Failure of Repeated MDA with Albendazole for Trichuriasis Control in Schoolchildren of the Yangon Region, Myanmar

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still a considerable challenge in Myanmar. We undertook a control program for STH infections (especially Trichuris trichiura) among schoolchildren in Myanmar using mass drug administration (MDA) and health education. Around 1,700 schoolchildren from 15 primary schools in 3 suburban districts (Shwe Pyi Thar, Twantay, and Kyauktan) of the Yangon Region were subjected in this study during 2017-2019. All of the schoolchildren in each school were orally administered albendazole (400 mg in a single dose) 2, 3, and 4 times a year in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The results revealed that the egg positive rate of any intestinal helminths (including STH) was reduced from 37.6% (649/1,724) in 2017 to 22.8% (352/1,542) in 2019. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was decreased remarkably from 23.3% (402/1,724) in 2017 to 3.6% (56/1,542) in 2019. However, that of T. trichiura was only slightly reduced from 26.9% (464/1,724) in 2017 to 20.2% (312/1,542) in 2019. The intensity of infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was both more or less reduced, and the proportion of light infection cases with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura increased from 35.6% in 2017 to 64.3% in 2019 and from 70.3% in 2017 to 81.7% in 2019, respectively. The results indicated that repeated MDAs (2-4 times a year for 3 years) using albendazole on schoolchildren in Myanmar failed to control T. trichiura infection. For a successful control of trichuriasis in Myanmar, new MDA strategies, using a modified albendazole regimen (multiple daily doses for 2 or 3 days) or an alternative anthelmintic drug, such as oxantel pamoate, is strongly recommended.

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Prevalence, Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminths, and Factors Associated with Infection: Importance in Control Program with Ivermectin and Albendazole in Eastern Côte d’Ivoire

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/7658594 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Agodio Loukouri ◽

Aboulaye Méité ◽

Olivier K. Kouadio ◽

Norbert N. Djè ◽

Gotré Trayé-Bi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Program ◽

The Other ◽

Intestinal Helminths ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Successful Control ◽

Stool Samples

Evaluation of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and implementation of additional interventions are required in the region of a filariasis control program, given that antifilariasis drugs also have a beneficial effect on STHs. Thus, this study determines the extensive epidemiology of STHs to improve their successful control. Stool samples were analyzed using the Kato-Katz method. Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to measure differences in infection rates and intensities, respectively, and logistic regression identified the risks of infection. The main intestinal helminths (A. lumbricoides, hookworm [N. americanus],S. mansoni,andT. trichiura) were found in the population. The overall prevalence of STHs was 19.5%. The prevalence of hookworm, the predominant species, ranged from 2% (n=6) to 28% (n=97). The overall prevalence of the other intestinal helminths was less than 6% (n=18). Intensity of hookworm was mostly light with a range from 1.6% (n=5) to 25.9% (n=90). However, the intensity of the species was significantly greater in Soribadougou compared to the other localities. Heavy infection was found in old children and adults but not in young children. Open defecation (OR=3.23, p≤0.05), dog/cat raising (OR=1.94, p≤0.05), farming (OR=14.10, p≤0.05), and irrigated culture (OR=3.23, p≤0.05) were positively associated with hookworm. It was observed that the participants missed the follow-up examinations due to trip (32.7%) or misunderstanding (15%) and lack of information (11.8%) of the purpose of the survey. Thus, to sustain the control of STHs, the MDA program should target the entire community and add education about the use of toilets, best practices of farming, and dog/cat raising.

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Effect of Mass Drug Administration with a Single Dose of Albendazole on Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura Infection among Schoolchildren in Yangon Region, Myanmar

The Korean Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.195 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 195-200

Author(s):

Jong-Yil Chai ◽

Woon-Mok Sohn ◽

Sung-Jong Hong ◽

Bong-Kwang Jung ◽

Sooji Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Trichuris Trichiura ◽

Alternative Drug ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Pre Treatment

Soil-transmitted helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, are important intestinal parasites mostly affecting younger people in developing countries. In 2014-2015, we performed mass fecal examinations targeting a total of 2,227 schoolchildren in 3 districts (South Dagon, North Dagon, and Hlaing-thar-yar) of Yangon Region, Myanmar, using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The egg positive children were subjected to a mass drug administration (MDA) using a single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole. The pre-treatment egg positive rate (EPG/person) of A. lumbricoides averaged 17.2% (15,532); it was 25.2% (21,796), 14.2% (11,816), and 12.8% (12,983) in 3 districts, respectively, and that of T. trichiura averaged 19.4% (1,074), and was 24.1% (1,040), 12.3% (852), and 21.2% (1,330) in 3 districts, respectively. Follow-up fecal examinations performed 4 months post-MDA revealed considerable decreases of A. lumbricoides prevalence (EPG/person) to av. 8.3% (12,429), and 13.7% (17,640), 8.0% (7,797), and 4.5% (11,849) in 3 districts, respectively. However, T. trichiura did not show any recognizable decrease in the prevalence (EPG/person) remaining at av. 18.2% (862), and 18.5% (888), 11.5% (812), and 23.3% (887) in 3 districts, respectively. The results demonstrated difficulty in short-term control of T. trichiura by MDA using albendazole and suggested necessity of either a long-term MDA (>10 years) or changing the albendazole regimen into 2~3-day course (total 800 or 1,200 mg), or using an alternative drug/drug combination.

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A Case of Polyneuropathy Following a Single Dose of Diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole During Mass Administration of Drug - A Case Report

Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/njms.v1i1.5800 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 56-58

Author(s):

SC Kohli ◽

UK Shrestha ◽

VM Alurkar ◽

A Maskey ◽

M Parajuli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Pain ◽

Single Dose ◽

Case Report ◽

Side Effects ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

World Health ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

The global program to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis created by The World Health organization in 1997 is based on mass administration of single annual doses of diethylcarbamazine ( DEC) plus albendazole in non African regions and of albendazole plus ivermectin in Africa. The usual side effects of DEC treatment include fever, chills, arthralgia, headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Albendazole is associated with relatively few side effects consisting of occasional nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, reversible alopecia, elevated aminotransferases and rarely leucopenia and rash. We report a case of polyneuropathy in a young individual following DEC and albendazole during mass drug administration. Keywords: Albendazole; DEC; Polyneuropathy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i1.5800 Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 56-58

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Nutritional status of soil-transmitted helminthiasis-infected and uninfected children

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi55.3.2015.136-41 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nelly Simarmata ◽

Tiangsa Sembiring ◽

Muhammad Ali

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Infection Intensity ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Trichuris Trichiura ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Malnourished Children ◽

Moderate Malnutrition

Background Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a public health problem in developing countries. Their prevalence is particularly high in rural areas with people of low socioeconomic level. A single or mixed STH infection rarely causes death, but can affect nutritional status, growth, cognitive development and human health, especially in children.Objective To compare the nutritional status of STH-infected and uninfected children.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2010 in children from 3 primary schools in the Simpang Empat and Kabanjahe Subdistricts, Karo District, North Sumatera Province. Fecal examinations were done by the Kato-Katz method to diagnose STH infections. Participants of this study consisted of 140 infected children and 141 uninfected children. Nutritional status classification was based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control growth charts. All categorical data were analyzed by Chi-square test.Results Of 140 infected children, 8.6% were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, 17.1% with Trichuris trichiura and 74.3% with mixed infections (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura). We found significantly more STH infected children with mild to moderate malnutrition than the uninfected group. We also found significantly more mildly to moderately malnourished children with moderate infection intensity than mild infection intensity.Conclusion We find significantly more STH infected children with mild to moderate malnutrition than the uninfected group. We also find significantly more mildly to moderately malnourished children with moderate infection intensity than mild infection intensity. Higher severity of infection is associated with lower nutritional status.

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The Burden of Multiple Intestinal Helminthes among Primary School Children in Doma, Doma Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Research in Zoology ◽

10.9734/ajriz/2019/v2i430078 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

I. A. Alaku ◽

E. A. Omudu ◽

N. G. Imainde ◽

D. D. Attah

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Local Government ◽

Primary School ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Local Government Area ◽

Health Concern ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection

Intestinal parasitic infections have always been an important public health problem in the tropics particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria for example. A cross-sectional survey involving 440 schools going children of both sexes aged 6 - >12 years was conducted in 4 primary schools at a different location in Doma Local Government Area (LGA) of Nasarawa State, Nigeria, between September 2015 to February 2016 to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites. Of the 440 samples examined 155 (35.22%) were infected with different intestinal parasites. The parasites observed included Entamoeba histolytica (6.59%), bookworm (5.22%), Ascaris lumbricoides (53.40%), Trichuris trichiuria (0.45%), E. coli (4.77%) and mixed infection of Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm (7.27%) with Ascaris lumbricoides having the highest prevalence. Doma south primary school 38 (34.54) Islamiyya nursery/primary school and Doma west primary school had the lowest prevalence with 36 (32.72%) and 34 (30.90%) respectively. An overall prevalence of (35.22%) intestinal parasitic infection in school going children is moderately high and of public health concern. There is need to intensified integrated control measure to reduce or completely eradicate the intestinal parasitic infection in school pupils.

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Treatment of Trichuris Trichiura Infection with a Single Dose of Oxantel Pamoate

Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3109/inf.1982.14.issue-4.10 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 297-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kristiina Peldán ◽

Tapio Pitkänen

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Trichuris Trichiura ◽

Oxantel Pamoate

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The evaluation of potential global morbidity attributable to intestinal nematode infections

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000078410 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 373-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 159

Author(s):

M. S. Chan ◽

G. F. Medley ◽

D. Jamison ◽

D. A. P. Bundy

Keyword(s):

Spatial Heterogeneity ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Worm Burden ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Trichuris Trichiura ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Intestinal Nematode ◽

Prevalence Estimates ◽

Global Disease Burden

SummaryThis paper presents a method of estimating the potential global morbidity due to human intestinal nematode infections (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms), based on the observed prevalence of infection. The method relies on the observed relationships between prevalence and intensity of infection, and between worm burden and potential morbidity. This approach is shown to be sensitive to the precision of the original prevalence estimates and, in particular, to the degree of spatial heterogeneity in levels of infection. The estimates presented here indicate that several tens of millions of children are likely to suffer developmental consequences from infection, and suggest that the global disease burden of geohelminthiasis may be significantly greater than was supposed.

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Mixed infections with Opisthorchis viverrini and intestinal flukes in residents of Vientiane Municipality and Saravane Province in Laos

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1079/joh2005302 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 283-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

J.-Y. Chai ◽

J.-H. Park ◽

E.-T. Han ◽

S.-M. Guk ◽

E.-H. Shin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

River Basin ◽

Relative Proportion ◽

Opisthorchis Viverrini ◽

Mekong River ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mekong River Basin ◽

Helminth Eggs

AbstractFaecal examinations for helminth eggs were performed on 1869 people from two riverside localities, Vientiane Municipality and Saravane Province, along the Mekong River, Laos. To obtain adult flukes, 42 people positive for small trematode eggs (Opisthorchis viverrini, heterophyid, or lecithodendriid eggs) were treated with a 20–30 mg kg−1 single dose of praziquantel and purged. Diarrhoeic stools were then collected from 36 people (18 in each area) and searched for helminth parasites using stereomicroscopes. Faecal examinations revealed positive rates for small trematode eggs of 53.3% and 70.8% (average 65.2%) in Vientiane and Saravane Province, respectively. Infections with O. viverrini and six species of intestinal flukes were found, namely, Haplorchistaichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus caninus,Prosthodendrium molenkampi, and Phaneropsolus bonnei. The total number of flukes collected and the proportion of fluke species recovered were markedly different in the two localities; in Vientiane, 1041 O. viverrini (57.8 per person) and 615 others (34.2 per person), whereas in Saravane, 395 O. viverrini (21.9 per person) and 155207 others (8622.6 per person). Five people from Saravane harboured no O. viverrini but numerous heterophyid and/or lecithodendriid flukes. The results indicate that O. viverrini and several species of heterophyid and lecithodendriid flukes are endemic in these two riverside localities, and suggest that the intensity of infection and the relative proportion of fluke species vary by locality along the Mekong River basin.

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