to the applicator. The measured doses were compared with TPS calculations to find TPS accuracy. For the phantom, different applicator shifts were applied to find the effect of applicator misplacement on the surface dose. RESULTS: The mean absolute dose differences between the TPS and TLDs results for anterior, left, and right points were 3.14±1.03, 6.25±1.88, and 6.20±1.97 %, respectively. The mean difference on the applicator surface was obtained 1.92±0.46 %. Applicator misplacements of 0.5, 2, and 4 cm (average of three locations) resulted in 9, 36, and 61%, dose errors respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The surface/skin differences between the calculations and measurements are higher in the left and right regions, which relate to the higher uncertainty of TPS dose calculation in these regions. Furthermore, applicator misplacements can result in high skin dose variations, therefore it can be an appropriate quality assurance method for future research.

Training Severely Handicapped Students to Cross Partially Controlled Intersections

AAESPH Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Timm Vogelsburg ◽  
Frank R. Rusch
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Instructional Feedback ◽  
Repeated Practice ◽  
Severely Handicapped ◽  
Entire Sequence ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Look ◽  
Independent Decision ◽  
Behavior Chains

In this study three severely handicapped school-aged students were trained to cross the street. The students were provided preinstruction, instructional feedback, and selective repeated practice to acquire the skills to cross the street at partially controlled intersections; selective repeated practice was introduced only when physical assistance was required on those skills students found particularly difficult to learn; a rehearsal and model phase was eventually used to promote independent street crossing. Data were collected on the following training clusters: approach (walking to and stopping on the curb), look (looking behind, in front, left, and right), step (stepping off the curb when no cars were coming), and walk (walking quickly across the street and stopping on the other side). Results of the multiple baseline design indicated that instructional feedback was sufficient in training the approach and walk behaviors but selective repeated practice was required to establish the look responses. A partial reversal following withdrawal of instructional feedback suggested withdrawing all treatment components would result in total loss of behavior gains. Therefore, rehearsal in the form of performing the entire sequence with the trainer and then a trainer model was tried. This strategy increased the number of independent decisions to step and walk across the street. Generalization probes on untreated, partially controlled intersections suggested that each student used the newly acquired behaviors appropriately. Future research is suggested in the areas of training two-behavior versus four-behavior chains, using repeated practice to facilitate acquisition and teach independent decision making to severely handicapped students.

Strategic Product Design for Multiple Global Markets

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Nadadur ◽  
Wonmo Kim ◽  
Alexander R. Thomson ◽  
Matthew B. Parkinson ◽  
Timothy W. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Tablet Devices ◽  
Current State ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Do So ◽  
Target Markets

Designing products for multiple global user populations has been the focus of numerous studies. Based on an understanding of the current state of knowledge, this paper outlines three broad top-down design strategies to satisfy varying user, business, and regulatory requirements across target markets, and to do so in a resource-efficient manner. The first strategy results in a set of optimal, robust, or reconfigurable designs for the markets. The second strategy is the development of a static platform-based design, with variants of the product for the different target markets. In the third strategy, flexibility is embedded into a platform itself; the manufacturer can then release the product in a few target markets, and can leverage the platform at later stages when entering additional markets or adapting to changing requirements. The implementation of the proposed strategies is explored in the context of three different products: (1) the Adidas Jabulani soccer ball, (2) left- and right- hand drive vehicles, and (3) the Apple suite of mobile and tablet devices. The observations in these case studies highlight the importance of the three global product design strategies, and help define certain questions for future research.

Effect of Cursor Orientation on Left- and Right-Hand Mouse Control

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 830-834
Author(s):  
Tara M. Young ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Zhange Shentu
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Response Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Hand Mouse

Many factors, such as cursor orientation, cursor shape, and direction of movement have previously been found to impact human performance in graphical user interfaces. However, the majority of, if not all, previous research has focused on right-hand mouse control of cursors. The current study examined both left and right hand mouse control of cursor with a 2 (response hand; left vs. right) x 3 (cursor type; left-oriented arrow, right-oriented arrow, and neutral-orientated crosshairs) x 8 (target location) within-subjects design. The purpose was to examine the effects of response hand and cursor orientation on performance of moving cursors into different target locations. Results showed that there was a difference in the three cursor types for right handed individuals, as well as in left- and right-hand mouse control for right-handed, left-handed, and ambidextrous individuals. Implications for interface design and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Increasing disparities between resource inputs and outcomes, as measured by certain health deliverables, in biomedical research

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (36) ◽  
pp. 11335-11340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Bowen ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
High Impact ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Scientific Enterprise ◽  
Numerical Development ◽  
Scientific Outputs ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Research Investments

Society makes substantial investments in biomedical research, searching for ways to better human health. The product of this research is principally information published in scientific journals. Continued investment in science relies on society’s confidence in the accuracy, honesty, and utility of research results. A recent focus on productivity has dominated the competitive evaluation of scientists, creating incentives to maximize publication numbers, citation counts, and publications in high-impact journals. Some studies have also suggested a decreasing quality in the published literature. The efficiency of society’s investments in biomedical research, in terms of improved health outcomes, has not been studied. We show that biomedical research outcomes over the last five decades, as estimated by both life expectancy and New Molecular Entities approved by the Food and Drug Administration, have remained relatively constant despite rising resource inputs and scientific knowledge. Research investments by the National Institutes of Health over this time correlate with publication and author numbers but not with the numerical development of novel therapeutics. We consider several possibilities for the growing input-outcome disparity including the prior elimination of easier research questions, increasing specialization, overreliance on reductionism, a disproportionate emphasis on scientific outputs, and other negative pressures on the scientific enterprise. Monitoring the efficiency of research investments in producing positive societal outcomes may be a useful mechanism for weighing the efficacy of reforms to the scientific enterprise. Understanding the causes of the increasing input-outcome disparity in biomedical research may improve society’s confidence in science and provide support for growing future research investments.

scholarly journals Protocol for a scoping review of research on abortion in sub-Saharan Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254818
Author(s):  
Kenneth Juma ◽  
Ramatou Ouedraogo ◽  
Meggie Mwoka ◽  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi ◽  
Emmy Igonya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Safe Abortion ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Research Investments

Introduction Unsafe abortion is a leading cause of maternal mortality, and access to safe abortion services remains a public health priority in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A considerable amount of abortion research exists in the region; however, the spread of existing evidence is uneven such that some countries have an acute shortage of data with others over-researched. The imbalance reflects the complexities in prioritization among researchers, academics, and funders, and undeniably impedes effective policy and advocacy efforts. This scoping review aims to identify and map the landscape of abortion research in SSA, summarize existing knowledge, and pinpoint significant gaps, both substantive and geographic, requiring further investigation. This review will provide direction for future research, investments, and offer guidance for policy and programming on safe abortion. Materials and methods We utilize the Joanna Briggs Institute’s methodology for conducting scoping reviews. We will perform the search for articles in 8 electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, AJOL, Science Direct, SCOPUS, HINARI, Web of Knowledge, CINAHL, and WHO Regional Databases). We will include studies written in English or French language, produced or published between January 1, 2011, and July 31, 2021, and pertain directly to the subject of abortion in SSA. Using a tailored extraction frame, we will extract relevant information from publications that meet the inclusion criteria. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis in response to key review questions. Ethics and dissemination Formal ethical approval is not required, as no primary data will be collected. The findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.

scholarly journals Using the Judgment Bias Task to Identify Behavioral Indicators of Affective State: Do Eye Wrinkles in Horses Reflect Mood?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hintze ◽  
Lisa Schanz
Keyword(s):  
Affective State ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Judgment Bias ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Experimental Induction ◽  
Cognitive Judgment Bias ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Potential Use

Identifying and validating behavioral indicators of mood are important for the assessment of animal welfare. Here, we investigated whether horses' eye wrinkle expression in a presumably neutral situation is a measure of mood as assessed in a cognitive judgment bias task (JBT). To this end, we scored pictures of the left and right eyes of 16 stallions for different aspects of eye wrinkle expression and tested the same individuals on a spatial JBT with active trial initiation. Eye wrinkle expressions were assessed by a qualitative assessment, i.e., the overall assessment of how “worried” horses look, the number of wrinkles, and the angle measured at the intersection of lines drawn through the eyeball and the topmost wrinkle. Correlations between the three eye wrinkle measures and the optimism index as a measure of horses' decisions in the JBT were not statistically significant, but with increasing optimism index, horses tended to be scored as looking less worried (qualitative assessment). We discuss our findings from different perspectives and make suggestions for future research, e.g., by calling for experimental induction of mood and thus greater variation within and/or between individuals and by investigating the interplay between shorter-lasting emotional and longer-lasting mood states to further explore the potential use of the JBT to validate eye wrinkles and other facial or body expressions as indicators of mood.

scholarly journals Libertarianism, Left and Right

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Mazor ◽  
Peter Vallentyne
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

This chapter explores the libertarian account of distributive justice. It explains the self-ownership thesis and then considers criticisms relating to indeterminacy, small incursions, and enforceable duties of assistance. It then turns to questions relating to natural resources, including whether they are initially owned, the conditions under which they may be appropriated, and the right vs left libertarian debate over whether or not they should ultimately be owned in an egalitarian manner. The chapter then lays out the libertarian account of just economic activity and considers criticisms based on the role of luck, the moral limits of markets, discrimination, paternalism, unjust prices, alternative notions of freedom, the plight of the desperately poor, and market failures. The chapter then concludes by raising important topics for future research, including the moral status of minors, future people, global justice, property rights in non-divisible natural resources, and rectificatory justice.

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