Revenue and Distributional Consequences of Alternative Outdoor Recreation Pricing Mechanisms: Evidence from a Micro Panel Data Set

AbstractIn this paper we examine determinants of prepaid modes of health care financing in a worldwide cross-country perspective. We use three different indicators to capture the role of prepaid modes in health care financing: (i) the share of total prepaid financing as percent of total current health expenditures, (ii) the share of voluntary prepaid financing as percent of total prepaid financing, and (iii) the share of compulsory health insurance as percent of total compulsory prepaid financing. In the econometric analysis, we refer to a panel data set comprising 154 countries and covering the time period 2000–2015. We apply a static as well as a dynamic panel data model. We find that the current structure of prepaid financing is significantly determined by its different forms in the past. The significant influence of GDP per capita, governmental revenues, the agricultural value added, development assistance for health, degree of urbanization and regulatory quality varies depending on the financing structure we look at. The share of the elderly and the education level are only of minor importance for explaining the variation in a country’s share of prepaid health care financing. The importance of the mentioned variables as determinants for prepaid health care financing also varies depending on the countries’ socio-economic development. From our analysis we conclude that more detailed information on indicators which reflect the distribution of individual characteristics (such as income, family size and structure and health risks) within a country’s population would be needed to gain deeper insight into the decisive determinants for prepaid health care financing.

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Abstiegserfahrungen in der Kommune und der Aufstieg Unabhängiger Wählergemeinschaften. Neue Befunde aus einem Mehrebenen-Kommunalwahlpanel

Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen ◽

10.5771/0340-1758-2021-1-59 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 59-77

Author(s):

Christina-Marie Juen ◽

Markus Tepe ◽

Michael Jankowski

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Voter Turnout ◽

Party System ◽

Local Politics ◽

Tax Revenue ◽

Data Set ◽

Political Fragmentation ◽

Electoral Success ◽

Party Positions ◽

Multi Level

In Germany, Independent Local Lists (UWG) have become an integral part of local politics in recent decades . Despite their growing political importance, the reasons for their electoral rise have hardly been researched . Recent studies argue that Independent Local Lists pursue anti-party positions, which makes them attractive to voters who are dissatisfied with the party system . Assuming that a decline of confidence in established parties corresponds with the experience of local deprivation, this contribution uses a multi-level panel data set to investigate how socio-economic (emigration, aging, declining tax revenue) and politicalcultural (turnout, fragmentation) deprivation processes affect the electoral success of Independent Local Lists . The empirical findings suggest that Independent Local Lists are more successful in municipalities where voter turnout has fallen and political fragmentation has increased .

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Detecting common breaks in the means of high dimensional cross-dependent panels

Econometrics Journal ◽

10.1093/ectj/utab028 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lajos Horváth ◽

Zhenya Liu ◽

Gregory Rice ◽

Yuqian Zhao

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Common Factors ◽

Real Data ◽

Change Points ◽

High Dimensional ◽

Asymptotic Results ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Data Set ◽

Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽

Cross Sectional Dependence

Abstract The problem of detecting change points in the mean of high dimensional panel data with potentially strong cross–sectional dependence is considered. Under the assumption that the cross–sectional dependence is captured by an unknown number of common factors, a new CUSUM type statistic is proposed. We derive its asymptotic properties under three scenarios depending on to what extent the common factors are asymptotically dominant. With panel data consisting of N cross sectional time series of length T, the asymptotic results hold under the mild assumption that min {N, T} → ∞, with an otherwise arbitrary relationship between N and T, allowing the results to apply to most panel data examples. Bootstrap procedures are proposed to approximate the sampling distribution of the test statistics. A Monte Carlo simulation study showed that our test outperforms several other existing tests in finite samples in a number of cases, particularly when N is much larger than T. The practical application of the proposed results are demonstrated with real data applications to detecting and estimating change points in the high dimensional FRED-MD macroeconomic data set.

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Competition and Contestability in the UK Package Tour Industry: Some Econometric Observations

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/135481669800400303 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 241-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Brian Davies ◽

Paul Downward

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Market Power ◽

Power Efficiency ◽

Econometric Analysis ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Data Set ◽

The Uk ◽

Efficiency Hypothesis

This paper explores competition and contestability in the UK package tour industry. Using econometric analysis of a panel-data set evidence is presented that rules out the market power/efficiency hypothesis. In keeping with Evans and Stabler (1995), there is evidence that the industry is segmented according to the size of the firms. In contrast with Gratton and Richards (1997), the results suggest that it is difficult to support the contestability hypothesis in the industry overall. Future research needs to offer less generalized conclusions in characterizing the industry.

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Modeling debt choice in agriculture: the effect of endogenous asset values

Agricultural Finance Review ◽

10.1108/afr-06-2016-0054 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 95-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Bampasidou ◽

Ashok K. Mishra ◽

Charles B. Moss

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Interest Rate ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Macroeconomic Policy ◽

Rate Of Return ◽

Data Set ◽

Content Type ◽

Asset Values ◽

The Usa ◽

Non Parametric

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the endogeneity of asset values and how it relates to farm financial stress in US agriculture. The authors conceptualize an implied measure of farm financial stress as a function of debt position. The authors posit that there are variations in the asset values that are beyond the farmer’s control and therefore have implications on farm debt. Design/methodology/approach The framework recognizes the endogeneity of return on assets (ROA). It uses a non-parametric technique to approximate the variance of expected ROA (VEROA). The authors model the rate of return on agricultural assets and interest rate with a formulation that focuses on macroeconomic policy. Further, the authors use a dynamic balanced panel data set from 1960 to 2011 for 15 US agricultural states from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey, and information from traditional state-level financial statements. Findings Estimation of linear dynamic debt panel data models accounting for the endogeneity of ROA and VEROA is a challenging task. Estimated variances are unstable. Hence, the authors focus on variance specification that uses the residuals squared from the ARIMA specification and non-parametric estimators. Arellano-Bover/Blundell-Bond generalized method of moments estimation procedures, although may be biased, show that VEROA has a negative and significant effect on the total amount of debt in the agricultural sector. Research limitations/implications The instruments used in this analysis are lagged regressors which may be weakly correlated with the relevant first-order condition, hence not properly identifying the parameters of interest. Future research could include the identification of better instruments, potentially use of sequential moment conditions. Originality/value Unlike previous study, the authors use non-parametric approximation of VEROA. The authors model the rate of return on agricultural assets and interest rate with a formulation that focuses on macroeconomic policy. Second, the authors make use of a large dynamic balanced panel data set from 1960 to 2011 for 15 agricultural states in the USA. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the few that provides evidence on risk-balancing behavior at the agricultural sector level, of the USA.

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The Impact of ICT Investment on Establishment Productivity

National Institute Economic Review ◽

10.1177/0027950103184001009 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 184 ◽

pp. 99-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Thomas Zwick

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽

Data Set ◽

Omitted Variable Bias ◽

Lagged Effects ◽

Variable Bias ◽

Employee Characteristics ◽

The Impact ◽

Establishment Panel Data

This paper finds substantial effects of ICT investments on productivity for a large and representative German establishment panel data set. In contrast to the bulk of the literature also establishments without ICT capital are included and lagged effects of ICT investments are analysed. In addition, a broad range of establishment and employee characteristics are taken account of in order to avoid omitted variable bias. It is shown that taking into account unobserved heterogeneity of the establishments and endogeneity of ICT investments increases the estimated lagged productivity impact of ICT investments.

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Political Economy of Discretionary Transfers: A Dynamic Panel Data analysis of Indian States

PRAGATI Journal of Indian Economy ◽

10.17492/pragati.v5i01.13105 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Chittaranjan Nayak ◽

. PriyabrataSatpathy

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Panel Data ◽

Fiscal Federalism ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

Dynamic Panel Data ◽

Intergovernmental Transfers ◽

Estimation Model ◽

Indian States ◽

Data Set ◽

National Governments

Intergovernmental transfers are a major instrument to ensure smooth functioning of ‘Fiscal federalism’ in India. But the mechanism of Central transfers in India seems to be confusing and overlapping. Although a formula-based practice has been mandated by the Indian Constitution, there are several breaks in the practice. While predetermined formulas are used for some transfers, there is considerable discretion in allocating other classes of transfers. This paper makes an attempt to focus on the determinants that influence the quantum of discretionary transfer to sub-national governments from a political economy perspective. Taking a panel data set of 28 states for the period 2001 to 2011, and by using Arrellana-Bover (1995)/ Blundell-Bond (1998) system estimation model, the paper observes that the chosen variables do explain disparity in Central fund disbursement under non formulaic discretionary head in a robust way. The study has analysed the results separately for SCS and NSCS and in combine. The findings of the study reveal that the chosen variables have different outcomes for SCS and NSCS. However, when SCS and NSCS states are combined, the variables like fiscal capacity, fiscal performance and coalition status are found to be significant.

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Exchange rate effects on agricultural exports

China Agricultural Economic Review ◽

10.1108/caer-12-2017-0232 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 600-621

Author(s):

Rui Mao

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Panel Data ◽

Exchange Rates ◽

Food Industry ◽

Real Exchange Rates ◽

Data Set ◽

Content Type ◽

Agricultural Exports ◽

Country Level ◽

Rate Effects

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend empirical investigations of the relationship between real exchange rates and agricultural exports to the firm-product-country level with the use of disaggregated panel data of China’s food industry. In particular, the study aims to explore heterogeneities in the export response to real exchange rates across firms, destinations and products, as well as to differentiate responses on the intensive and extensive margins. Design/methodology/approach This paper utilizes a merged panel data set of firm-product-country level transaction records of China’s agricultural exports with firm-level survey data of the food industry. Panel regression models are constructed to identify empirical relationships. Findings Real appreciations are found to reduce export quantities and the probability to enter destination markets. These impacts are enhanced in 2005 when China unexpectedly depegged yuan from the USD. In addition, real appreciations in 2005 also reduced the yuan-denominated export price and increased firms’ probability to exit destination markets. Taking the exchange rate reform as a natural experiment, evidence suggests that the negative exchange rate effects on exports are robust to the endogeneity issue. Finally, heterogeneous export responses are identified with respect to firm productivities and ownerships, income levels and locations of destination markets, as well as product groups. Originality/value This paper provides first-hand evidence on how real exchange rates influence agricultural exports at the firm-product-country level. A featured contribution is that China’s exchange rate reform in 2005 is utilized to alleviate the typical concern of endogeneity. Findings may benefit policy makers, for example, by identifying firms most vulnerable to real appreciations.

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