IODINE STATUS IN SCHOOL CHILDREN AND DISTRIBUTION OF IODINE, MERCURY, LEAD IN SOIL AND WATER IN THE ENDEMIC GOITER  HILL AREA, PONOROGO

Background. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) remained a public health problem. Ponorogo was an IDD endemic area with prominent cases of mental retardation. Despite the lack of iodine intake, exposure to environmental heavy metals can exacerbate the effects of iodine deficiency. Objective. To describe iodine status of school children and distribution of environmental iodine and heavy metals including mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in the endemic IDD hill area of Ponorogo. Method. This research is a cross-sectional study conducted in two villages in IDD endemic areas in Ponorogo, namely Dayakan and Watubonang villages, in 2011. A total of 127 urine samples of primary-school-age children were taken and analyzed for urinary iodine excretion (UIE). A total of 29 soil samples and 87 water samples were taken from the study site to measure the concentration of iodine and heavy metals Hg, Pb, and Cd. Types of water source, altitude, and land use, both soil and water source were recorded. Results. The median (min-max) UIE was 130 (14 –1187 µg/L) within the range of adequate population iodine intake according to WHO (100-199 µg/L), while the percentage of UIE <100 µg/L was still around 33.07 percent. The concentration of iodine in the soil was 33.777 mg/kg (6.640 –108.809), and the concentration of iodine in the water was 8.0 µg/L (0-49). The concentration of Hg in the soil was 68.64 ppb (7.43–562.05), and the concentration of Hg in the water was 0.00 ppb (0.00-23.24). The concentration of Pb in the soil was 3.273 ppm (0.000–25.227), while Pb was not identified in the water. The Cadmium was not detectable both in the soil and water. Conclusion. Iodine deficiency is still a public health problem in Dayakan and Watubonang villages. The environment of the endemic IDD area in Ponorogo was not completely poor in iodine, but iodine was not evenly spread and mobilized. There was a risk of environmental heavy metal exposure from Hg in the soil or water and Pb in the soil. Mercury in the environment can cause health problems due to the inhibition of the use of iodine in the thyroid gland.

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Prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders and its determinants among school children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, Karnataka

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 573

Author(s):

Vijaykumar P. Mane ◽

Yuvaraj Banot Yenkanaik ◽

Smita M. Nimbannavar ◽

Anilkumar L. ◽

Sharankumar Holyachi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

School Children ◽

Health Problem ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders are recognized as major public health problem in India and the simplest, most effective and inexpensive preventive method is the consumption of Iodized salt. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of goitre among children aged 6 to 12 years in rural areas of Koppal district, to determine various factors associated with goiter among children, to estimate the level of urinary iodine excretion among urine samples collected from children and to estimate the level of iodine content among salt samples collected in the study setting.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for a duration of 6 months from June 2018 to November 2018 in rural areas of Koppal district among 3047 school children aged 6 to 12 years selected by cluster sampling technique. Goiter was detected and graded using standard techniques and the collected salt and urine samples were sent to MRHRU, Sirwar, Raichur for analysis. Data was collected using pretested and semistructured questionnaire and was analyzed using WHO Epi info software version 3.5.4.Results: The prevalence of goitre among school children in Koppal district was 442 (14.5%) and it was found to be significantly associated with age and source of drinking water. Majority i.e., 65.96% of urine samples had iodine content less than 100 µg/l and majority i.e., 79.15% of salt samples had iodine content less than 15 PPM.Conclusions: Goiter is mild public health problem in Koppal district with majority of urine samples excreting iodine below optimum levels and majority of salt samples being inadequately iodized.

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Iodine deficiency disorders in a South Indian district: still a public health problem?

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204726 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 4333

Author(s):

Prasanna Kamath B. T. ◽

Ananta Bhattacharyya ◽

Varsha R. Mokhasi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Primary School ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

School Children ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Goiter Prevalence

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide leading to learning disabilities and psychomotor impairment. Nearly 266 million school children worldwide have insufficient iodine intake. IDD was found to be a public health problem in 47 countries. Since the information on current prevalence of goiter in Kolar was not available, the present study was undertaken.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 6-12 years in Kolar taluk. A total of 2700 children were selected for goiter examination by multistage random cluster sampling technique. A total of 270 children were tested for the median urinary concentration and 540 salt samples were tested from the households of the study population.Results: The total goiter rate was 5.66% among primary school children aged 6-12 years with a significant difference between ages. As the age increased the goiter prevalence also increased. The median urinary iodine excretion level was found to be 105 mcg/l and 92.788.7% salt samples had >15 ppm iodine content.Conclusions: Present study shows mild goiter prevalence in primary school children in Kolar district and an adequate iodine content of salt in urine.

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Targeted knockout of the gene OsHOL1 removes methyl iodide emissions from rice plants

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95198-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Martina Carlessi ◽

Lorenzo Mariotti ◽

Francesca Giaume ◽

Fabio Fornara ◽

Pierdomenico Perata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Genome Editing ◽

Methyl Iodide ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Ozone Depletion ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Major Player ◽

Ozone Depletion Potential

AbstractIodine deficiency represents a public health problem worldwide. To increase the amount of iodine in the diet, biofortification strategies of plants have been tried. They rely on the exogenous administration of iodine to increase its absorption and accumulation. However, iodine is not stable in plants and can be volatilized as methyl iodide through the action of specific methyltransferases encoded by the HARMLESS TO OZONE LAYER (HOL) genes. The release of methyl iodide in the atmosphere represents a threat for the environment due to its ozone depletion potential. Rice paddies are among the strongest producers of methyl iodide. Thus, the agronomic approach of iodine biofortification is not appropriate for this crop, leading to further increases of iodine emissions. In this work, we used the genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout the rice HOL genes and investigate their function. OsHOL1 resulted a major player in methyl iodide production, since its knockout abolished the process. Moreover, its overexpression reinforced it. Conversely, knockout of OsHOL2 did not produce effects. Our experiments helped elucidating the function of the rice HOL genes, providing tools to develop new rice varieties with reduced iodine emissions and thus more suitable for biofortification programs without further impacting on the environment.

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Prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides in contaminated faecal samples of children residing in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78743-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shahida Azhar Ali ◽

Sadaf Niaz ◽

Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino ◽

Wajid Ali ◽

Majid Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Developing Countries ◽

School Children ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Health Problem ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Urban Study ◽

Faecal Samples

AbstractAscariasis is a common public health problem of preschool and primary school children in developing countries like Pakistan. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of Ascaris lumbericoides (A. lumbricoides) infection among children residing in urban areas of Lahore, to provide information on ascariasis to promote awareness and prevention programs between the participants specially on the months or season of higher prevalence. To investigate the prevalence of Ascaris Lumbricoides in the contaminated faecal samples of children residing in urban areas of Lahore, a study was conducted from November 2010 to October 2012 and we collected 3600 stratified faecal samples from six urban study areas. Overall 32/3600 (0.88%) prevalence of fecal samples was found positive for eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. Area wise highest presence positivity 1.67% was observed in Allama Iqbal Town followed by 1.17% in Samanabad, 1.00% in Wapda Town, 1.00% in Gulberg, 0.50% in Cantt, and the lowest 0.00% in Valencia Town respectively (p < 0.001) The highest month wise positivity prevalence 3/300 (3.33%) (p < 0.001) was observed in the month of September that gradually declined up to 0/300 (0.00%) in the month of March. The results reveal that urban areas of Lahore are susceptible to Ascaris Lubricoides infection and the highest prevalence were observed autumn on the month of September.

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Dental caries experience among school children of Eastern Nepal - significant caries index

Health Renaissance ◽

10.3126/hren.v12i2.14103 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 74-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T K Bhagat ◽

A Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

School Children ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Who Criteria ◽

Dental Hard Tissues ◽

Hard Tissues ◽

The Mean

Background: Dental caries, an infectious microbiologic disease of dental hard tissues, is a common public health problem worldwide. The distribution of dental caries studied in any population, shows that a few in the population experience a lot of decayed teeth and most do not experience any at all or experience very little.Objective: To assess the extent and severity of dental caries among 5-12 years old children of eastern Nepal using DMFT(Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth) and SiC (Significant Caries) index.Methods: Six hundred and sixteen 5-12 years old school children were examined for decayed, missing and filled teeth using WHO criteria. DMFT, dft (decayed filled teeth) and SiC Indices were calculated. Results: The mean dft and SiC* were 1.84 and 4.60 respectively, whereas mean DMFT and SiC were 0.33 and 0.92 respectively.Conclusion: SiC gives a better picture of the at risk population, hence it should be widely used along with dft/DMFT.Health Renaissance 2014;12(2): pp 74-77

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Pattern of parasitic infections as public health problem among school children: A comparative study between rural and urban areas

Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.10.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 13-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ali Saad R. Alsubaie ◽

Ahmed A. Azazy ◽

Eltigani O. Omer ◽

Latifa A. Al-shibani ◽

Abdulsalam Q. Al-Mekhlafi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Comparative Study ◽

School Children ◽

Health Problem ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

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Magnitude of iodine deficiency disorder and associated factors in Dawro zone, southwest Ethiopia; the hidden hunger: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.13721/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Agize Asfaw ◽

Tefera Belachew

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Health Problem ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is continued to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The problem is worse but the data is scarce in some pocket areas of the country. This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of IDD and associated factors in southwest Ethiopia by using different biochemical and clinical indicators. Methods: Both community and school based cross- sectional study was conducted on school age children (6-12 years) from March 1 to 24, 2017. Simple random and systematic sampling techniques were applied to select districts and eligible children respectively. Household data was collected from children’s primary care takers by using structured questionnaire. A trained surgeon examined all children (n=652) for goiter. Urine sample was collected from 20% of children (n=130). Results: A total of 652 school children were participated in the study. Total goiter rate and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 54.8 % and 96.12μg/l respectively. In multivariable logistic regression analyses student’s age was significantly (P<0 05) associated with both goiter and median UIC. However; sex of students and family income were significantly (P<0.001) associated with goiter and cassava consumption was significantly (P<0.001) associated with UIC. Conclusion: As indicated by the median UIC, there was mild iodine deficiency in this study community. However; chronic iodine deficiency was still a severe public health problem (high goiter prevalence). In addition, there was low concentration of iodine in the salt and increased cassava cultivation and consumption indicating the potential risk in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify IDD elimination activities along with teaching communities on techniques of cassava processing for household consumption. Trial registration: PACTR201809544276357. Retrospectively registered on 14, Sept 2018.

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Vitamin A Deficiency among Rural Primary School Children, A still Neglected Group for Vitamin A Supplementation Strategies

Journal of Nutrition and Food Security ◽

10.18502/jnfs.v6i3.6831 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Augustin Nawidimbasba ZEBA ◽

Jean Fidèle Bationo ◽

Olivier Ouahamin Sombié ◽

Jeoffray Diendéré

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Primary School ◽

Burkina Faso ◽

School Children ◽

Health Problem ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Primary School Children ◽

High Dose

Background: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is still a public health problem across the globe and also in Burkina Faso, especially for under-five-years-old children. Since less information is available about the prevalence of VAD among the primary school children, this study aimed to study this area. Methods: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of high dose of vitamin A (VA) and daily zinc versus high dose of VA and daily zinc placebo (6 days per week) during four months among the primary school children. Of the total number of 200 school children, 100 were allocated to two random groups. Participants’ gender, age, weight, and height were measured, a blood smear was performed for malaria diagnosis, stool samples were collected for intestine parasites’ assessment, and blood samples were collected for haemoglobin and serum retinol measurement. Results: Baseline data of 183 school children were analysed and the findings showed that 20.6% of the school children were underweight (23.2% in girls vs. 16.5% in boys; P = 0.043). Anemia affected 36.2%, 39% had Plasmodium Falciparum, and 37.6% had intestine parasites. Furthermore, VAD prevalence was 46.1% (51.0% in boys vs. 41.2% in girls; P = 0,072). Conclusion: Among primary school children in the Western part of Burkina Faso, VAD is not only higher than other regions of the country, but also twice the critical level and defined as a severe public health problem by WHO. This result calls for action among the primary school children and recalls the importance of taking strategies against VAD among under-five-year-old children.

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