The Azd in Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-67
Author(s):  
Brian Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Origin Story ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Early Islamic

This chapter first reviews the evidence for al-Azd in Epigraphic South Arabian inscriptions, and argues that there was one al-Azd kingdom centered on Jurash in the Wadi Bisha and perhaps another elsewhere. It then discusses the “Scattering of al-Azd” accounts in the Arabic sources, arguing that the Malik b. Fahm accounts served as an origin story for al-Azd in Oman, and were grafted onto separate accounts of Amr Muzayqiya which served as the basis for the “southern” Arabs (Yemen) in Umayyad times. The evidence for al-Azd in both the pre-Islamic (Jahiliyya) Sarat Mountains and Oman is then reviewed, along with the impact of the rise of Islam in these areas. Finally, it notes the significance of Bedouin to later senses of Arabness as important in the primary sources on pre-Islamic Arabia.

scholarly journals The history of the creation of lasers and analysis of the impact of their application in the material processing on the development of certain industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-149
Author(s):  
Artemii Bernatskyi ◽  
Vladyslav Khaskin
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Laser Technology ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Stable Growth ◽  
Patent Wars ◽  
The Impact

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the history of the creation of the laser as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. In preparing the paper, the generally accepted methods, which are widely used in the preparation of historical research works, have been applied: the historical method – for the study and interpretation of the texts of primary sources and the search for other evidence used for research, as well as for the presentation of historical events associated with the development of laser technology; the historical-genetic method – for studying the genesis of specific historical phenomena and analyzing the causality of changes in the development of laser technology; the historical-critical method – for displaying cause-and-effect relationships, reconstructing events that influenced the development of laser technology; the method of historical periodization. The variety of different possible options for the use of lasers did not allow placing all the collected materials within the framework of one paper, and therefore, the authors have decided to dwell on the facts, which, in the opinion of the paper’s authors, are the most interesting, significant, poorly studied, and little known. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the “patent wars” that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. It has been shown that the modern market for laser technology continues to develop actively, as evidenced by the continued stable growth of laser sales over the past 10 years. This indicates that the demand for laser technology is inextricably linked with the development of high technology production and scientific-technological progress. The analysis has shown that recently, the trends in the use of laser technology have changed; in particular, their industrial and medical applications are decreasing, while there is an increase in their use in the fields of sensor production and communication.

The Potential for Historical Studies of Fisheries in Australia and New Zealand

2001 ◽  
pp. 181-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Tull ◽  
Tom Polacheck
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Trawl Fishery ◽  
Small Family ◽  
The Impact

Malcolm Tull, Tom Polacheck, and Neil Klaer examine the primary sources - particularly printed statistical sources - and secondary literature in order to understand the impact of commercial fishing and harvesting of fish across Australia and New Zealand - including a case study of the multi-species Southeast Australain Trawl Fishery. The authors note that fisheries in Australia and New Zealand have historically been managed by small, family operations, so the records pertining to them are sparse. As a result, most of the records in this chapter come from governmental sources - such as reports and inquiries into Australasian fisheries.

Electronic Games as a Touristic Promotional Tool

2020 ◽  
pp. 389-418
Author(s):  
Fábia Esteves ◽  
Pedro Quelhas Brito
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Tourism Marketing ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
Electronic Games ◽  
Tourism Organization ◽  
The Impact

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), in 2017 tourism had the greatest international growth in seven years, and in 2018, international tourism grew 5% reaching the mark of 1.4 billion, a figure reached two years earlier than predicted. At the same time, in the last 40 years, the video game industry has grown steadily, with games beginning to be seen as one of the primary sources of entertainment. However, there are still few studies analyzing the impact of advertising tourist destinations on digital platforms such as video games. The use of video games in the tourist context may be an inspirational tool, supporting the development of new advertising strategies for tourism marketing. Although the connection between tourism and cinema is widely documented, little research has demonstrated a credible correlation between video games and tourists' attitude towards destinations.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jim Powell
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cotton Trade

This chapter describes the objectives of the book. No full-length work exists on the crisis in the British cotton trade during the American Civil War, and the only substantial study of the raw cotton market in Liverpool was made by Thomas Ellison 130 years ago. The book remedies these omissions. It has two objectives. First, to establish the factual record of Britain’s raw cotton supply during the civil war. Second, to examine the impact of the civil war on Liverpool, and on the operation of the raw cotton trade there, with specific reference to the role of the cotton brokers. The chapter discusses the existing historiography and its deficiencies, and describes the primary sources that underpin this study. It establishes the crucial, and neglected, importance of price to the trade in raw cotton.

scholarly journals The Regulation of Religious Communities in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparative Approach to Ming China and Pre-Reformation England

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 606
Author(s):  
Teng Li ◽  
Matteo Salonia
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Reformation England ◽  
Late Medieval England ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the regulation of religious life in the late Middle Ages (14th and 15th centuries), focusing comparatively on Catholic monastic communities in pre-Reformation England and Buddhist monasticism in early Ming China. This comparative approach to two of the most important monastic traditions across Eurasia allows us to problematize the paradigm of ideas and praxes surrounding monastic self-governance in Latin Christendom and to integrate the current scholarship on Ming regulation of religious communities by investigating the pivotal changes in imperial religious policies taking place in the early period of this dynasty. We find that monks and secular authorities at the two ends of Eurasia often shared the same concerns about the discipline of religious men and women, the administration of their properties, and the impact of these communities on society at large. Yet, the article identifies significant differences in the responses given to these concerns. Through the analysis of primary sources that have thus far been overlooked, we show how in early Ming China the imperial government imposed a strict control over the education, ordination and disciplining of Buddhist monks. This bureaucratic system was especially strengthened during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang (r. 1368–1398), when the figure of the Monk-Official and other tools of secular regulation were introduced, and limits to property claims and economic activities of monasteries were imposed. Instead, during the same period, English monasteries benefited from the previous disentangling of the Church from secular political authorities across Europe. In fact, in late medieval England, the Benedictine tradition of self-governance and independence from the secular sphere was arguably even more marked than in the rest of the continent.

IMPACT OF CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION OF TROLLEYBUS LINE NO. 29 IN GDYNIA ON PASSENGERS’ TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (0) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Aleksander Jagiełło ◽  
Paweł Gałka
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Residential District ◽  
The Impact

This article provides research findings on the impact of changes in the organization of trolleybus line No. 29 on passengers’ travel behaviour, in particular the inhabitants of Fikakowo residential district in Gdynia. The article comprises the following sections: introduction, characteristics of line No. 29 and transport infrastructure and rolling stock in operation, presentation of the results of own studies and conclusion. In the article secondary sources were used (overview of literature and the organizer’s internal materials) as well as the primary sources (results of own research conducted under method of face-to-face, individual and standardized interviews).

Applications of remote sensing in geomorphology

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Smith ◽  
C.F. Pain
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Process Characterization ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
The Impact

Remotely sensed imagery has been used extensively in geomorphology since the availability of early Landsat data, with its value measurable by the extent to which it can meet the investigative requirements of geomorphologists. Geomorphology focuses upon landform description/classification, process characterization and the association between landforms and processes, while remote sensing is able to provide information on the location/distribution of landforms, surface/subsurface composition and surface elevation. The current context for the application of remote sensing in geomorphology is presented with a particular focus upon the impact of new technologies, in particular: (1) the wide availability of digital elevation models; and (2) the introduction of hyperspectral imaging, radiometrics and electromagnetics. Remote sensing is also beginning to offer capacity in terms of close-range (<200 m) techniques for very high-resolution imaging. This paper reviews the primary sources for DEMs from satellite and airborne platforms, as well as briefly reviewing more traditional multispectral scanners, and radiometric and electromagnetic systems. Examples of the applications of these techniques are summarized and presented within the context of geomorphometric analysis and spectral modelling. Finally, the wider issues of access to geographic information and data distribution are discussed.

scholarly journals Micro-credit for the Small Enterprises Development: A Case of Kaski District, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Deepesh Ranabhat ◽  
Bharat Ram Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Service Industry ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Generation Expansion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Credit

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of micro-credit on the small or micro-enterprises development with reference to Kaski district of Nepal. The descriptive and analytical research design is used and the research is based on the primary sources of data collected through structured questionnaires. During the study, the researchers selected 170 respondents, who were involved in the micro-credit programme in the last five or more years in the microfinance institutions, using the purposive sampling technique. The study finds that the majority of the clients are involved in agriculture and livestock and the rest are involved in the micro-business and enterprises related to service industry (such as tailoring, beauty parlor, hotel or restaurant), trade or business and small-scale manufacturing sectors. Micro-credit has a positive correlation with initial investment, revenue generation, employment generation, expansion of business and profit generation. The study also finds that micro-credit has encouraged clients to engage in the micro-business and enterprise development activities. The study recommends that it is necessary to adopt an effective utilization policy of micro-credit that may benefit both microfinance institutions for its sustainability and clients for their living standard improvement.

scholarly journals The Impact of Improved Aerosol Priors on Near-Infrared Measurements of Carbon Dioxide

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Nelson ◽  
Christopher W. O'Dell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Infrared Measurements ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) was launched in 2014 with the goal of measuring the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) with sufficient precision and accuracy to infer regional carbon sources and sinks. One of the primary sources of error in near-infrared measurements of XCO2 is the scattering effects of cloud and aerosol layers. In this work, we study the impact of ingesting intelligent aerosol priors from the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) into the OCO-2 ACOS V8 retrieval algorithm with the objective of reducing the error in XCO2 from real measurements. Multiple levels of both aerosol setup complexity and uncertainty on the aerosol priors were tested, ranging from a mostly unconstrained aerosol optical depth (AOD) setup to ingesting full aerosol profiles with high confidence. We find that using co-located GEOS-5 aerosol types and AODs with low uncertainty results in a small improvement in the retrieved XCO2 against the Total Carbon Column Observing Network relative to V8. In contrast, attempting to use modeled vertical information in the aerosol prior to improve the XCO2 retrieval generally gives poor results, as aerosol models struggle with the vertical placement of aerosol layers. To assess regional differences in XCO2, we compare our results to a global CO2 model validation suite. We find that the GEOS-5 setup performs better than V8 over Northern Africa and Central Asia, with the standard deviation of the XCO2 error reduced from 2.12 ppm to 1.83 ppm, due to a combination of smaller prior AODs and lower prior uncertainty. In general, the use of more intelligent aerosol priors shows promise but is currently restricted by the accuracy of aerosol models.

scholarly journals The impact of British public opinion on women’s relationships with American GIs in Gloucestershire 1942-1946.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Abigail Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Sexual Agency ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women's Relationships ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The main focus of this study is to determine the impact of public opinion on women’s relationships with American GIs in Gloucestershire 1942-1946. This involves understanding the scope of the relationships that were had and how race determined the way women who fraternised with US troops were portrayed to the public. Its primary aim is to provide new understanding of a subject that is under researched in Gloucestershire. Much attention has been given to the presence and impact of American soldiers in the Britain during the Second World War. However, no study has directly focused on Gloucestershire. This thesis also aims to understand if public opinion regarding women’s relationships with American soldiers impacted their sexual agency. Two main methods are used, the textual analysis of primary sources and the use of oral history accounts. The research reveals that sexual relationships with American soldiers added to the existing apprehension that surrounded female sexuality. Many local women had relationships with American soldiers, which aggravated some members of the public and the local authorities, especially if the soldier was black. Young working-class girls and women were particularly singled out for their immoral behaviour towards the US troops. The research also reveals that women in Gloucestershire expressed indifference and defiance towards the often-disapproving public opinion and control mechanisms implemented to influence the sexual agency of women. This thesis contributes to women’s history in Gloucestershire, uncovering a period of the county’s history that until now has not been researched.

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