Conclusion

Author(s):  
M. Safa Saraçoglu

This chapter presents the general conclusion of this book: Although the highest tier of Vidin’s local dynasties gradually lost their power vis-à-vis the imperial administration by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the lower-tier elite benefited from cooperation with the Ottoman administration. The Ottoman transformation during the long nineteenth century focused on legitimating the imperial order by establishing limits to governance. Part of this change was the establishment of provincial councils by 1840 as part of an Ottoman governance, which aimed to protect the ‘natural’ market order through civil law. The 1864 and 1871 regulations organised the provincial administrative and judicial councils as separate bodies where the elite’s influence was restrained with term-limits. Yet the notables dominated Vidin’s councils by moving between offices. This led to a connected judicio-adminisrative sphere, dominated by the local elite and reflecting the political dynamics among them. Different agents/groups problematized issues pertaining to security, territory and population within this sphere using technologies of Ottoman governance to pursue their strategies. These councils and Ottoman governance was not serving the elite alone but provided a negotiation platform for different people and alliances in Vidin county in conjunction with economic liberalization of the long-nineteenth century.

2021 ◽  
pp. 386-404
Author(s):  
Mamadou Bodian ◽  
Leonardo A. Villalón

The countries of the Sahel found themselves under intense domestic and international pressures to undertake political reforms in the name of democracy in the early 1990s, and indeed all of them launched efforts to do so. This chapter surveys the variations and the similarities in how the struggle to build and strengthen democratic institutions has played out in the Sahel. It examines some initial fundamental questions related to the nature of a democratic state that were raised by the transitions, before turning to a discussion of the core institutional debates that have defined the struggle. Subsequent sections discuss the political dynamics and the similarities and variations across countries in the institutions for organizing and administering elections and electoral systems; presidential term limits; the structure of legislatures; and the provisions for women’s representation.


Author(s):  
M. Safa Saraçoglu

This chapter explains the primary focus and the theoretical devices for the book, introduces Vidin region and provides a brief outline for the chapters. Provincial councils were key offices of Ottoman governance from 1840s onward. In the broader context of Ottoman liberal-capitalist social formation during the long 19th century (1789-1922), local councils provided a venue for local agents pursue competing political and economic strategies. Conventional historiography on 19th century Ottoman state-society relations puts a lot of emphasis on an imperial regulation from 1864 in explaining provincial councils as an extension of imperial centralization policies. This study shifts the focus of research on provincial documents produced by such councils to reveal how these offices and practices of Ottoman governance served as a platform for the political and economic negotiations of provincial agents pursuing their interests. The documents produced by the provincial councils in Vidin County in Ottoman-administered Bulgaria provide a rich source to explore the dynamics of 19th century Ottoman governance in its full richness focusing on property rights, security matters, market order and population management.


2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
INDIRA ARUMUGAM

AbstractSome Hindus are killing animals in larger numbers, more regularly, and in more spectacular fashions than they have ever done before. In contradiction of the ethnographic record asserting the diminishing significance of ritual killing since the nineteenth century, sacrifices to tutelary deities that had long been abandoned are being reactivated or enacted for the first time. However, such a counter-intuitive surge in the popularity of sacrifices is occurring at a time when the very deities to whom they are dedicated are apparently losing their potency. This seeming paradox, this article proposes, is an implication of both the entrenchment of electoral democracy and the material transformations accompanying economic liberalization in rural Tamil Nadu. In an electoral democracy, the political significance of tutelary deities—and consequently their charisma—has diminished. Their productive valence however, as exemplified in ritual sacrifices, has become ever more resonant in India's post-liberalization milieu, with its heightened sense of opportunity but also competitiveness and uncertainty.


Author(s):  
Yuri Pines

This chapter focuses primarily on those members of local elites who were connected to the government apparatus. This core group of local elites had decisively shaped state-elite interactions throughout imperial history. The chapter first outlines historical changes in the character of local elites and in their relations with the pre-imperial, the early imperial, and the late imperial state. It shows that the process of establishing viable relations between these elites and the bureaucracy was a lengthy and painful one, and that it took more than a full millennium for the empire to learn how to harness local elites to its cause. Even then, tension between holders of social and of administrative power remained highly visible, and cycles of cooperation and contest between them shaped much of the political dynamics of the imperial age.


2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Nur Faizin

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) plays an important role in various aspects of Indonesians’ life. In a political sphere, NU had became a respected political party. Eventually, NU decided to withdraw from politics through the declaration of khittah, which was mandated by the National Alim Ulama NU meeting at Pondok Pesantren Salafiah Syafi’iyah Sukorejo, Situbondo, East Java on 13-16 Rabi’ul Awwal 1404 H / 18-21 December 1983 M. However, this declaration is not immediately release its’ cadres not to plunge in the political stage. Nowadays, many NU cadres occupying important positions both in local and the central government. Therefore, it is interesting to observe how local elite of NU in Sumenep during the local election contribute to shape political dynamics in the region. This research using qualitative research method by employing interpretive and naturalistic approaches to the subject of study. The key informants for this research are those who actively engage in politics, especially the elites of the NU and their followers. This study found that there are continuity relations between the NU elites who take part in practical political stage and those who are behind the political stage. In addition, the battle of several candidates for government position among the local elites of NU pushed the blessing of kyai away from the significant factor of voters to decide whom they had chosen in the last election.NU (Nadlatul Ulama) berperan penting dalam berbagai kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Dalam ranah politik, NU pernah menjadi sebuah partai besar yang disegani. Akhirnya ia memilih keluar dari lingkaran percaturan pilitik praktis melalui khittah NU 1926 yang dipuruskan melalui musyawarah Nasional Alim Ulama NU di Pondok Pesantren Salafiah Syafi’iyah Sukorejo, Situbondo, Jawa Timur pada tanggal 13-16 Robi’ul Awwal 1404 H/18-21 Desember 1983 M. Sejak saat itu NU dan politik terpisah secara praktis. Namun demikian tidak dengan serta merta melepas para kader-kadernya untuk tidak terjun di panggung politik. Saat ini telah banyak kader NU menduduki posisi penting baik di pemerintahan daerah hingga pemerintahan pusat. Hal tersebut tentunya tidak terlepas dari background rumah asal mereka sebagai golongan nahdliyin. Begitu pula yang terjadi di daerah Kabupaten Sumenep. Sejak pemilihan umum secara langsung tidak sedikit kader NU duduk di pemerintahan lokal sebgai DPRD ataupun kepala pemerintah daerah (bupati). Yang menjadi persoalan utama di sini ialah tidak hanya mereka yang menang merebut kuasa, namun lebih pada bagaimana pengaruh elite lokal NU dalam dinamika Pemilukada di Kabupaten Sumenep terutama pada tahun 2010. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, yang memfokuskan diri pada perhatian dengan berbagai metode mencakup pendekatan interpretatif dan naturalistik terhadap subjek kajiannya. Sedangkan lokasi penelitian ialah di Kabupaten Sumenep, Jawa Timur. Sasaran penelitian masyarakat Sumenep dan elite NU Kabupaten Sumenep. Walau penelitian berlangsung selama satu bulan penelitian termasuk prelimenary research. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan beberapa rangkaian kesinambungan antara elite NU yang berkiprah di panggung politik praktis dan mereka yang berada di belakang panggung. Selain itu pertarungan beberapa calon kepala pemerintahan yang nota bane adalah rata-rata sebagai warga nahdliyin tidak menjadikan pengaruh atau restu kiai sebagai alasan utama pemilih pada Pemilukada tahun 2010 memilih calon yang dikehendaki.Key words: NU, Local Election, Kyai, and Politics.


Author(s):  
Robert Elgie

This chapter focuses on the politics of presidential term limits including that of term lengths, in Europe from the nineteenth century onwards. It surveys twenty-three European countries, namely the EU members that currently have a president as their head of state plus Iceland and Switzerland. The main argument is that Europe has not been exempt from the political manipulation of presidential term limits, notably during the interwar period. However, in the modern era, meaning Western Europe after 1945 and Central and Eastern Europe after 1989, the abuse of presidential term limits has not been a live issue. The issue of term lengths, though, has been consequential in the small number of European countries with an executive presidency. The chapter provides information about presidential term limits and term lengths in Europe, examines some of the debates surrounding term limits, and discusses the effect of term lengths on presidential/cabinet conflict.


2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Halloran

Modern accounts of the battle of Brunanburh have generally suggested a location in the Northumbrian-Mercian borderlands east or west of the Pennines, a conclusion based in part on analysis of the aims and strategy of Anlaf Guthfrithson, Viking king of Dublin. This article re-examines the political dynamics of the coalition against Athelstan, taking account of the territorial and political ambitions of the kings of Alba and Strathclyde, and proposes a radically different interpretation of the campaign of 937. It also questions the reliability of the variant form Brunanburh as a guide to the battle's location and concludes that the most likely site was Burnswark in Annandale.


2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-351
Author(s):  
Omar Velasco Herrera

Durante la primera mitad del siglo xix, las necesidades presupuestales del erario mexicano obligaron al gobierno a recurrir al endeudamiento y al arrendamiento de algunas de las casas de moneda más importantes del país. Este artículo examina las condiciones políticas y económicas que hicieron posible el relevo del capital británico por el estadounidense—en estricto sentido, californiano—como arrendatario de la Casa de Moneda de México en 1857. Asimismo, explora el desarrollo empresarial de Juan Temple para explicar la coyuntura política que hizo posible su llegada, y la de sus descendientes, a la administración de la ceca de la capital mexicana. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the budgetary needs of the Mexican treasury forced the government to resort to borrowing and leasing some of the most important mints in the country. This article examines the political and economic conditions that allowed for the replacement of British capital by United States capital—specifically, Californian—as the lessee of the Mexican National Mint in 1857. It also explores the development of Juan Temple’s entrepreneurship to explain the political circumstances that facilitated his admission, and that of his descendants, into the administration of the National Mint in Mexico City.


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