Waterworks

2020 ◽  
pp. 369-414
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shokoohy ◽  
Natalie H. Shokoohy
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monsoon Rain

An excerpt from Ibn Baṭṭūṭa introduces the challenges of surviving in this arid region. All the existing Indian methods for harnessing and storing monsoon rain were employed in Bayana, adapted and enhanced by the Muslims, resulting in a variety of dams, wells and reservoirs. The reservoirs vary from enhanced natural depressions, such as the “Peacock Lake” planned to supply the Fort, to the more elaborate reservoirs with steps at all sides (bā’olīs). All significant remains are surveyed, notably the Jhālar Bā’olī, an elegant walled and colonnaded structure built in 1318 by the Khaljī governor, Kāfur Sulṭāni, possibly for the army campground but exceptional in its design and creation of a micro-climate. The deep rectangular bā’olīs with a well at one end and steps at the other could also have shady underground arcades and colonnades as places of resort from the heat: the Bā’olī of Khān-i Khānān built for the use of Hindus in the Fort has a hierarchy of space and ornament anticipating early Mughal buildings, other step-wells combining pleasure and utility include that at Barambad, in the garden of Maryam Zamānī, the wife of the Emperor Akbar.

scholarly journals Comparing climate change indices between a northern (arid) and a southern (humid) basin in Mexico during the last decades

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín José Montero-Martínez ◽  
Julio Sergio Santana-Sepúlveda ◽  
Naydú Isabel Pérez-Ortiz ◽  
Óscar Pita-Díaz ◽  
Salvador Castillo-Liñan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Humid Area ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract. It is a matter of current study to determine potential climate changes in different parts of the world, especially in regions like a basin which has the potential to affect socioeconomic and environmental issues in a defined area. This study provides a comparison between several climate change indices trends of two very different basins in Mexico, one located in the northern arid region (the Conchos River basin) and the other in the southern humid area (the Usumacinta River basin). First, quality control, homogenization, and completion of the missing data were applied before calculating the climate change indices and their respective trends for the combined period 1961–1994. A clear warming signal was found for the two basins in addition to an increment in the DTR, in agreement with other studies in Mexico. Also, the Conchos River basin was found to be more humid and the Usumacinta River basin drier, in accordance to a supposed seesaw behavior indicated in previous analysis.

scholarly journals A Research on the Fruitfulness of the Reddish-Yellow Acrisol in Serra da Meruoca, Ceará, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Marcos Venicios Ribeiro Mendes ◽  
Simone Ferreira Diniz ◽  
Cleire Lima da Costa Falcão ◽  
José Falcão Sobrinho ◽  
Francisca Edineide Lima Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Humid Area ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Agriculture, to be successful, needs soil to have a potential nutrient composition that is relevant to plants. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the conditions for farming through soil analysis. Thus, this manuscript makes it possible to analyze the fruitfulness of two samples of the reddish-yellow acrisol—one with vegetation and the other without it—from Serra da Meruoca, a humid area in the semi-arid region of Ceará. Concerning the material and method, the stages were literature review, researches on cartographic bases, fieldwork, and data collection and their analysis in the laboratory. The results show that the area of acrisol with vegetation favors the practice of agriculture, a fact observed because of carbon (C), which is indicative of soil with intense cultivation, as well as calcium (Ca), which appeared in a significant level, typical of arable land. In the second sample, the acrisol without vegetation, the parameters that impose restrictions on agriculture are the pH, which contains exchangeable aluminum, indicative of high acidity that leads to a leaching process. Also, the aluminum (Al) at a low level reflected the need for dolomitic quicklime, for the amendment of a deficient soil. Therefore, studies on its fruitfulness are essential for farmers to reap the rewards according to the results obtained and analyzed.

Archaeological Problems in the Southern California Deserts

1936 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth W. Crozer Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Great Basin ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Southern California ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
The Future

During years of painstaking work in the California Desert certain types of flint implements seem to have occurred again and again. Our work is now carried on with two main objectives: one to cover all likely areas where sites might be found, the other to try to discover if cultural groups follow certain geologic formations and if so, to place these types in their proper sequence, all of which is no very simple task. With these two main objectives in view, it is proposed to scour the more arid region of southern California, with the idea that any solution of the problems connected with this territory may prove a possible clew towards unraveling the story of prehistoric man in wider portions of the Great Basin, which we hope to explore in the future.

Diet Comparison Between Two Sympatric Owls—Tyto Alba and Asio Otus—in the Negev Desert, Israel

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohar Leader ◽  
Yoram Yom-Tov ◽  
Uzi Motro
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Barn Owl ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negev Desert ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Seasonal Differences

We studied the diets of the barn owl Tyto alba and the long-eared owl Asio otus in an arid region in the northern and central Negev Desert, Israel. The diet of the two owl species consisted mainly of small mammals, but the long-eared owl consumed a significantly larger proportion of birds in all seasons than did the barn owl. Seasonal differences in the proportion of birds in the diet of the long-eared owl were mainly due to the consumption of migratory birds. Diet composition of each of the two species resembled more the diet of its conspecifics from other locations in that region and other seasons rather than that of the other species from the same location or season. This indicates that these two owl species do not consume prey in proportion to its availability, but prefer certain types of prey over others.

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers for wheat and barley in a semi-arid region

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Krentos ◽  
P. I. Orphanos
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizers ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

SUMMARYNineteen NP experiments were carried out with wheat and barley mostly in the Mesaoria plain of Cyprus over the period 1968–78. The fields were fallowed over the season preceding the experiments. Rainfall ranged from 68 to 405 mm. Kyperounda, a tall durum wheat, Pitic 62, a semi-dwarf aestivum wheat, and Athenais barley were the test varieties. No yield was obtained when rainfall was below 100 mm. Athenais barley consistently outyielded the wheat varieties, particularly Kyperounda, by up to 200% presumably because of earlier heading, which helpedthe crop to escape drought to a certain extent.Kyperounda wheat and Athenais barley mostly responded to 35 kg N/ha but Pitic 62 benefited from up to 70 kg N/ha. Fertilizer N not taken up in a year of extremely low rainfall remained in the soil and was available to the following crop.Response to P was more marked when rainfall was below 250 mm being linear over the rates tested (highest rate 26 kg P/ha). Athenais barley responded to P more than the other varieties. Bicarbonate-soluble soil P was between 1 and 10 mg/kg.Since rainfall is unpredictable it is recommended that 20–40 kg N/ha be applied atseeding together with 13–26 kg P/ha. A similar amount of N should be top dressed in late January. The higher amount refers to the semi-dwarf Pitic 62 wheat and could be increased further if the December-January rainfall, which normally constitutes 40% of the total, is high. These rates refer to crops grown after fallow. For continuous growing the rates would probably have to be increased.

The Role of the Organizational Actor in the Process of Social Transformation in Territories

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Suzanne Érica Nóbrega Correia ◽  
Verônica Macário de Oliveira ◽  
Carla Regina Pasa Goméz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Access To Resources ◽  
Family Farmers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Semi Arid

To discuss the role of the organizational actor in the process of social transformation in territories as a promoter of social gains and responses is what this chapter is all about. The discussion was carried out through theoretical landmarks on social innovation, and an empirical study in the articulation of the semi-arid (SAA) organization, which is aimed at creating conditions for coexistence with the most arid region of Brazil. Results show that the organizational actor plays the roles of enhancing the society capacity to act, to create new roles and relationships with the other actors, and to promote access to resources, thus enabling family farmers to better meet their own needs. It is concluded that the social innovation initiative studied is characterized by its dissemination in sync with specific actions articulated in a network and adapted to the contexts, with the organizational actor as the pivot and representative of the paradigmatic transition.

scholarly journals Neonatal mortality associated with sodium monofluoracetate in kids fed with colostrum from goats ingesting Amorimia septentrionalis

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
José R.G. Lopes ◽  
José A.S. Araújo ◽  
Danielle A.N. Pessoa ◽  
Stephen Lee ◽  
Daniel Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT: Sudden deaths after colostrum ingestion in kids and lambs born to mothers grazing in areas with Amorimia septentrionalis have been reported in the Brazilian northeastern semi-arid region, in Paraíba state. This study aimed to determine whether the sodium monofluoracetate (MF) contained in A. septentrionalis is eliminated in milk, causing the death of kids. After confirming gestation on the 25th day after mating, 26 goats were randomly distributed into three groups. In Group 1, eight goats received fresh leaves of A. septentrionalis in daily doses of 1g/kg body weight, administered at three different periods during gestation: from days 91 to 100, 116 to 125, and from day 140 until delivery day. In Group 2, consisting of 10 females, eight goats received 1g/kg body weight of A. septentrionalis dried and milled leaves, fed daily from the 140th day of gestation until delivery. The other two goats of this group did not ingest the plant during gestation and after delivery the colostrum supplied to their kids was replaced by colostrum of goats from that same group that had ingested the plant. Eight goats from Group 3 (control) did not ingest A. septentrionalis. Seven goats from Group 1 showed signs of poisoning from 2nd to 8th days of plant administration, in all periods, and recovered within 7 to 12 days. Another goat presented severe clinical signs and was submitted to euthanasia in extremis. Two goats aborted. Four kids, from two goats, received colostrum and, after 15 minutes, presented depression, breathing wheezing, lateral recumbence, bleating, and death. Two goats gave birth at night; the two kids were found dead and, at necropsy, it was verified that they were born alive. The last goat in this group gave birth to two kids which showed no signs of poisoning after colostrum ingestion. In Group 2, the eight goats that ingested dry leaves of the plant presented tachycardia and engorgement of the jugular veins; six aborted, and the kids of the other two goats died immediately after delivery without ingesting colostrum. The three kids of the two goats that did not ingest the plant during gestation did not show signs of poisoning after ingesting colostrum from the goats that had ingested the plant. In Group 3, all females kidded normally and the kids showed no signs of poisoning. Ten leaf samples of A. septentrionalis contained 0.00074% ±0.00018 MF. These results demonstrate that the MF of A. septentrionalis is eliminated in colostrum and may cause the death of kids. As in previous reports, the plant also caused abortion.

Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Patch Reef ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Biotic Crisis

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).

D. The Line Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 207-244
Author(s):  
R. P. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Empirical Information ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Informal Approach

(Ed. note:Encouraged by the success of the more informal approach in Christy's presentation, we tried an even more extreme experiment in this session, I-D. In essence, Kraft held the floor continuously all morning, and for the hour and a half afternoon session, serving as a combined Summary-Introductory speaker and a marathon-moderator of a running discussion on the line spectrum of cepheids. There was almost continuous interruption of his presentation; and most points raised from the floor were followed through in detail, no matter how digressive to the main presentation. This approach turned out to be much too extreme. It is wearing on the speaker, and the other members of the symposium feel more like an audience and less like participants in a dissective discussion. Because Kraft presented a compendious collection of empirical information, and, based on it, an exceedingly novel series of suggestions on the cepheid problem, these defects were probably aggravated by the first and alleviated by the second. I am much indebted to Kraft for working with me on a preliminary editing, to try to delete the side-excursions and to retain coherence about the main points. As usual, however, all responsibility for defects in final editing is wholly my own.)

C. The Continuous Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
J. B. Oke ◽  
C. A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Thermodynamic Structure ◽  
Diagnostic Interpretation ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
The Continuum

Pecker:The topic to be considered today is the continuous spectrum of certain stars, whose variability we attribute to a pulsation of some part of their structure. Obviously, this continuous spectrum provides a test of the pulsation theory to the extent that the continuum is completely and accurately observed and that we can analyse it to infer the structure of the star producing it. The continuum is one of the two possible spectral observations; the other is the line spectrum. It is obvious that from studies of the continuum alone, we obtain no direct information on the velocity fields in the star. We obtain information only on the thermodynamic structure of the photospheric layers of these stars–the photospheric layers being defined as those from which the observed continuum directly arises. So the problems arising in a study of the continuum are of two general kinds: completeness of observation, and adequacy of diagnostic interpretation. I will make a few comments on these, then turn the meeting over to Oke and Whitney.

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