Risk Perceptions of Crash Related Traffic Rule Violations

The objective of this paper is to evaluate drivers’ risk perception toward crash related traffic rule violations and identify violations that are perceived as low risk to better educate drivers. Risk perceptions on crash related traffic rule violations was gathered from 3,593 participants as a part of Naturalistic Driving Study. The variations in risk perceptions by driver characteristics such as age, gender, education, and household income were studied. The risk perception of violating traffic rules was observed to increase with an increase in drivers’ age, except for driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Drivers older than 25 years perceive disregarding traffic signals as the riskiest traffic rule violation. Exceeding speed limit by 10 to 20 mph is perceived as the least risky among the considered traffic rule violations, irrespective of age, gender, education, and income level of the driver. The risk perception of disregarding traffic signals and following vehicle closely are statistically the same for both male drivers and female drivers. For all other traffic rule violations, female drivers’ risk perception is greater than male drivers’ risk perception. Participants with lower education level perceive violating traffic rules as not risky, except for DUI. Graduates or professionals with no advanced degree perceive risk of violating traffic rules greater than the average risk for the entire sample population. Dissemination of risk perception information as well as enhanced educational programs are necessary to increase awareness about the risk associated with violating traffic rules that are perceived as low risk by drivers.

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Risk Perception of the Iranian Healthcare Workers Concerning the Covid-19 Crisis and the Factors Affecting it: A Cross-Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-146170/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ezat Samadipour ◽

Fatemeh Ghardashi ◽

Roghayeh Zardosht ◽

Fatemeh Borzoee ◽

Elham Navipour

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Online Survey ◽

Health Workers ◽

Average Risk ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perception Score

Abstract Background: The emergent Covid-19 disease with conspicuous prevalence is putting the healthcare workers' job security at risk. The preventive behaviors in every individual have a close relationship with his/her risk perception of the risk factor. Hence the present study has been undertaken aiming at determining the Iranian healthcare workers' risk perception of the Covid-19 disease and the relevant effective factors. Methods: This anonymous online survey was conducted in March-April, 2020 using targeted snowball sampling among the Iranian healthcare workers. The data was collected via online-social networks using a questionnaire containing demographical specifications (5 questions), risk perceptions (20 questions), with five sub-scales including cognitive, cultural, political, social and emotional factors. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v.16 software.Results: From 165 participants, the youth (20-49 years of age) with 84% and the females with 60% constituted the majority of participants. The average risk perception score of the healthcare workers was 66.43±8.17. The Spearman correlation coefficient showed the significant direct relationship between the risk perception score and all the sub-scales at 0.01 significance level. The political and cultural factors had the highest correlation with the personnel risk perception (r > 0.75).Conclusion: Health workers did not have an excellent risk perception of the emergent Covid-19 disease.

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Community risk perception and health-seeking behavior in the era of COVID-19 among adult residents of Harari regional state, eastern Ethiopia

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/20503121211036132 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 205031212110361

Author(s):

Addis Eyeberu ◽

Dechasa Adare Mengistu ◽

Belay Negash ◽

Addisu Alemu ◽

Degu Abate ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Low Risk ◽

Healthcare Intervention ◽

Health Seeking ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Health Seeking Behavior ◽

Regional State ◽

Community Risk ◽

Seeking Behavior

Background: COVID-19 brought significant challenges to public health. It changed the view of global health and safety, trust in the healthcare system, and clients’ willingness to seek healthcare. To contain the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and its detrimental effects, understanding peoples’ health behavior, especially healthcare-seeking, and determining the community risk perception is very important. Thus, this study aimed to determine the health-seeking behavior, community’s risk perception to COVID-19 pandemics, and factors influencing the community risk perception in Harari regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 5 to 30 February 2021. A total of 1320 adult (>18 years) participants were selected using systematic random sampling. The data were collected using an online kobo collect toolbox and analyzed using descriptive statistical tests. Chi-square test and multiple binary logistic regression were applied to examine the difference between variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be of statistical significance. Results: The study included 1296 respondents >18 years old. The overall prevalence of willingness to seek healthcare in the study area was 35.6% (95% CI: 33%–38.3.0%). The mean cumulative score of risk perception was 30.5 (SD ± 7.25) with the minimum and maximum score of 13 and 63, respectively. A total of 656 (50.6%) of the participants had low-risk perceptions concerning COVID-19. The study found a statistically significant association between risk perception and sociodemographic characteristics (age, educational status, and income), and knowledge of the respondents. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of willingness to seek healthcare was 35.6%. Healthcare intervention aimed to contain the COVID-19 pandemic should consider the factors associated with the study area. Similarly, the study found a low-risk perception among the community that needs critical action to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and to protect the community as a whole. Thus, it is necessary to improve community risk perception through health education.

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Perception and Practice of Bangladeshi Adults Towards the Prevention of COVID-19: A Statistical Analysis

International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research ◽

10.6000/1929-6029.2021.10.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 107-117

Author(s):

Md. Abdul Wadood ◽

Lai Lee Lee ◽

Md. Monimul Huq ◽

Asma Mamun ◽

Suhaili Mohd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

High Risk ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Early Stage ◽

Good Practice ◽

General Question ◽

Average Risk ◽

Study Results

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued to spread across the world with increasing numbers of confirmed cases and deaths. Due to outbreaks of new variants of the virus and limited treatment options, positive perception and good practice of preventive guidelines have remained essential measures for the prevention of the disease and slowing down its transmission. We aimed to study perception towards COVID-19 and the practice of guidelines for preventing the disease among Bangladeshi adults during the early stage of the rapid rise of the outbreak. Methods: Data was collected data from 320 participants. For measuring their level of practice, we asked a general question: “Are you properly following the WHO-recommended guidelines to avoid COVID-19?” The frequency distribution, Chi-square (χ2) test and binary logistic regression model were used in this study. Results: The average risk perception among the participants was 3.05±0.75 (median, 3.00) (95% CI of mean: 2.96-3.13) where the score ranges from 0 (no risk) to 4 (high risk). More than 27% of participants showed high-risk perceptions. Males (p<0.05), high educated (p<0.05), rich (p<0.01), service holders (p<0.05), and younger adults (p<0.05) had higher odds of high-risk perception. More than 71% of participants had a good practice of always following the WHO guidelines to prevent COVID-19 and living locations in urban areas (p<0.01), high education (p<0.01), rich (p<0.01), and joint family (p<0.01) had the most contributions to good practice. Conclusions: The study findings revealed that special attention should be given to rural areas, and individuals of low literacy, education and socioeconomic level to more effectively prevent COVID-19.

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Assessment the Risk Perception of Health Care Workers of Covid-19 Disease

10.21203/rs.3.rs-104039/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ezat Samadipour ◽

Fatemeh Ghardashi ◽

Roghayeh Zardosht ◽

Fatemeh Borzoee ◽

Elham Navipour

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Online Survey ◽

Health Workers ◽

Average Risk ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Significance Level ◽

Perception Score

Abstract Background and Objectives: The emergent Covid-19 disease with conspicuous prevalence is putting the healthcare workers' job security at risk. The preventive behaviors in every individual have a close relationship with his/her risk perception of the risk factor. Hence the present study has been undertaken aiming at determining the Iranian healthcare workers' risk perception of the Covid-19 disease and the relevant effective factors. Materials and Methods: This anonymous online survey was conducted in March-April, 2020 using targeted snowball sampling among the Iranian healthcare workers. The data was collected via online-social networks using a questionnaire containing demographical specifications (5 questions), risk perceptions (20 questions), with five sub-scales including cognitive, cultural, political, social and emotional factors. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v.16 software.Results: From 165 participants, the youth (20-49 years of age) with 84% and the females with 60% constituted the majority of participants. The average risk perception score of the healthcare workers was 66.43±8.17. The Spearman correlation coefficient showed the significant direct relationship between the risk perception score and all the sub-scales at 0.01 significance level. The political and cultural factors had the highest correlation with the personnel risk perception (r > 0.75).Conclusion: Health workers did not have an excellent risk perception of the emergent Covid-19 disease. Training seems to be necessary to increase employee risk perception and requires more extensive studies.

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Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions, and Risk Perceptions of Fatigued Pedestrians

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2011.39.9.1263 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 1263-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Tova Rosenbloom ◽

Ariela Beigel ◽

Ehud Eldror

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽

Behavioral Intentions ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

The Other ◽

Average Risk ◽

Behavioral Norms ◽

The Road ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Demographic Questionnaire

We used the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991) to examine pedestrians' attitudes, behavioral intentions, and risk perceptions in relation to the possibility of sustaining an injury while crossing the road while in a fatigued compared to a nonfatigued state. Participants were 205 students who were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups. One group completed an attitudinal questionnaire about crossing the road in a fatigued state, a questionnaire about their perceptions of the risk of injury as pedestrians when crossing the road in a fatigued state, and a demographic questionnaire; the other group completed a questionnaire about their perceptions of the general risk of injury as pedestrians regardless of level of fatigue, and a demographic questionnaire. No difference was found between the groups in terms of their perceptions of the risk of injury as pedestrians whether in a fatigued state or not. However, it was found that gender did affect perception, with the average risk perception of females being significantly higher than that of males. A positive correlation was found between attitudes toward safety and subjective safety behavioral norms, and perceptions of the risk of injury as a pedestrian.

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Associations Between Risk Perceptions and Cigarette, E-cigarette, and Dual-Product Use Among Canadian Adolescents

Tobacco Use Insights ◽

10.1177/1179173x20903784 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 1179173X2090378 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lauren C Manzione ◽

Lingpeng Shan ◽

Sunday Azagba

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

High Risk ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Low Risk ◽

Future Research ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Dual Use ◽

Lower Odds ◽

Product Use

Introduction: The popularity of e-cigarettes has increased significantly in recent years. E-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful than cigarettes, and both dual-use of cigarette and e-cigarette use is common among adolescents. This study assessed cigarette and e-cigarette risk perception and associations with dual-product use among Canadian adolescents. Methods: We used data from the 2016-2017 Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Survey. Perceived risks of cigarette and e-cigarette use were classified into 4 categories: “high-risk perception,” “high-e-cigarette-risk and low-cigarette-risk perception,” “low-e-cigarette-risk and high-cigarette-risk perception,” and “low-risk perception.” Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated from multinomial logistic regression. Results: Of the population, 92% perceived high risk from cigarettes, and 65% from e-cigarettes. Compared to students with low-risk perception, those with high-risk perception of both products had lower odds of dual-use (aOR: 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15, 0.28), cigarette-only use (aOR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.45), and e-cigarette-only use (aOR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.79) relative to nonusers. Adolescents with high-e-cigarette and low-cigarette-risk perception had higher odds of e-cigarette-only use, relative to nonusers. Those with high-risk perception were more likely to be e-cigarette-only users relative to cigarette-only users. Conclusion: Results highlight that high perceived risk is associated with lower odds of use. However, those with a high-risk perception of both products had higher odds of e-cigarette use relative to cigarette-only users; as did those with high-e-cigarette and low-cigarette-risk perception, relative to nonusers. Future research should assess ways of communicating the risks of adolescent tobacco use.

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Structural Equation Approach to Analyze Cyclists Risk Perception and Their Behavior Riding on Two-Lane Rural Roads in Spain

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158424 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8424

Author(s):

Griselda López ◽

Rosa Arroyo ◽

Alfredo García

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Online Survey ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Point Of View ◽

Theory Approach ◽

Safety Behavior ◽

Rural Roads ◽

Traffic Rules

The use of bicycles on two-lane rural roads in Spain has been increasing in recent years. However, these roads have no bicycle infrastructure, being cyclists forced to share the road and interact with motorized vehicles. In rural environments, the interaction between road users from the cyclist’s point of view is still not well understood. To analyze it, the relationships between risk perceptions and behavioral factors of rural cyclists according to their demographic characteristics, profile, and self-reported knowledge on traffic rules were obtained. An online survey was used, which collected the opinion of 523 cyclists. Data were analyzed by using structural equation models. The Thurstonian Item Response Theory approach was adopted to include raking responses. Different perceptions among demographic groups were found. Younger cyclists present the lowest risk perception while having a higher risk behavior. The knowledge about traffic rules was correlated with safety behavior, showing the importance of this factor. These results are in line with urban cycling. However important differences under risk elements for rural cyclists, mainly associated with potential hazards on the shoulder, have been drawn. These findings may help policy makers to integrate cycling with vehicular traffic on two-lane rural roads in a safe way.

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Public perceptions of Lyme disease and climate change in southern Manitoba, Canada: making a case for strategic decoupling of climate and health messages

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10614-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Laura Cameron ◽

Rhéa Rocque ◽

Kailey Penner ◽

Ian Mauro

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Climate Change ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Public Discourse ◽

Behavioural Change ◽

Health Messages ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Climate And Health

Abstract Background Despite scientific evidence that climate change has profound and far reaching implications for public health, translating this knowledge in a manner that supports citizen engagement, applied decision-making, and behavioural change can be challenging. This is especially true for complex vector-borne zoonotic diseases such as Lyme disease, a tick-borne disease which is increasing in range and impact across Canada and internationally in large part due to climate change. This exploratory research aims to better understand public risk perceptions of climate change and Lyme disease in order to increase engagement and motivate behavioural change. Methods A focus group study involving 61 participants was conducted in three communities in the Canadian Prairie province of Manitoba in 2019. Focus groups were segmented by urban, rural, and urban-rural geographies, and between participants with high and low levels of self-reported concern regarding climate change. Results Findings indicate a broad range of knowledge and risk perceptions on both climate change and Lyme disease, which seem to reflect the controversy and complexity of both issues in the larger public discourse. Participants in high climate concern groups were found to have greater climate change knowledge, higher perception of risk, and less skepticism than those in low concern groups. Participants outside of the urban centre were found to have more familiarity with ticks, Lyme disease, and preventative behaviours, identifying differential sources of resilience and vulnerability. Risk perceptions of climate change and Lyme disease were found to vary independently rather than correlate, meaning that high climate change risk perception did not necessarily indicate high Lyme disease risk perception and vice versa. Conclusions This research contributes to the growing literature framing climate change as a public health issue, and suggests that in certain cases climate and health messages might be framed in a way that strategically decouples the issue when addressing climate skeptical audiences. A model showing the potential relationship between Lyme disease and climate change perceptions is proposed, and implications for engagement on climate change health impacts are discussed.

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Impact of risk aversion, reactance proneness and risk appraisal on travel destination risk perception

Journal Of Vacation Marketing ◽

10.1177/1356766720987868 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135676672098786

Author(s):

Melvin Prince ◽

Young Kim

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Risk Aversion ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Structural Model ◽

International Travel ◽

Kuala Lumpur ◽

Risk Appraisal ◽

Travel Destination ◽

The Past ◽

Subjective Estimates

The aim of the study is to investigate the motivational effects of tourist traits and risk appraisal on tourist destination risk perception. Risk appraisal involves subjective estimates of vulnerability to a threat and the threat’s consequential severity. Fear levels influence both of these elements of risk appraisal. Individual differences in reactance proneness and risk aversion are introduced into the study model to more fully account for differences in travel destination risk perceptions. The study design involves US adults, who have used their passports for international travel in the past 5 years. Travel risk assessments were studied for four destination sites: London, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur and Istanbul. A general structural model is developed to test hypotheses about antecedents and consequents of risk appraisal and destination risk perception.

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Assessing the clinical utility of genetic risk scores for targeted cancer screening

Journal of Translational Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12967-020-02699-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Carly A. Conran ◽

Zhuqing Shi ◽

William Kyle Resurreccion ◽

Rong Na ◽

Brian T. Helfand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Primary Care ◽

High Risk ◽

Risk Score ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Clinical Utility ◽

Low Risk ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Average Risk ◽

Genetic Risk Scores

Abstract Background Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A subset of these SNPs may be additively combined to generate genetic risk scores (GRSs) that confer risk for a specific disease. Although the clinical validity of GRSs to predict risk of specific diseases has been well established, there is still a great need to determine their clinical utility by applying GRSs in primary care for cancer risk assessment and targeted intervention. Methods This clinical study involved 281 primary care patients without a personal history of breast, prostate or colorectal cancer who were 40–70 years old. DNA was obtained from a pre-existing biobank at NorthShore University HealthSystem. GRSs for colorectal cancer and breast or prostate cancer were calculated and shared with participants through their primary care provider. Additional data was gathered using questionnaires as well as electronic medical record information. A t-test or Chi-square test was applied for comparison of demographic and key clinical variables among different groups. Results The median age of the 281 participants was 58 years and the majority were female (66.6%). One hundred one (36.9%) participants received 2 low risk scores, 99 (35.2%) received 1 low risk and 1 average risk score, 37 (13.2%) received 1 low risk and 1 high risk score, 23 (8.2%) received 2 average risk scores, 21 (7.5%) received 1 average risk and 1 high risk score, and no one received 2 high risk scores. Before receiving GRSs, younger patients and women reported significantly more worry about risk of developing cancer. After receiving GRSs, those who received at least one high GRS reported significantly more worry about developing cancer. There were no significant differences found between gender, age, or GRS with regards to participants’ reported optimism about their future health neither before nor after receiving GRS results. Conclusions Genetic risk scores that quantify an individual’s risk of developing breast, prostate and colorectal cancers as compared with a race-defined population average risk have potential clinical utility as a tool for risk stratification and to guide cancer screening in a primary care setting.

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