scholarly journals Control of pollutants using stand-off pads containing different natural materials

2006 ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Luo ◽  
A. Donnison ◽  
C. Ross ◽  
S. Ledgard ◽  
B. Longhurst
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Bacteria

Farmers are increasingly using management systems such as moving cows out of paddocks onto stand-off pads to protect wet soils from damage during winter. Studies were carried out to investigate nutrient and faecal bacterial retention or loss from stand-off pad materials. A preliminary laboratory study found that a range of natural materials, including crushed pine bark, wood chips, zeolite and soil can retain between 66% and 76% of applied cows' excreta nitrogen (N). Zeolite was found to be particularly good at reducing ammonia (NH3) volatilisation losses from the columns. A field-scale standoff pad study at a Waikato dairy farm, in the winter season of 2005, indicated that carbon (C)-rich materials including both bark and sawdust can be used as standoff pad materials with effective retention of N and faecal bacteria. Both bark and sawdust pads retained about 60% of deposited excreta N. Substantially more Escherichia coli were recovered in the drainage from the bark pad (total yield 3.1 x 1011 E. coli) than from the sawdust pad (total yield 7.5 x 109 E. coli) demonstrating that sawdust was more effective than bark in retaining these faecal bacteria. Keywords: stand-off pads, winter management, dairy, nitrogen, faecal bacteria, natural materials

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 984-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdus Sobur ◽  
Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj ◽  
Ripon Sarker ◽  
A. M. M. Taufiqur Rahman ◽  
S. M. Lutful Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
One Health ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

Aim: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung - 15, milk - 10, milkers' hand wash - 10, soil - 10 water - 5, and vegetables - 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR. The pathogenic strains of E. coli stx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR. Results: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coli and Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%). Conclusion: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.

Evidence that tropical soil environment can support the growth of Escherichia coli

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N Byappanahalli ◽  
R. S. Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Bacteria

Concentrations of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in environmental waters have historically been used to establish recreational water quality standards. When these bacteria are used as indices of water quality, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we have previously reported that in tropical island environments such as in Hawaii, these faecal indicators are consistently found at high concentrations in all streams and the source of these faecal bacteria is the soil. To become so well established in soil we hypothesized that these faecal bacteria must have the ability to multiply in the natural soil environment at ambient temperature (23–25°C). Three lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) E. coli was shown to grow on 10% soil extract agar, (2) populations of faecal coliforms and E. coli from sewage were shown to immediately increase by about three logs when simple nutrients (glucose and salts) were added to natural soil and (3) faecal coliforms and E. coli increased by two logs within 24 h when a minimal amount of sewage was added to cobalt-irradiated soil. These results indicate that tropical soil environments provide sufficient means to support the growth of faecal coliforms and E. coli. However, under natural soil conditions, indigenous soil microorganisms are much more efficient in obtaining nutrients and we hypothesize that faecal bacteria grow sporadically in response to available nutrients.

scholarly journals Identifying Host Sources of Fecal Pollution: Diversity of Escherichia coli in Confined Dairy and Swine Production Systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 5992-5998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zexun Lu ◽  
David Lapen ◽  
Andrew Scott ◽  
Angela Dang ◽  
Edward Topp
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic Pcr ◽  
Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic

ABSTRACT Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR fingerprinting of Escherichia coli is one microbial source tracking approach for identifying the host source origin of fecal pollution in aquatic systems. The construction of robust known-source libraries is expensive and requires an informed sampling strategy. In many types of farming systems, waste is stored for several months before being released into the environment. In this study we analyzed, by means of repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR using the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers and comparative analysis using the Bionumerics software, collections of E. coli obtained from a dairy farm and from a swine farm, both of which stored their waste as a slurry in holding tanks. In all fecal samples, obtained from either barns or holding tanks, the diversity of the E. coli populations was underrepresented by collections of 500 isolates. In both the dairy and the swine farms, the diversity of the E. coli community was greater in the manure holding tank than in the barn, when they were sampled on the same date. In both farms, a comparison of stored manure samples collected several months apart suggested that the community composition changed substantially in terms of the detected number, absolute identity, and relative abundance of genotypes. Comparison of E. coli populations obtained from 10 different locations in either holding tank suggested that spatial variability in the E. coli community should be accounted for when sampling. Overall, the diversity in E. coli populations in manure slurry storage facilities is significant and likely is problematic with respect to library construction for microbial source tracking applications.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 diarrhoea associated with well water and infected cattle on an Ontario farm

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. JACKSON ◽  
R. B. GOODBRAND ◽  
R. P. JOHNSON ◽  
V. G. ODORICO ◽  
D. ALVES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Unpasteurized Milk ◽  
Hydrogeological Investigation

A 16-month old female child living on an Ontario dairy farm was taken to hospital suffering from bloody diarrhoea. Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 was isolated from her stool. Initial tests of well water samples were negative for E. coli by standard methods but culture of selected coliform colonies on sorbitol-MacConkey agar led to isolation of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7. E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 was also isolated from 63% of cattle on the farm. The E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 isolates from the child, the water and the cattle were phage type 14, produced verotoxins 1 and 2, and were highly related on analysis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The child did not have known direct contact with the cattle and did not consume unpasteurized milk. Hydrogeological investigation revealed the design and location of the well would allow manure-contaminated surface water to flow into the well. This investigation demonstrates that cattle farm well water is a potential source of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 which may not be identified by standard screening for E. coli in water.

scholarly journals Use of a Nonmedicated Dietary Supplement Correlates with Increased Prevalence of Streptomycin-Sulfa-Tetracycline-Resistant Escherichia coli on a Dairy Farm

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 4583-4588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artashes R. Khachatryan ◽  
Thomas E. Besser ◽  
Dale D. Hancock ◽  
Douglas R. Call
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dry Milk ◽  
Cell Densities

ABSTRACT We examined how a dietary supplement affects the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli on a dairy farm in Washington State. Between 2001 and 2004 the prevalence of fecal E. coli strains resistant to streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and tetracycline (SSuT strains) declined from 59.2% to 26.1% in the calf population. In 2003 the dairy discontinued use of a dietary supplement, and we hypothesized that the decline in prevalence of SSuT strains was related to this change in management. To test this we established three treatments in which calves received no supplement, the dietary supplement with oxytetracycline, or the dietary supplement without oxytetracycline. Calves receiving either dietary supplement had a significantly higher prevalence of SSuT E. coli than the no-supplement control group (≈37% versus 20%, respectively; P = 0.03). Importantly, there was no evidence that oxytetracycline contributed to an increased prevalence of fecal SSuT E. coli. We compared the growth characteristics of SSuT and non-SSuT E. coli in LB broth enriched with either the complete dietary supplement or its individual constituents. Both the complete dietary supplement and its vitamin D component supported a significantly higher cell density of SSuT strains (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively). The dry milk and vitamin A components of the dietary supplement did not support different cell densities. These results were consistent with selection and maintenance of SSuT E. coli due to environmental components independent of antibiotic selection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains in dairy farm wastewater in Chiang Mai

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-362
Author(s):  
Prayuth Saekhow ◽  
◽  
Chayaphon Sriphannam ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Farm Wastewater

We investigated the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli strains in dairy farm wastewater in Chiang Mai, Thailand. We analyzed wastewater samples collected from 150 dairy farms and found that 88.7% of the farms (n = 133) were positive for ESBL-producing E. coli. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed to characterize the presence of bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and blaSHV in ESBL-producing isolates. blaCTX-M was found in all isolates (n = 133), followed by blaTEM (80/133, 60.2%), whereas blaSHV was not detected in any isolate. blaCTX-M and blaTEM were present in 60.2% (80/133) of the isolates, and 39.8% (53/133) isolates carried bla CTX-M alone. Subgroup analysis showed that CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent subgroup among the isolates (129/133, 97.0%), followed by CTX-M-8 (2/133, 1.5%) and CTX-M-9 (2/133, 1.5%). The distribution of the phylogenetic groups was as follows: group A (100/133, 75.2%), followed by B1 (14/133, 10.5%), D (6/133, 4.5%), F (6/133, 4.5%), B2 (4/133, 3.0%), and E (3/133, 2.3%). Based on enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) and dendrogram analysis, 24 isolates were classified into clades I (n = 21), II (n =1), and III (n =2). Minor genetic differences were found in all clade I isolates. Our data suggest that the circulating of ESBL-producing E. coli carried at least one bla gene strain distributed in dairy farm wastewater in Chiang Mai.

Characterization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from Victoria, Australia, Dairy Farm Environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2078-2082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. McAuley ◽  
Kate E. McMillan ◽  
Sean C. Moore ◽  
Narelle Fegan ◽  
Edward M. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virulence Markers ◽  
Salmonella Serotypes ◽  
Serotype Identification ◽  
Salmonella Serotype ◽  
Genetic Profiles

ABSTRACT Safe dairy food production starts at the farm level, with the presence of pathogens on farms potentially impacting the downstream food supply. Studies often commence with looking for pathogens in fecal material of farm animals, predominantly cows; however, pathogens may arise from other on-farm sources. In Australia, few studies have looked at the broader farm environment, particularly in relation to Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The present study characterized the genetic similarity of these pathogens from bovine, ovine, and caprine dairy farm environments and related this to the stx1, stx2, eae, or ehx virulence markers in E. coli and antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. E. coli isolates with indistinguishable genetic profiles and at least one of the virulence factors were found in multiple samples on the farms, although profiles were unique to each farm. E. coli O26 with stx1 from one bovine farm had a different fingerprint type than all of the other E. coli O26 isolates, which lacked the Shiga toxin genes. They were from a separate bovine farm and were themselves closely related. No antibiotic resistance was detected among Salmonella isolates to the 17 antibiotics tested. Three Salmonella serotypes were identified: Orion, Infantis, and Zanzibar. The published PCR serotyping method used misidentified Salmonella Zanzibar as Salmonella Javiana, which was revealed after conventional antisera-based serotyping; this illustrates the need for caution when using PCR techniques for Salmonella serotype identification. Of the three serotypes, Salmonella Orion was most prevalent and was potentially resident on the farm. This article describes the previously unreported genetic diversity of potentially pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella serotypes from the farm environments of three dairy animal species in Victoria, Australia.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Dairy Herds and Farm Environments in a Longitudinal Study in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (13) ◽  
pp. 4477-4488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Lambertini ◽  
Jeffrey S. Karns ◽  
Jo Ann S. Van Kessel ◽  
Huilin Cao ◽  
Ynte H. Schukken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Water Factor ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
Dairy Cow Manure

ABSTRACTPathogenicEscherichia colior its associated virulence factors have been frequently detected in dairy cow manure, milk, and dairy farm environments. However, it is unclear what the long-term dynamics ofE. colivirulence factors are and which farm compartments act as reservoirs. This study assessed the occurrence and dynamics of fourE. colivirulence factors (eae,stx1,stx2, and the gamma allele of thetirgene [γ-tir]) on three U.S. dairy farms. Fecal, manure, water, feed, milk, and milk filter samples were collected from 2004 to 2012. Virulence factors were measured by postenrichment quantitative PCR (qPCR). All factors were detected in most compartments on all farms. Fecal and manure samples showed the highest prevalence, up to 53% forstxand 21% for γ-tirin fecal samples and up to 84% forstxand 44% for γ-tirin manure. Prevalence was low in milk (up to 1.9% forstxand 0.7% for γ-tir). However, 35% of milk filters were positive forstxand 20% were positive for γ-tir. All factors were detected in feed and water. Factor prevalence and levels, expressed as qPCR cycle threshold categories, fluctuated significantly over time, with no clear seasonal signal independent from year-to-year variability. Levels were correlated between fecal and manure samples, and in some cases autocorrelated, but not between manure and milk filters. Shiga toxins were nearly ubiquitous, and 10 to 18% of the lactating cows were potential shedders ofE. coliO157 at least once during their time in the herds.E. colivirulence factors appear to persist in many areas of the farms and therefore contribute to transmission dynamics.

scholarly journals Survival and Growth of Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Spp. in Well Water Used for Drinking Purposes in Garoua (North Cameroon)

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa Djaouda ◽  
Bouba Gaké ◽  
Daniel Ebang Menye ◽  
Serge Hubert Zébazé Togouet ◽  
Moïse Nola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Faecal Bacteria

The ability of strains of faecal bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and four strains of Salmonella isolated, resp., from well water, pig, poultry, and human urine in Garoua) to survive or grow in well water microcosms was compared. Water samples were obtained from two wells in Garoua (north Cameroun). Autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min and filtration through 0.2 µm filter were used to make microcosms. Microcosms were constituted of unfiltered-autoclaved, filtered-nonautoclaved, and filtered-autoclaved well waters. Bacterial strains were inoculated at initial cell concentration of 3 Log10CFU/mL. All strains were able to survive/grow in used microcosms, and a maximal concentration of 5.61 Log10CFU/mL was observed. Survival abilities were strain and microcosm dependent. The declines were more pronounced in filtered-nonautoclaved water than in the other microcosms. E. coli and Salmonella sp. (poultry strain) lowered to undetectable levels (<1 Log10CFU/mL) after two days of water storage. V. cholera decreased over time, but surviving cells persisted for longer period in filtered-nonautoclaved water from well W1 (1.91 Log10CFU/mL) and well W2 (2.09 Log10CFU/mL). Competition for nutrients and/or thermolabile antimicrobial substances synthesized by “ultramicrocells” or by the autochthonous bacteria retained by the filter might affect the bacterial survival.

scholarly journals The antimicrobial role of emulsifying salts against E.coli O157:H7 contaminated local markets soft cheese of Baquba city

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Ahmed M.S. Al-Shedidi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Trisodium Citrate ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Soft Cheese ◽  
Emulsifying Salts

    The aim  of this   study  was to investigate the degree of contamination of  locally produced soft cheese samples by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and to determine the ideal emulsifying salts  and their  appropriate ratios for emulsification of soft cheese and their impacts on microbial load of that influence public health. Samples collected randomly from five popular parties markets affiliated to the city of Baquba 60 samples of the local soft cheese produced by farmers at a rate of 30 samples for each of the summer season, from the beginning of July to the end of August, while the other thirty sample of winter season were collected from the beginning of December to the end of January to study their bacterial load of coli form and Escherichia coli especially E. coli O157:H7. The result showed total bacterial count characterized by high significance (P<0.01) in the local cheese samples of summer and winter season also. The results proved the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect of emulsifying salts on microbial activity was confirmed when the total bacterial count was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in soft cheese with (2.5%) of emulsifying salts added. Were no growth of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 after adding (2%) of emulsifying salts to nutrient broth and the results confirmed that the best mixing of the components of emulsifying salts that is made up of (90% Sodium tripolyphosphate + 10% Trisodium citrate).

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