Effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth and development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo

Plant essential oils (EOs) have been reported to have health benefit properties and their preventive and therapeutic use in animals is expected to increase in the future. We evaluated the influence of five essential oils obtained from plant species which are known to have positive antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects--sage EO from Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), oregano EO from Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), thyme EO from Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae), clove EO from Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae) and cinnamon EO from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) on the growth and development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo. Essential oils were added to commercial diet at concentrations of 0.25% for sage EO, thyme EO, clove EO, cinnamon EO and 0.1% for oregano EO, and fed to ICR female mice for 2 weeks ad libitum. Females were then mated with males of the same strain. Embryos obtained on Day 4 of pregnancy at the blastocyst stage were stained by morphological triple staining (Hoechst, PI, Calcein-AM) and evaluated using fluorescent microscopy. The effects of essential oils were estimated by the viability of embryos, number of nuclei and distribution of embryos according to nucleus number. Cinnamon EO significantly decreased the number of nuclei and the distribution of embryos according to nucleus number was significantly altered. Sage EO negatively influenced the distribution of embryos according to nucleus number. Clove and oregano EOs induced a significantly increased rate of cell death. Only thyme EO had no detectable effects on embryo development. In conclusion, none of the essential oils had any positive effect on embryo development, but some of them reduced the number of cells and increased the incidence of cell death.

Download Full-text

Essential oils in the control of dry bubble disease in white button mushroom

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20160780 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tamara Leite dos Santos ◽

Leônidas Leoni Belan ◽

Diego Cunha Zied ◽

Eustáquio Souza Dias ◽

Eduardo Alves

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Good Growth ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

In Vivo Experiments ◽

Dry Bubble ◽

Dry Bubble Disease

ABSTRACT: Lecanicillium fungicola, which causes Dry bubble disease, induces infections and inflicts major losses in champignon production. The control can be managed through measures of hygiene and use of fungicides; however, in Brazil there are no registered products. This study aimed to estimate the influence of various essential oils extracted from Melissa officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Syzygium aromaticum on the in vitro development and their uses. Therefore, analysis was performed of the L. fungicola isolates in vitro and the best oils were tested in vivo. Besides, the Agaricus bisporus - L. fungicola interaction was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cinnamon and clove oils in concentrations of 0.4% and thyme oil of 0.8% were identified as good growth inhibitors of the pathogenic mycelium. Effective inhibition of the conidial germination was seen in all concentrations by cinnamon oil, and by clove and thyme oils only at 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively. When the essential oils were applied post-infestation in the in vivo experiments the incidence of the disease in the mushrooms was much lower. From the SEM it was clear that 19 hours after the inoculation of A. bisporus with L. fungicola, the spores had already completely germinated, revealing the presence of the infection. Therefore, the findings of this study indicated that the oil extracts of cinnamon, clove and thyme are potential and efficient alternatives in the control of dry bubble disease.

Download Full-text

Control of Aspergillus flavus in Maize with Plant Essential Oils and Their Components

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-61.5.616 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 616-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

R. MONTES-BELMONT ◽

M. CARVAJAL

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Optimal Dosage ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Phytotoxic Effect ◽

Maize Kernels

The effects of 11 plant essential oils for maize kemel protection against Aspergillus flavus were studied. Tests were conducted to determine optimal levels of dosages for maize protection, effects of combinations of essential oils, and residual effects and toxicity of essential oils to maize plants. Principal constituents of eight essential oils were tested for ability to protect maize kernels. Essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Menthapiperita (peppermint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare (origanum), Teloxys ambrosioides (the flavoring herb epazote), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) caused a total inhibition of fungal development on maize kernels. Thymol and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde significantly reduced maize grain contamination. The optimal dosage for protection of maize varied from 3 to 8%. Combinations of C. zeylanicum with the remaining oils gave efficient control. A residual effect of C. zeylanicum was detected after 4 weeks of kernel treatment. No phytotoxic effect on germination and com growth was detected with any of these oils.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of Plant Essential Oils on Postharvest Control of Rots Caused by Fungi on Different Stone Fruits In Vivo

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-342 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 631-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

JORGE GIOVANNY LOPEZ-REYES ◽

DAVIDE SPADARO ◽

AMBRA PRELLE ◽

ANGELO GARIBALDI ◽

MARIA LODOVICA GULLINO

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Synergistic Activity ◽

Plant Essential Oils

The antifungal activity of plant essential oils was evaluated as postharvest treatment on stone fruit against brown rot and grey mold rot of stone fruit caused by Monilinia laxa and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. The essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum), fennel (Foeniculum sativum), lavender (Lavandula officinalis), marjoram (Origanum majorana), oregano (Origanum vulgare), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), savory (Satureja montana), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and wild mint (Mentha arvensis) were tested at two different concentrations on apricots (cv. Kyoto and cv. Tonda di Costigliole), nectarines (cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross) and plums (cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun). The volatile composition of the essential oils tested was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The treatments containing essential oils from oregano, savory, and thyme at 1% (vol/vol) controlled both B. cinerea and M. laxa growing on apricots cv. Tonda di Costigliole and plums cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun; however, the same treatments were phytotoxic for the carposphere of nectarines cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross. Treatments with 10% (vol/vol) essential oils were highly phytotoxic, notwithstanding their efficacy against the pathogens tested. The essential oils containing as major components α-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, and thymol showed similar results on stone fruit, so their antimicrobial activity and the phytotoxicity produced could be based on the concentration of their principal compounds and their synergistic activity. The efficacy of the essential oil treatments on control of fungal pathogens in postharvest depended on the fruit cultivar, the composition and concentration of the essential oil applied, and the length of storage.

Download Full-text

Sensitivity to Fungicides and Esential Oils in Czech Isolates of Phytophthora infestans

Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica ◽

10.2478/sab-2018-0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 69-77

Author(s):

J. Mazáková ◽

M. Zouhar ◽

P. Sedlák ◽

E. Zusková ◽

P. Ryšánek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Phytophthora Infestans ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Mentha Spicata ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Agar Method

Abstract A total of 235 Phytophthora infestans isolates were collected from five regions of the Czech Republic during the growing seasons 2012–2014 and 2016 and examined using the in vitro amended agar method for their sensitivity to metalaxyl-M (MFX), propamocarb-HCl (PCH), and dimethomorph (DMM). A majority of the isolates (50%) were sensitive to MFX. Resistant isolates were found in all four years of the survey; they represented 30% of the samples. The EC50 values of PCH in inhibiting mycelial growth of 65% of the overall isolates were higher than 100 μg ml−1, which indicates the occurrence of insensitivity to PCH in the Czech P. infestans populations. DMM was very effective, and the mycelial growth of all isolates tested was completely suppressed at the concentration of 0.1 μg ml−1. Furthermore, the efficacy of 12 plant essential oils was tested against 20 isolates of P. infestans using the in vitro amended agar method. Essential oils of Cymbopogon winterianus, Litsea cubeba, Mentha spicata, Pelargonium graveolens, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymus vulgaris were observed to have the highest antifungal activity against P. infestans, with minimal inhibitory concentrations less than or equal to 1 μl ml−1.

Download Full-text

Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Trametes versicolor Extract against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Ralstonia solanacearum for Seed Treatment and Development of a Rapid In Vivo Assay

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9090628 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 628

Author(s):

Laura Orzali ◽

Maria Teresa Valente ◽

Valeria Scala ◽

Stefania Loreti ◽

Nicoletta Pucci

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽

Trametes Versicolor ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽

Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽

Broth Microdilution Method

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. (Cmm) and Ralstonia solanacearum Yabuuchi et al. (Smith) (Rs) are important seed-borne bacterial pathogens of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) listed as A2 pests in the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) region. At present, there are few strategies to control these pathogens, and seed control with eco-compatible approaches is widely encouraged. In this work, the essential oils (EOs) of oregano (Origanum vulgare), garlic (Allium sativum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Trametes versicolor extract (Tve) were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Cmm and Rs (broth microdilution method). The tested EOs and the Tve extract caused a significant inhibition of bacterial growth, with very promising MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) and MIC90 (minimum inhibitory concentration causing a 90% growth inhibition) values. Moreover, an in vivo germination test showed no major reduction in seed germination when the substances were applied as seed treatment. A rapid molecular screening method has been developed, through real-time PCR, for the specific quantification of Cmm in the presence of a vegetable matrix to test in vivo the antimicrobial efficacy of oregano and cinnamon oil on seed treatment without resorting to whole plant essays, which are time- and space-consuming.

Download Full-text

Modulatory effect of Syzygium aromaticum and Pelargonium graveolens on oxidative stress and inflammation

10.1101/362426 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ilias Marmouzi ◽

El Mostafa Karym ◽

Rachid Alami ◽

Meryem El Jemli ◽

Mourad Kharbach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Minimal Risk ◽

Pelargonium Graveolens ◽

Anti Inflammatory

AbstractBackgroundTherapy combination is defined as disease treatment with two or more medication to acheive efficacy with lower doses or lower toxicity. Regarding its reported toxicities and efficacy, the Essential Oils (EOs) from Syzygium aromaticum (SA) and Pelargonium graveolens (PG) were combined for in vitro and in vivo assays and toxicities.MethodsThe Essential Oils and mixture were tested for in vivo/in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The assays included the animal model of acute inflammation (carrageenan model), the protective effect on H2O2/Sodium nitroprissude induced stress in Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the in vitro antioxidant assays.ResultsThe chemical analysis of the investigated Oils has lead to the identification of Eugenol (74.06%), Caryophyllene (11.52%) and Carvacrol acetate (7.82%) as the major element in SA; while PG was much higher in Citronellol (30.77%), 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol (22.59%), and Geraniol (13.95%). In our pharmacological screening of samples, both Oils demonstrated good antioxidant effects. In vivo investigation of the antioxidant activity in the protozoa model (T. pyriformis) demonstrated a lesser toxic effect of EOs mixture with no significant differences when oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes (MDA, SOD and CAT) were evaluated. On the other hand the in vivo model of inflammatory response to carrageenan demonstrated a good inhibitory potential of both EOs. The EOs Mixture demonstrated equivalent bioactivity with lower toxic effect and minimal risk for each compound.ConclusionsThe results from this study indicate that EOs mixture from SA and PG demonstrated promising modulatory antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect, which suggest an efficient association for therapy.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Essential Oil Intake on Changes of Plasma Antioxidant Status in Mice

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb200776030357 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 357-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Š. Faix ◽

Š. Juhas ◽

Z. Faixová

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Total Antioxidant Status ◽

The Body ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

High Dose ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Lower Growth ◽

Total Antioxidant

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four essential oils intake by feed, namely Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, and Syzygium aromaticum on antioxidant status in mice in vivo. Essential oils were in the aether oleum form. They were diluted with ethanol absolute mixed with ground pelett (0.1, 0.25, 0.57 and 1% concentration) and thereafter ethanol was evaporated. SOD, GPx activities and TAS were measured in erythrocytes and plasma spectrophotometrically with Ransod, Ransel and TAS kits from RANDOX, respectively. GPX activity showed a significant increase in 0.25% and 0.1% concentration of Origani aetheroleum. The GPx activities were decreased in 1% concentration of Thymi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Cinnamomi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Caryophylli aetheroleum. The total antioxidant status showed a significant decrease in 1 % concentration of Origani aetheroleum and significantly increased in 0.1% concentration. The same results were found in Thymi aetheroleum. Cinnamomi aetheroleum and Caryophylli aetheroleum had not effect on total antioxidant status. SOD activities were not significantly changed after intake of essential oils. In conclusion, our results showed, that concentration of essential oil is very important for antioxidant status and also for metabolism of mice, because a high dose of essential oil has adverse effect on metabolism of mice, representated by a lower growth of the body weight. On the other hand, essential oils at lower concentrations have positive effect on antioxidant status of mice.

Download Full-text

In vivo and in vitro control activity of plant essential oils against three strains of Aspergillus niger

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-017-9730-x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (27) ◽

pp. 21948-21959 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Peeyush Kumar ◽

Sapna Mishra ◽

Atul Kumar ◽

Sanjeev Kumar ◽

Chandra Shekhar Prasad

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Control Activity ◽

Plant Essential Oils

Download Full-text

Essential Oils as a Feed Additives: Pharmacokinetics and Potential Toxicity in Monogastric Animals

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9060352 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 352 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Pavel Horky ◽

Sylvie Skalickova ◽

Kristyna Smerkova ◽

Jiri Skladanka

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Reproductive Toxicity ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Feed Additives ◽

The Body ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

High Antibacterial Activity ◽

Active Substances

Essential oils (EOs) are now a hot topic in finding modern substitutes for antibiotics. Many studies have shown positive results and confirmed their high antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. Deservedly, there is an attempt to use EOs as a substitute for antibiotics, which are currently limited by legislation in animal breeding. Given the potential of EOs, studies on their fate in the body need to be summarized. The content of EO’s active substances varies depending on growing conditions and consequently on processing and storage. Their content also changes dynamically during the passage through the gastrointestinal tract and their effective concentration can be noticeably diluted at their place of action (small intestine and colon). Based on the solubility of the individual EO’s active substances, they are eliminated from the body at different rates. Despite a strong antimicrobial effect, some oils can be toxic to the body and cause damage to the liver, kidneys, or gastrointestinal tissues. Reproductive toxicity has been reported for Origanum vulgare and Mentha arvensis. Several publications also address the effect on the genome. It has been observed that EOs can show both genoprotective effects (Syzygium aromaticum) and genotoxicity, as is the case of Cinnamomum camphor. This review shows that although oils are mainly studied as promising antimicrobials, it is also important to assess animal safety.

Download Full-text

Effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Cinnamomum verum J.Presl and Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle Essential Oils in the Endotoxin-induced Acute Airway Inflammation Mouse Model

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25153553 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (15) ◽

pp. 3553

Author(s):

Eszter Csikós ◽

Kata Csekő ◽

Amir Reza Ashraf ◽

Ágnes Kemény ◽

László Kereskai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mouse Model ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Airway Inflammation ◽

Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽

Whole Body ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Inflammatory Conditions ◽

Inflammatory Parameters

Thyme (TO), cinnamon (CO), and Ceylon type lemongrass (LO) essential oils (EOs) are commonly used for inhalation. However, their effects and mechanisms on inflammatory processes are not well-documented, and the number of in vivo data that would be important to determine their potential benefits or risks is low. Therefore, we analyzed the chemical composition and investigated the activity of TO, CO, and LO on airway functions and inflammatory parameters in an acute pneumonitis mouse model. The components of commercially available EOs were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Airway inflammation was induced by intratracheal endotoxin administration in mice. EOs were inhaled during the experiments. Airway function and hyperresponsiveness were determined by unrestrained whole-body plethysmography on conscious animals. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured by spectrophotometry from lung tissue homogenates, from which semiquantitative histopathological scores were assessed. The main components of TO, CO, and LO were thymol, cinnamaldehyde, and citronellal, respectively. We provide here the first evidence that TO and CO reduce inflammatory airway hyperresponsiveness and certain cellular inflammatory parameters, so they can potentially be considered as adjuvant treatments in respiratory inflammatory conditions. In contrast, Ceylon type LO inhalation might have an irritant effect (e.g., increased airway hyperresponsiveness and MPO activity) on the inflamed airways, and therefore should be avoided.

Download Full-text