scholarly journals HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CARBON SOURCES, BIOMASS, FOSSILS, BIOFUELS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEW ARTICLE

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savas G. Anastassiadis
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Global Climate Changes

Since early human history and existence energy rich plants, wood and forest cellulosic material have been used for fire, light, heating, cooking and other daily activities. Fossil energy was the foundation of our modern society and industrialization since last two centuries, while exploration and exploitation of oil reserves and petrochemistry have largely shaped 20th century. Increasing concerns on environmental pollution, accelerated global warming, and global climate changes, continuing world's crude oil (fossil fuels) consumption and depletion, as well as energy security and energy crisis caused by daily burning large amounts of fossil fuels, led to the attraction, search and development of renewable, carbon-neutral, economically viable alternative energy sources, such as biofuels, slowly displacing petroleum fuels. In continuously growing human population reaching about 10 billion in 2050, various renewable energy sources are promoted and developed, to ensure rising energy demands in a world running out of fossil energy sources. Biofuels are produced from any kind of available biomass and categorized based on utilized carbon resources into first-, second- and third-generation. Nevertheless, biofuels’ future outlook is though beset by uncertainty. Hereby, various issues and concerns related to fossils and renewable biofuels are described and analyzed in present review article.

scholarly journals Public Views of the Economy of the Renewable Energy Sources: Evidence from Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-266
Author(s):  
Dalia Streimikiene ◽  
Victoria Akberdina
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Public Views

Recent worldwide growing awareness of the global climate changes stressed the importance of developing and supporting the renewable energy sources (RES). However, the public support for RES varies across various countries and regions, especially those abundant in traditional fossil fuels. This paper presents the analysis of the public views of the economics of the renewable energy using the results of the online survey (N = 750) conducted in several regions of the Russian Federation, a country abundant in natural gas and oil. Our results indicate that there is a mixed opinion on trust in RES as opposed to the traditional energy sources. Even though we found some support for the renewable energy technologies, it appears that it is correlated with the respondents’ concerns about the environmental protection and sustainable development as well as with some demographic variables. The outcomes of the regression analysis confirmed that positive attitudes towards climate protection predetermined the support for various types of RES, while the financial or political gains did not come through as significant. The results indicate that public views on the renewable energy sources could and should be shaped by the information campaigns and presentations in mass media conducted by relevant policymakers and public authorities.

scholarly journals Metal Fuels as Alternative Sources of Energy for Zero Carbon Emission

2021 ◽  
Vol 943 (1) ◽  
pp. 012016
Author(s):  
T Liu ◽  
A Panahi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Economic Costs

Abstract Global climate change is a pressing challenge of the 21st century that has gained attention of scientists and governments. It has been proven that climate change is largely associated with human activities such as burning fossil fuels to produce electricity, which emits excessive amounts of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gasses. To combat this concern, carbon free alternative energy sources have been proposed. Current renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power are expensive and limited. However, metal fuels could prove to be one of the solutions for those limitations. Since fossil fuels are the most common source of energy production, to be viable on a global scale, any new form of carbon-free energy must be economically competitive with fossil fuels. This work will determine the theoretical economic costs of several different metals which have comparable energy densities with fossil fuels. Furthermore, this work will evaluate the viability of these metals on a global scale based on their economic costs compared to fossil fuels including natural gas, petroleum, and coal. Additionally, further economic comparisons will be conducted with other forms of renewable energies, such as solar power, wind power, and hydropower.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction to Value Added Products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Amin Farkhondehfal ◽  
Juqin Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Global Climate Changes

The CO2 that comes from the use of fossil fuels accounts for about 65% of the global greenhouse gas emission, and it plays a critical role in global climate changes. Among the different strategies that have been considered to address the storage and reutilization of CO2, the transformation of CO2 into chemicals and fuels with a high added-value has been considered a winning approach. This transformation is able to reduce the carbon emission and induce a “fuel switching” that exploits renewable energy sources. The aim of this chapter is to categorize different heterogeneous electrocatalysts which are being used for CO2 reduction, based on the desired products of the above mentioned reactions: from formic acid and carbon monoxide to methanol and ethanol and other possible by products. Moreover, a brief description of the kinetic and mechanism of the CO2 reduction reaction) and pathways toward different products have been discussed.

Cooling and Heating with Ground Source Energy

2013 ◽  
pp. 261-278
Author(s):  
Abdeen Mustafa Omer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Direct Expansion ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Ground Source

In the recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings, emphasis has been put on utilisation of the ambient energy from ground source and other renewable energy sources. Exploitation of renewable energy sources and particularly ground heat in buildings can significantly contribute towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels. This paper highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved through use of ground energy source. It also focuses on the optimisation and improvement of the operation conditions of the heat cycles and performances of the DX GSHP. It is concluded that the direct expansion of GSHP are extendable to more comprehensive applications combined with the ground heat exchanger in foundation piles and the seasonal thermal energy storage from solar thermal collectors. This article discusses the principle of the ground source energy, varieties of GSHPs, and various developments.

scholarly journals Environmental substantiation for the use of alternative energy sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Svetlana Ovchinnikova ◽  
Aleksandr Borovkov ◽  
Galina Kukinova ◽  
Nina Markina
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources

An overview of the substantiation of the relevance of the transition to mass ecological housing construction, which is determined by an acute shortage of housing and a high increase in the cost of electricity, is given. The development of an ecological substantiation of an energy-independent house using the example of a one-story house, taking into account natural and climatic conditions, is presented. The characteristics of the work of all utilized engineering systems are considered. It has been established that the housing and utilities sector, being one of the main sources of air and groundwater pollution, creates a large amount of household waste, which has a detrimental effect on the environmental situation. Renewable energy sources have an inexhaustible supply, since they are obtained from natural processes that will not be exhausted in the foreseeable future. Thus, the prospects for renewable energy sources are in considering them to replace fossil fuels. Economic efficiency is defined, which implies that the energy source is economical both in relation to the net cost of production and in relation to supply. The development of renewable energy sources will play an important role in the transformation and digitalization of the Russian power industry. Technologies of energy storage, intelligent systems for forecasting production and demand, predictive analytics of equipment condition, consumption management and many others will be developed.

scholarly journals Regional Disparities and Features of Solar and Wind Energy Potential of Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Georgi Belev
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Energy Potential

Global climate fluctuations and projections of deteriorating sustainable human development since the beginning of the 21st century have highlighted the need to look for alternative energy sources to carbon fuels. The utilization of solar and wind energy has become a challenge for engineers and technologists to develop new technologies for more efficient development of renewable energy sources. The purpose of this paper is to present the territorial features in the utilization of renewable energy sources – solar radiation and wind in Bulgaria. The study focuses on the regional features of the solar- and wind energy potential. Based on statistical data, the utilization of the RES potential is considered through a review of the installed capacities

scholarly journals Perspectives and Problems of Using Renewable Energy Sources and Implementation of Local “Green” Initiatives: A Regional Assessment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5888
Author(s):  
Saulius Baskutis ◽  
Jolanta Baskutiene ◽  
Valentinas Navickas ◽  
Yuriy Bilan ◽  
Wojciech Cieśliński
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Tidal Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The Sustainable Development

Environmental pollution, energy supply and security of supply have become major issues across the world due to climate change, limited energy sources, energy price volatility and energy supply constraints. Energy availability, energy efficiency and the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources are key factors in the global development of sustainable energy. In many countries with limited fossil fuel resources, the sustainable development of renewable energy sources is an important tool in reducing dependence on imported fuels. Some alternative energy sources, such as wind, solar, tidal and hydropower, seem almost inexhaustible. With the exception of tidal energy, all of these sources have been used extensively and for a long time. This article examines the improvement of energy security and the government’s actions to promote the use of renewable energy sources, focusing on increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy intensity and dependence on energy imports in Lithuania. In addition, the article provides the state of renewable energy sources in Lithuania, aspects of sustainability and future development directions and perspectives.

scholarly journals The prevalence of renewable energy in the Russian energy market

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 04018
Author(s):  
E. A. Konnikov ◽  
K. V. Osipova ◽  
N. A. Yudina ◽  
E.P. Korsak
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The Impact

The energy crisis of 1973-1974 showed that it is difficult to constantly increase the power supply of production, based only on traditional energy sources. The power supply of society is the basis of its scientific and technological progress. It means that it is necessary to introduce unconventional, alternative energy sources more widely. Unlike fossil fuels, unconventional forms of energy are not limited to geologically reserves. Their use and consumption does not lead to the inevitable exhaustion of stocks. However, currently, the reform of world energy markets and increasing the share of renewable energy sources in their structure is a long and innovative process. Lots of countries (Russia in particular) bear significant risks because of reforming their own energy market, which causes a slight increase in the share of renewable energy sources. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyse the influence of environmental factors on the development of renewable energy sources in Russia. The result of this study is a system of econometric equations, which allows to evaluate the impact of changes in key drivers of the development of the renewable energy market.

Regional Disparities and Features of Solar and Wind Energy Potential of Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Georgi Belev
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Energy Potential

Global climate fluctuations and projections of deteriorating sustainable human development since the beginning of the 21st century have highlighted the need to look for alternative energy sources to carbon fuels. The utilization of solar and wind energy has become a challenge for engineers and technologists to develop new technologies for more efficient development of renewable energy sources. The purpose of this paper is to present the territorial features in the utilization of renewable energy sources – solar radiation and wind in Bulgaria. The study focuses on the regional features of the solar- and wind energy potential. Based on statistical data, the utilization of the RES potential is considered through a review of the installed capacities.

scholarly journals ENERGY EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLES AND ECONOMY

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Momir Đurović
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The paper gives results of the investigation of the impact of energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources on the economy in the world. In relation to this, it is also noted that energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources play a vital role in meeting the needs for energy and global climate changes worldwide. Furthermore, a survey is presented of the measures that are being taken in promoting the use of renewable energy sources and the increase of the energy efficiency in Europe and other countries in the world.

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