Iodine Deficiency and Pregnancy

AbstractIodine deficiency represents a public health problem worldwide. To increase the amount of iodine in the diet, biofortification strategies of plants have been tried. They rely on the exogenous administration of iodine to increase its absorption and accumulation. However, iodine is not stable in plants and can be volatilized as methyl iodide through the action of specific methyltransferases encoded by the HARMLESS TO OZONE LAYER (HOL) genes. The release of methyl iodide in the atmosphere represents a threat for the environment due to its ozone depletion potential. Rice paddies are among the strongest producers of methyl iodide. Thus, the agronomic approach of iodine biofortification is not appropriate for this crop, leading to further increases of iodine emissions. In this work, we used the genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout the rice HOL genes and investigate their function. OsHOL1 resulted a major player in methyl iodide production, since its knockout abolished the process. Moreover, its overexpression reinforced it. Conversely, knockout of OsHOL2 did not produce effects. Our experiments helped elucidating the function of the rice HOL genes, providing tools to develop new rice varieties with reduced iodine emissions and thus more suitable for biofortification programs without further impacting on the environment.

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Thyroid Ultrasonography Consistently Identifies Goiter in Adults Over the Age of 30 Years Despite a Diminished Response with Aging of the Thyroid Gland to the Effects of Goitrogenesis

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2001.55 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 243-253

Author(s):

Sheela R. Brahmbhatt ◽

Rajesh M. Brahmbhatt ◽

Creswell J. Eastman ◽

Steven C. Boyages

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Thyroid Ultrasonography ◽

Gujarat State ◽

Thigh Circumference ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Mid Upper Arm Circumference

Iodine deficiency is a national health problem in India and we have recently reported on the severity of IDD in adults and children in Gujarat province. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of thyroid ultrasonography to detect goiter in adults from an iodine-deficient population of Gujarat. We studied 472 adults selected by random household surveys. Data were collected on height, body weight, mid-upper arm circumference, thigh circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, thyroid size (palpation and ultrasonography), and diet. Casual urine samples for iodine (UI) and blood spots for TSH estimation were obtained. Endemic goiter is a major public health problem in Gujarat State, India and is probably caused by multiple factors including iodine deficiency, malnutrition, and other dietary goitrogens. These results indicate that thyroid US consistently detects goiter in adults despite a diminished thyroidal response to variable goitrogenic stimuli.

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IODINE STATUS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN AND DISTRIBUTION OF IODINE, MERCURY, LEAD IN SOIL AND WATER IN THE ENDEMIC GOITER HILL AREA, PONOROGO

Media Gizi Mikro Indonesia ◽

10.22435/mgmi.v13i1.5135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Muhamad Arif Musoddaq ◽

Taufiq Hidayat ◽

Khimayah Khimayah

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Heavy Metals ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

School Children ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Water Source ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Hill Area ◽

Soil And Water

Background. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) remained a public health problem. Ponorogo was an IDD endemic area with prominent cases of mental retardation. Despite the lack of iodine intake, exposure to environmental heavy metals can exacerbate the effects of iodine deficiency. Objective. To describe iodine status of school children and distribution of environmental iodine and heavy metals including mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in the endemic IDD hill area of Ponorogo. Method. This research is a cross-sectional study conducted in two villages in IDD endemic areas in Ponorogo, namely Dayakan and Watubonang villages, in 2011. A total of 127 urine samples of primary-school-age children were taken and analyzed for urinary iodine excretion (UIE). A total of 29 soil samples and 87 water samples were taken from the study site to measure the concentration of iodine and heavy metals Hg, Pb, and Cd. Types of water source, altitude, and land use, both soil and water source were recorded. Results. The median (min-max) UIE was 130 (14 –1187 µg/L) within the range of adequate population iodine intake according to WHO (100-199 µg/L), while the percentage of UIE <100 µg/L was still around 33.07 percent. The concentration of iodine in the soil was 33.777 mg/kg (6.640 –108.809), and the concentration of iodine in the water was 8.0 µg/L (0-49). The concentration of Hg in the soil was 68.64 ppb (7.43–562.05), and the concentration of Hg in the water was 0.00 ppb (0.00-23.24). The concentration of Pb in the soil was 3.273 ppm (0.000–25.227), while Pb was not identified in the water. The Cadmium was not detectable both in the soil and water. Conclusion. Iodine deficiency is still a public health problem in Dayakan and Watubonang villages. The environment of the endemic IDD area in Ponorogo was not completely poor in iodine, but iodine was not evenly spread and mobilized. There was a risk of environmental heavy metal exposure from Hg in the soil or water and Pb in the soil. Mercury in the environment can cause health problems due to the inhibition of the use of iodine in the thyroid gland.

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Magnitude of iodine deficiency disorder and associated factors in Dawro zone, southwest Ethiopia; the hidden hunger: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.13721/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Agize Asfaw ◽

Tefera Belachew

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is continued to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The problem is worse but the data is scarce in some pocket areas of the country. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of IDD and associated factors in southwest Ethiopia by using different biochemical and clinical indicators. Methods: Both community and school based cross- sectional study was conducted on school age children (6-12 years) from March 1 to 24, 2017. Simple random and systematic sampling techniques were applied to select districts and eligible children respectively. Household data was collected from children’s primary care takers by using structured questionnaire. A trained surgeon examined all children (n=652) for goiter. Urine sample was collected from 20% of children (n=130). Results: A total of 652 school children were participated in the study. Total goiter rate and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 54.8 % and 96.12μg/l respectively. In multivariable logistic regression analyses student’s age was significantly (P<0 05) associated with both goiter and median UIC. However; sex of students and family income were significantly (P<0.001) associated with goiter and cassava consumption was significantly (P<0.001) associated with UIC. Conclusion: As indicated by the median UIC, there was mild iodine deficiency in this study community. However; chronic iodine deficiency was still a severe public health problem (high goiter prevalence). In addition, there was low concentration of iodine in the salt and increased cassava cultivation and consumption indicating the potential risk in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify IDD elimination activities along with teaching communities on techniques of cassava processing for household consumption. Trial registration: PACTR201809544276357. Retrospectively registered on 14, Sept 2018.

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Iodine deficiency: An important and severe public health problem in Kayseri, Central Anatolia

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation ◽

10.1007/bf03349238 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (11) ◽

pp. 920-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Budak ◽

F. Bayram ◽

O. Günay ◽

M. Kendirci ◽

S. Kurtoğlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Central Anatolia

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Magnitude of iodine deficiency disorder and associated factors in Dawro zone, southwest Ethiopia: the hidden hunger

10.21203/rs.2.13721/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Agize Asfaw ◽

Tefera Belachew

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Family Income ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is continued to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The problem is worse but the data is scarce in some pocket areas of the country. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of IDD and associated factors in southwest Ethiopia by using different biochemical and clinical indicators. Methods: Both community and school based cross- sectional study was conducted on school age children (6-12 years) from March 1 to 24, 2017. Simple random and systematic sampling techniques were applied to select districts and eligible children respectively. Household data was collected from children’s primary care takers by using structured questionnaire. A trained surgeon examined all children (n=652) for goiter. Urine sample was collected from 20% of children (n=130). Results: A total of 652 school children were participated in the study. Total goiter rate and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 54.8 % and 96.12μg/l respectively. In multivariable logistic regression analyses student’s age was significantly (P<0 05) associated with both goiter and median UIC. However; sex of students and family income were significantly (P<0.001) associated with goiter and cassava consumption was significantly (P<0.001) associated with UIC. Conclusion: As indicated by the median UIC, there was mild iodine deficiency in this study community. However; chronic iodine deficiency was still a severe public health problem (high goiter prevalence). In addition, there was low concentration of iodine in the salt and increased cassava cultivation and consumption indicating the potential risk in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify IDD elimination activities along with teaching communities on techniques of cassava processing for household consumption. Trial registration: PACTR201809544276357. Retrospectively registered on 14, Sept 2018.

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HYPOTHYROIDISM OCCURS DUE TO IODINE DEFICIENCY, THE HORMONAL ASSAY T3, T4 AND TSH DONE BY ELISA TEST IN UJJAIN DISTRICT MP INDIA

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3123 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (9SE) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

JaishreeJatwa

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Human Population ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Thyroid Disorders ◽

Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Hormonal Assay

Hypothyroidism is a ‘Public health problem occurs due to Iodine deficiency and it is mostly described in Human population; significantly it is more common in female, than males. Interpretation of the TSH level depends upon the level of thyroid hormone; T3, T4 and TSH, low value of T3, T4 and high value of TSH defines thyroid disorders; Hypothyroidism and its vice-versa condition is Hyperthyroidism, the hormonal assay done by ELISA (Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay) test.

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Addressing Widespread Iodine Deficiency Disorders: A Serious Health Problem in Thailand and Beyond

Journal of Chemical Education ◽

10.1021/ed100164a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 87 (7) ◽

pp. 662-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Watcharee Ketpichainarong ◽

Piyachat Jittam ◽

Pintip Ruenwongsa ◽

Bhinyo Panijpan

Keyword(s):

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders

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Role of iodine supply in neonatal adaptation of the thyroid system

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl11471 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 10-15

Author(s):

E. P. Kasatkina ◽

D. Ye. Shilin ◽

L. M. Petrova ◽

Kh. A. Khatamova ◽

Ye. N. Lokteva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Potassium Iodide ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Preventive Treatment ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Table Salt ◽

Intrauterine Development ◽

Thyrotropic Hormone ◽

Iodine Supply ◽

Iodine Treatment

Population frequency of neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia (NHT) in an iodine deficient region was studied with consideration for published reports about the relationship between prenatal iodine supply and fetal and neonatal thyroid function, and the efficiency of iodine prevention of this condition was evaluated by the results of overall screening of newborns for hypothyrosis. The concentrations of thyrotropic hormone (TTH) in whole blood specimens dried on paper were measured in 29588 newborns in the Belgorod region (Russia) in 1995-1998 using the Neonatal hTSH FEIA (Labsystems OY, Finland). Slight iodine deficiency in this region (median iodine excretion with urine 69 mcg/liter, n = 1313) was associated with an extremely high incidence of NHT: more than 5 iU/liter in 47% and more than 20 iU/liter in 7% newborns. Overall prevention with iodinated table salt during 1 year notably decreased the incidence of NHT (by 1.6 times, p < 0.001) and alleviated its severity from severe to mild degree. Preventive treatment of pregnant women by potassium iodide (200 mcg/day) during the same period more effectively decreased the incidence of the pathological parameter (five fold, p < 0.001). A lower incidence of NHT resultant from prenatal iodine treatment was associated with a lowering of the mean TTH level solely at the expense of the newborns with high levels of the hormone; if TTH levels were normal, they did not change. Therefore, thyroid dysfunction in newborns (NHT) indicates iodine deficiency in a region during intrauterine development; this abnormality can be prevented by iodine treatment in microdoses meeting the physiological requirement in iodine, which is increased during gestation. At the beginning of overall prevention of goiter by iodinated table salt, group prevention with potassium iodide is justified in risk groups, primarily in pregnant women; compensation of prenatal deficiency decreases the cost of screening for congenital hypothyrosis due to a lower requirement in TTH retesting.

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Magnitude of iodine deficiency disorder and associated factors in Dawro zone, southwest Ethiopia: the hidden hunger

10.21203/rs.2.13721/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Agize Asfaw ◽

Tefera Belachew

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Family Income ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is continued to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The problem is worse but the data is scarce in some pocket areas of the country. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of IDD and associated factors in southwest Ethiopia by using different biochemical and clinical indicators. Methods: Both community and school based cross- sectional study was conducted on school age children (6-12 years) from March 1 to 24, 2017. Simple random and systematic sampling techniques were applied to select districts and eligible children respectively. Household data was collected from children’s primary care takers by using structured questionnaire. A trained emergency surgeon examined children for goiter. Urine sample was collected from 20% of children (n=130). Results: A total of 652 school children were participated in the study. Total goiter rate and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 54.8 % and 96.12μg/l respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analyses student’s age was significantly (P<0 05) associated with both goiter and median UIC. However; sex of students and family income were significantly (P<0.001) associated with goiter and cassava consumption was significantly (P<0.001) associated with UIC. Conclusion: As indicated by the median UIC, there was mild iodine deficiency in this study community. However; chronic iodine deficiency was still a severe public health problem (high goiter prevalence). In addition, there was low concentration of iodine in the salt and increased cassava cultivation and consumption in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify IDD elimination activities along with teaching communities on techniques of cassava processing for household consumption. Trial registration: PACTR201809544276357. Retrospectively registered on 14 Sept 2018.

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