From Christian Aliens to Chinese Citizens: The National Identity of Chinese Christians in the Twentieth Century

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Yi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Chinese Christians ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S

Christianity used to be an alien affair in China, both culturally and politically. Since the Boxer Movement in 1900, Chinese Christians began to reflect on their own national identity. The Anti-Christian Movement in the 1920s accelerated this process, with the indigenisation movement as a key programme. It was due to the Three-Self Patriotic Movement in the 1950s that Chinese Christians finally became part of the Chinese People. This achievement was consolidated with the accommodation and reform in the 1980s: the greatest change in Christianity in twentieth-century China. In the global context, Chinese Christians not only need consider how to adapt to Chinese culture and society, but also how they will contribute to the world Christian movement.

scholarly journals Vulgar Modernism: J. M. Richards, Modernism and the Vernacular in British Architecture

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 229-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
The World ◽  
Architectural Review ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
British Architecture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reyner Banham

In 1946 J. M. Richards, editor of theArchitectural Review (AR)and self-proclaimed champion of modernism, published a book entitledThe Castles on the Ground(Fig. 1). This book, written while working for the Ministry of Information (Mol) in Cairo during the war, was a study of British suburban architecture and contained long, romantic descriptions of the suburban house and garden. Richards described the suburb as a place in which ‘everything is in its place’ and where ‘the abruptness, the barbarities of the world are far away’. For this reasonThe Castles on the Groundis most often remembered as a retreat from pre-war modernism, into nostalgia for mock-Tudor houses and privet hedges. The writer and critic Reyner Banham, who worked with Richards at the AR in the 1950s, described the book as a ‘blank betrayal of everything that Modern Architecture was supposed to stand for’. More recently, however, it has been rediscovered and reassessed for its contribution to mid-twentieth-century debates about the relationship between modern architects and the British public. These reassessments get closer to Richards’s original aim for the book. He was not concerned with the style of suburban architecture for its own sake, but with the question of why the style was so popular and what it meant for the role of modern architects in Britain and their relationship to the ‘man in the street’.

The Global Right in the World Revolutions of 1917 and 20xx

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Chase-Dunn ◽  
Jennifer S.K. Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
First Century ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
World Systems ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Transnational Social Movements ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Abstract An understanding of the contemporary constellation of right-wing national and transnational social movements needs to compare the recent movements and the global context with what happened in the first half of the twentieth century to figure out the similarities and differences, and to gain insights about what could be the consequences of the reemergence of populist nationalism and fascist movements. This article uses the comparative evolutionary world-systems perspective to study the global right from 1900 to the present. The point is to develop a better understanding of twenty-first century fascism, populist nationalism, and authoritarian practices and to help construct a praxis for the New Global Left.1

Implicit Meaning of Chinese Vocabulary on Colors in Five Elements Elucidating Socio-Cultural Context

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Kritsadee Songkhai
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Chinese Opera ◽  
New Words ◽  
The World ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Culture And Language

The Chinese words on colors do not only indicate types of colors, but also implicit the elucidating socio-cultural context. Colors in the Chinese language represent good and bad terms. For example, the makeup color of the Chinese opera show assigns the character wearing red makeup as a symbol of loyalty, justice, power, wealth, or high rank. Red contains most of the excellent and positive definition. On the other hand, the character wearing white means a person who is dangerous, cunning, and dishonest. These are some examples of how Chinese people use colors to represent meaning. Moreover, Chinese vocabularies are also communicated through alphabets and created to new words that hide beliefs and culture of the use of color as well.This research aims to study the “Implicit Meaning of Chinese Vocabulary on Colors in Five Elements Elucidating Socio-cultural Context.” China is a fascinating country in culture and language. Besides, Chinese is a language used by many people as the top three in the world. This research studies 5 Chinese color words, which are red, black, white, green, and yellow. The methodology is to analyze words through the example vocabularies by describing and collecting from books, journals, and articles. For an instant, Red in Chinese culture is the color of fortune. Therefore, red words are used to create new words that relate to prosperity, such as 开门红(kāi mén hóng)means opening to welcome good things or 红红火火(hóng hóng huǒ huǒ)which is a wish for prosperity and, often used for business. As a result, it can be seen that the study of Chinese color terms is not only about colors, but these words also link to beliefs and cultures over time until many new words are created. It is the use of color words mixed into new vocabulary to reflect the ideas, beliefs, and cultures. We can study Chinese culture through color vocabulary very well.

Travail of a Broken Family: Evangelical Responses to Pentecostalism in America, 1906–1916

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Wacker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S

Early pentecostals thought the world of themselves and they assumed that everyone else did too. Not always positively, of course, but frequently, and with secret envy. In one sense it is difficult to imagine how pentecostals could have been more wrong. Till the 1950s most Americans had never heard of them. A handful of observers within the established Churches noticed their existence, and maybe a dozen journalists and scholars took a few hours to try to figure out why a movement so manifestly backward could erupt in the sunlit progressivism of the early twentieth century. But for the American public as a whole, that was about all there was. In another sense, however, pentecostals' extravagant assessment of their own importance proved exactly right. Radical evangelicals, pentecostals' spiritual and in many cases biological parents, marshalled impressive resources to crush the menace in their midst. Abusive words flew back and forth for years, subsiding into sullen silence only in the 1930s. Things improved somewhat after World War II, but even today many on both sides of the canyon continue to eye the other with fear and suspicion.

Readers and Writers

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-105
Author(s):  
Judith G. Coffin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
French Intellectuals ◽  
Day By Day

This chapter elaborates how Simone de Beauvoir burst into the world of literary stardom in the 1950s. It begins with Mandarins from 1954, Beauvoir's novel about postwar French intellectuals' political, literary, and ethical debates, and their love lives, which won many readers and gained a blizzard of publicity. It also cites the novels, plays, and philosophical essays on justice, ethics, and morality that Beauvoir has written as an accomplished writer. The chapter talks about Beauvoir's publication of her reflections on her travels through the United States, America Day by Day, which was dedicated to Richard and Ellen Wright. It describes the outcome of Beauvoir's hard work as an epic of postwar existentialism and its attendant anguish, a readable and serious fare that fueled the mid-twentieth-century expansion of book publishing.

The Sage of Sages: T. C. Chao's Christology in Yesu Zhuan

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-180
Author(s):  
Ximian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Divine Nature ◽  
Liberal Theology ◽  
National Crisis ◽  
Christianity In China

T. C. Chao (Zhao Zichen, 1888–1979) was a leading Chinese theologian of the twentieth century. His Yesu Zhuan is a well-known book in China and accepted by many Chinese people as a way to know who Jesus is. Given this, this article will examine Chao's Christology in Yesu Zhuan. It will first introduce the historical context of Yesu Zhuan, including national crisis, cultural crisis and anti-Christian movements. Then, Chao's purpose and the methodology of writing Yesu Zhuan will be elaborated, which will be followed by a theological appraisal of Chao's methodology and Christology in Yesu Zhuan. By so doing, the article will demonstrate that under the influence of Western liberal theology and with the effort to indigenise Christianity in China, Chao actually portrays a ‘Jesus’ who is the most prominent Sage, the Sage of sages. That means he delineates a possible way in which Christian faith may be understood in Chinese culture. However, the ‘Jesus’ in Yesu Zhuan is a mere human being without divine nature. In the end, the Christology in Yesu Zhuan diametrically contradicts Chalcedonian Christology.

scholarly journals Slogans about happiness in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
A. A. Voytsekhovich ◽  
Van Furs Tszyi
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Chinese Leadership ◽  
The World ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Different Content

Slogans have a thousand-year history and have always played a significant role in the life of the Chinese people. Many slogans have become precedent symbols of certain historical eras, not only do they reflect important moments in the country’s political life, but also the linguistic picture of the world. Perceived subconsciously, the content of slogans becomes a guideline for people’s conduct. In slogans you can see traditions and customs of the Chinese, as well as understand the realities of the time in which they appeared, history and culture of the country.Slogans, used by the Chinese leadership to broadcast the main political installations, are one of the means of propaganda. They still remain in China one of the most popular means of disseminating information. Written in different styles, with different content, slogans do not lose their relevance and remain an important element of Chinese culture. At present, when coding of knowledge has to a greater extent a rationalistic basis, slogans play a more significant role.The article considers slogans about happiness in different time periods, which allows you to find out how the Chinese’s perception of happiness was changing in the course of time.

scholarly journals NOMADIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD IN THE NOVEL OF S.SANBAEV “WHITE ARUANA”

2020 ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
S. Ananyeva ◽  
◽  
O. Арукенова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
The World ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Great Culture ◽  
The Individual

Myths, tales and legends have been referencing readers of S. Sanjeev's prose to the ancient times of the Great Steppe, despite the fact that the action of fiction take place in the twentieth century. The story of Satimzhan Sanbaev «White Aruana», which has become the hallmark of the Kazakh writer's prose, is devoted to the urgent topic «man and nature». The motives of freedom, longing for the lost great past, the indestructible call of the Motherland are central to the story. Formation of the national identity of the Kazakh people is mainly based on works imprinted in oral folklore. The problem of “man and nature” is solved by the author in terms of the increased responsibility of the inhabitants of the planet Earth for the world. The narrator reinforces mythology, psychological overtones, and tragedy against the background of an ordinary household plot. The life of the inhabitant of steppe has depicted in the fate of one family. This skill has become a peculiarity of the style of the Kazakh prose writer. The failures of the protagonist Myrzagali are perceived as a consequence of the gradual decline of the ancient and great culture of nomadism, the cosmos of Tenriism. The loneliness of the individual in nomadic culture is determined by nature, living conditions, infinity and boundless vastness of the steppe, in which the problem of «man and space» is relevant in the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals The invention of the Swiss house: engineers, ethnographers and artists to the discovery of the Alpine vernacular construction

ARCHALP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Braghieri
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
The World ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
Cultural Functions

“At the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900, Switzerland presented itself to the world by exhibiting an imaginary synthetic village, making the conflicting features of the various Cantons – which for a few decades gathered under the flag of the Confederation – the founding elements of its national identity. These features were based on the cultural core of the “idem Alpine feeling” defined by the primitive cantons of Alemannic language, Catholic religion, and mountain economy. Not being able to express an authentic image by drawing on the nation’s historicized heritage, the focus is on popular architecture. The Alpine House has built and nurtured a resilient narrated “myth” which, in its architectural form of “chalet” typical of the Bernese Oberland, has helped feed a generalist image of considerable pro-motional and commercial success for Switzerland and its industry. In the twentieth century, during the industrial growth of the nation, campaigns of survey and inventory of the rural and bourgeois “heritage” tried to scientifically systematize the heterogeneous disciplinary approaches that had undertaken the interpretation of the Alpine house in the previous century. Social, economic, and cultural functions are the raison d’être of the vernacular construction and are expressed in the lexicon of typological, constructive, and decorative elements. The specific linguistic and cultural affiliations translate not only into different materials, techniques, and forms of construction but also into different settlement models in the territory. An unwavering mythology has been built and, paradoxically, the national identity has been modelled on the assumption that Germans are “assemblers” of logs, and Latins are “builders” who use stone.”

Introduction

Border Blurs ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Greg Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Women Poets ◽  
Concrete Poetry ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1950S

This chapter presents the critical context and overarching narrative of the text. Concrete poetry has not been subject to extensive literary-critical attention, particularly in a British context, partly because of the very diversity of thematic associations it is able to support, which makes it difficult to process conceptually in retrospect. To bring some clarity to current thinking around concrete poetry, and in response to some recent critical revaluations of the style, this text posits that the style represented an ongoing exploration of the legacy and relevance of early-twentieth-century vanguard activity during the 1950s-70s, especially the interplay between broadly constructivist and neo-dada tendencies in international literary and artistic culture during those decades. In England and Scotland, where the style emerged simultaneously during the early 1960s, the development of concrete poetry – and criticism around it – reflected these competing positions but also became bound up with questions of nationalism and national identity, particularly in Scotland. This chapter deals with those themes while also contextualising some gaps in the remit of the text, including the geographical restrictions placed around the subject-matter, and the relative absence of women poets from the scenes surveyed.

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