scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Kompres Hangat terhadap Penurunan Intensitas Nyeri Persalinan pada Ibu Inpartu Kala I Fase Aktif

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Irawati Irawati ◽  
Muliani Muliani ◽  
Gusman Arsyad
Keyword(s):  
Active Phase ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Maternity Clinics

Pain is a body protection mechanism that arises when the tissue is damaged and causes the individual reaction to relieve pain. Related to discomfort and pain, therefore, researchers want to apply warm compress techniques to reduce pain in labor. This study aims to determine the effect of giving warm compresses to the decrease in the intensity of pain in mothers in labor during the active phase. The method used is Pre-experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study were all primigravida maternal mothers in the Puskesmasn Kampung Baru with a sample of 15 respondents selected by consecutive sampling. The statistical test used was the Wilcoxon Rant Test. The results of this study were the mean value before a warm compress performed 7.6, and the mean value after a warm compress was 5.8, with a significance value of 0.001. This study concludes that there is an effect of giving warm compresses to the decrease in labor pain in the first-phase mother of the active phase. By giving warm compresses, the responsiveness feels more relaxed so that the psychological state does not focus on the pain she feels. The results of this study are expected to be applied in health facilities such as hospitals, maternity clinics, and health centers.

SERUM THYROTROPHIN AND THE RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN SYMPTOMLESS AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS AND IN BORDERLINE AND OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gordin ◽  
P. Saarinen ◽  
R. Pelkonen ◽  
B.-A. Lamberg
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Serum Tsh

ABSTRACT Serum thyrotrophin (TSH) was determined by the double-antibody radioimmunoassay in 58 patients with primary hypothyroidism and was found to be elevated in all but 2 patients, one of whom had overt and one clinically borderline hypothyroidism. Six (29%) out of 21 subjects with symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) had an elevated serum TSH level. There was little correlation between the severity of the disease and the serum TSH values in individual cases. However, the mean serum TSH value in overt hypothyroidism (93.4 μU/ml) was significantly higher than the mean value both in clinically borderline hypothyroidism (34.4 μU/ml) and in SAT (8.8 μU/ml). The response to the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was increased in all 39 patients with overt or borderline hypothyroidism and in 9 (43 %) of the 21 subjects with SAT. The individual TRH response in these two groups showed a marked overlap, but the mean response was significantly higher in overt (149.5 μU/ml) or clinically borderline hypothyroidism (99.9 μU/ml) than in SAT (35.3 μU/ml). Thus a normal basal TSH level in connection with a normal response to TRH excludes primary hypothyroidism, but nevertheless not all patients with elevated TSH values or increased responses to TRH are clinically hypothyroid.

Infection of European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), with the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi et Itagaki, 1974) in Polish waters

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Popielarczyk ◽  
S. Robak ◽  
K. Siwicki
Keyword(s):  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Szczecin Lagoon ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Anguillicoloides Crassus ◽  
Anatomical Pathology

Infection of European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), with the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi et Itagaki, 1974) in Polish waters The aim of this study was to determine the degree of Anguillicoloides crassus infection in European eel inhabiting Polish waters based on selected parasitic descriptors and on anatomical pathology of the swimbladder using macroscopic methods. In all, 154 European eel specimens were sampled from eleven sites in Poland and A. crassus was present in the swimbladder of 114 fish. The intensity of A. crassus infection in all the eel specimens ranged from 1 to 62 parasites at a mean value of 7.5. High values of mean infection intensity were noted in samples from Pomeranian lakes Bukowo, Łebsko, and Jamno. The health of the swimbladder was evaluated using the swimbladder degenerative index (SDI). The mean value of the SDI for all of the eel examined was 3.3, and extensively degenerated swimbladders were observed mainly in samples in the Szczecin Lagoon and from lakes. According to the individual SDI ratings, 9.1% of the eel specimens did not exhibit pathological symptoms of the swimbladder (SDI-0) and an extremely damaged (SDI-6) swimbladder was noted in 11.7% of the fish examined. In the case of eel infected with A. crassus, higher SDI values were reflected in initially increasing shares in subsequent categories. In fish that were not infected with the nematode, only 20% (8 individuals) of the swimbladders showed no symptoms of pathology (SDI-0).

Measurement of feature clustering in images

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
John C. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Feature Clustering ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Distribution Of Points ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Distances

The spatial distribution of features in an image is often interesting, but not simple to characterize. Mapping of the image into a different space (e.g., Fourier or Hough) offers direct information on various regularities in feature spacing or alignment, but does not deal directly with the individual features. Two other approaches are available; each has advantages and drawbacks, which are discussed here.Schwarz & Exner determine the spatial coordinates of the centroids of features, and sort them to locate the nearest neighbor for each feature present, constructing a distribution plot of the frequency of nearest neighbor distances. Figures 1 and 2 show an example. The three fields in Figure 1 contain, respectively, features which are well-spaced from each other, randomly arranged on the plane, and clustered together. For the random distribution of points, the histogram of nearest neighbor distances is a Poisson distribution, and the mean value is 0.5/NA1/2, where NA is the number of features divided by the area of the image.

Assembly of three major subclasses of mouse immunoglobulin G: a theoretical model for covalent assembly in vivo

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 688-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Percy ◽  
M. E. Percy ◽  
R. Baumal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
In Vitro Assembly ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mouse Myeloma

A mathematical model, based on second-order reaction kinetics, has been used to describe the covalent assembly of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in vitro from its heavy (H) and light (L) chains (Percy, M. E., Baumal, R., Dorrington, K. J. &Percy, J. (1976) Can. J. Biochem. 54, 675–687). In the present paper, the same model has now been applied to the steady-state assembly of IgG in vivo. This mathematical approach permits a quantitative comparison of the pathways of covalent assembly used by given immunoglobulins in vivo and in vitro. The assumptions in the model are: the species L, H, HL, HH, HHL and LHHL belong to a common pool; incompleted IgG intermediates may freely assemble to form HL, HH, HHL and LHHL; the reaction rate for covalent linkage between any two reacting species is proportional to the products of the number densities of the reactants and to a parameter P which takes the value PHH if the reaction joins two H chains, and PHL if it joins an H and L chain. In vivo values of PHH/PHL were determined for the 18 mouse myeloma tumours and cell lines studied by Baumal et al. (Baumal, R., Potter, M. &Scharff, M. (1971) J. Exp. Med. 134, 1316–1334). From these analyses, we have arrived at the following conclusions: (1) the three major IgG subclasses have distinctive values of PHH/PHL (mean value 53 for IgG1, 12 for IgG2a and 2.8 for IgG2b); (2) for IgGs of the same subclass, the values of PHH/PHL are similar; (3) the mean in vivo values of PHH/PHL are very close to those determined from in vitro assembly experiments. Finally, the individual values of PHH/PHL have been used to simulate pulse-chase experiments in the various tumours and cell lines. Considering the sources and magnitude of experimental error, the theoretical pathways of assembly agree with those determined qualitatively from the pulse-chase experiments.

scholarly journals The effect of distraction techniques on pain and stress during labor: a randomized controlled clinical trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paria Amiri ◽  
Mojgan Mirghafourvand ◽  
Khalil Esmaeilpour ◽  
Mahin Kamalifard ◽  
Reyhaneh Ivanbagha
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Fear Of Childbirth ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Pain control and the stress associated with labor and delivery are among the most important issues of health care system. Use of distraction techniques during childbirth is reported to reduce pain and stress of labor. However, there is a limited publication that looked on the effect of distraction techniques on labor pain and stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of distraction techniques on labor pain and stress (primary outcomes), fear of childbirth, length of delivery stages, first minute Apgar score and oxytocin consumption (secondary outcomes). Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 68 pregnant women. Participants were allocated into two groups (intervention and control groups) by blocked randomization. Participants in the intervention group received distraction techniques in four sessions. Questionnaires of Fear of Childbirth (W-DEQ version A) and PSS once were completed before intervention and again at the 36th week for the W-DEQ and in the active phase for the PSS through interviews. The pain was assessed through VAS during active phase per hour. The length of delivery stages was recorded in the partograph chart. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and ANCOVA. Results The mean of perceived stress during labor in the intervention group was significantly less than that of the control group (AMD: -3.2; 95% CI: − 0.8 to − 6.0; P = 0.01). The mean (SD) of pain intensity during labor was less than in the intervention and control groups compare to the control group (6.2 vs 7.5; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of fear of childbirth score (AMD: 5.3; 95% CI: 13.0 to − 6.0; P = − 2.3). Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the active phase of labor (P = 0.504), second stage of delivery (P = 0.928), total length of delivery (P = 0.520), Apgar score (P = 1.000) and frequency of oxytocin consumption (P = 0.622). Conclusion According to the results, distraction techniques can reduce the pain and stress of labor, but further studies by using the distraction techniques are needed to reach a decisive conclusion. Trial registration IRCT2017042910324N39; Name of registry: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials; Registered 11 September 2017. URL of registry: https://fa.irct.ir/user/trial/10814/view. Date of enrolment of the first participant to the trial: September 2017.

scholarly journals TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE ANAEROBIC PRODUCTION OF CO2 BY GERMINATING SEEDS OF LUPINUS ALBUS

1932 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Sung Tang
Keyword(s):  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Anaerobic Production

The rate of anaerobic production of CO2 by germinating seeds of Lupinus albus was studied as a function of temperature between 7.5° and 18°C. The mean value for the temperature characteristic was found to be 21,500± calories, which is slightly lower than that for the same process under aerobic conditions (23,500± calories). The values for the individual µ's in the two cases overlap considerably. The possible identity of the processes underlying the production of CO2 aerobically and anaerobically is discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Distraction Techniques on Pain and Stress during Labor: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paria Amiri ◽  
Mojgan Mirghafourvand ◽  
Khalil Esmaeilpour ◽  
Mahin Kamalifard ◽  
Reyhaneh Ivanbagha
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Fear Of Childbirth ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Pain control and the stress associated with labor and delivery are among the most important issues of health care system. Use of distraction techniques during childbirth is reported to reduce pain and stress of labor. However, there is a limited publication that looked on the effect of distraction techniques on labor pain and stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of distraction techniques on labor pain and stress (primary outcomes), fear of childbirth, length of delivery stages, first minute Apgar score and oxytocin consumption (secondary outcomes). Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 68 pregnant women. Participants were allocated into two groups (intervention and control groups) by blocked randomization. Participants in the intervention group received distraction techniques in four sessions. Questionnaires of Fear of Childbirth (W-DEQ version A) and PSS once were completed before intervention and again at the 36th week for the W-DEQ and in the active phase for the PSS through interviews. The pain was assessed through VAS during active phase per hour. The length of delivery stages was recorded in the partograph chart. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and ANCOVA . Results: The mean of perceived stress during labor in the intervention group was significantly less than that of the control group (AMD: -3.2; 95% CI: -0.8 to -6.0; P= 0.01). The mean (SD) of pain intensity during labor was less than in the intervention and control groups compare to the control group (6.2 vs 7.5; P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of fear of childbirth score (AMD: 5.3; 95% CI: 13.0 to -6.0; P= -2.3). Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the active phase of labor (P= 0.504), second stage of delivery (P= 0.928), total length of delivery (P= 0.520), Apgar score (P= 1.000) and frequency of oxytocin consumption (P= 0.622). Conclusion: According to the results, distraction techniques can reduce the pain and stress of labor, but further studies by using the distraction techniques are needed to reach a decisive conclusion .

scholarly journals On The Approximation of the Total Amount of Claims

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Pentikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Normal Approximation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Normal Distribution Function ◽  
Acceptable Accuracy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Image Position

Several “short cut” methods exist to approximate the total amount of claims ( = χ) of an insurance collective. The classical one is the normal approximationwhere and σx are the mean value and standard deviation of x. Φ is the normal distribution function.It is well-known that the normal approximation gives acceptable accuracy only when the volume of risk business is fairly large and the distribution of the amounts of the individual claims is not “too dangerous”, i.e. not too heterogeneous (cf. fig. 2).One way to improve the normal approximation is the so called NP-method, which provides for the standardized variable a correction Δzwhereis the skewness of the distribution F(χ). Another variant (NP3) of the NP-method also makes use of the moment μ4, but, in the following, we limit our discussion mainly to the variant (2) (= NP2).If Δz is small, a simpler formulais available (cf. fig. 2).Another approximation was introduced by Bohman and Esscher (1963). It is based on the incomplete gamma functionwhere Experiments have been made with both formulae (2) and (4); they have been applied to various F functions, from which the exact (or at least controlled) values are otherwise known. It has been proved that the accuracy is satisfactory provided that the distribution F is not very “dangerous”.

The evaluation of cattle foods and diets in terms of the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids I. The effects of level of intake, frequency of feeding, the ratio of hay to concentrates in the diet, and of supplementary feeds

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Bath ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Range Of Values

1. A study was made of the effects of feeding regimen and the composition of the diet on the ruminal production of V.f.a.'S in cattle.2. The day-to-day variations in the pattern of rumen fermentation in cows given a diet of hay and concentrates indicated that within-cow differences in the molar proportions of the acids from diet to diet are of significance if they exceed about 3% (of the mean value) for acetic acid, about 10% for propionic and butyric acids, and about 25% for valeric acid. The results emphasized also the important differences to be found between cows given the same diet.3. A change in the frequency of feeding from once to four times daily at a constant daily drymatter intake had little effect on the daily mean values for pH, concentration of total V.f.a.'S, or the molar percentages of the individual acids, but almost invariably decreased the range of values observed between feeding.4. With diets of hay and of hay and concentrates an increase in daily dry-matter intake was associated with a fall in pH and an increase in the concentration of total V.f.a.'S; with the diet of hay and concentrates there was a considerable decrease in the molar percentage of acetic acid and a corresponding increase in N-butyric, but there was little change in the molar percentages of the acids with the diet of hay.

scholarly journals Pengaruh kompres hangat terhadap intensitas nyeri persalinan kala I fase aktif

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Suyani Suyani
Keyword(s):  
Pain Score ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Uterine Contractions ◽  
Labor Duration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean

Pain is an integral part of labor and childbirth which is normal due to physiological and psychological factors. Labor pain can affect uterine contractions through secretion of catecholamine and cortisol levels which increase sympathetic nervous system activity, changes in blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and consequently affect labor duration. This study aims to determine the effect of warm compresses on the intensity of labor in the first phase of active labor. The design of this study was quasi-experimental with one group pre-test and post-test design. The population in this study were all labor women at BPM Tri Rahayu Setyaningsih Sleman, with incidental sampling techniques and 18 samples were obtained. A compress was carried out in the lower abdomen using hot bladders. Data analysis using Paired T test. Based on the research results obtained, the mean pain score before treatment was 8.66 and the mean pain score after treatment was 5.83. The results of statistical analysis of different pain intensity tests before and after treatment showed a significant difference (p = 0,000; 95% CI -3,352 - (- 2,314). This shows that warm compresses can reduce the intensity of pain in labor during the active phase. warmth can be used as one way to reduce the intensity of labor pain

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