scholarly journals Taxonomic Characterization and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production of the Obese Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Martínez-Cuesta ◽  
Rosa del Campo ◽  
María Garriga-García ◽  
Carmen Peláez ◽  
Teresa Requena
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Intestinal microbiota seems to play a key role in obesity. The impact of the composition and/or functionality of the obesity-associated microbiota have yet to be fully characterized. This work assessed the significance of the taxonomic composition and/or metabolic activity of obese- microbiota by massive 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the fecal microbiome of obese and normoweight individuals. The obese metabolic activity was also assessed by in vitro incubation of obese and normoweight microbiotas in nutritive mediums with different energy content. We found that the microbiome richness and diversity of the two groups did not differ significantly, except for Chao1 index, significantly higher in normoweight individuals. At phylum level, neither the abundance of Firmicutes or Bacteroidetes nor their ratio was associated with the body mass index. Besides, the relative proportions in Collinsella, Clostridium XIVa, and Catenibacterium were significantly enriched in obese participants, while Alistipes, Clostridium sensu stricto, Romboutsia, and Oscillibacter were significantly diminished. In regard to metabolic activity, short-chain fatty acids content was significant higher in obese individuals, with acetate being the most abundant followed by propionate and butyrate. Acetate and butyrate production was also higher when incubating obese microbiota in mediums mimicking diets with different energy content; interestingly, a reduced capability of propionate production was associated to the obese microbiome. In spite of the large interindividual variability, the obese phenotype seems to be defined more by the abundance and/or the absence of distinct communities of microorganism rather than by the presence of a specific population.

scholarly journals Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Are Not Predictive of Colonic Tumor Status and Cannot Be Predicted Based on Bacterial Community Structure

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Sze ◽  
Begüm D. Topçuoğlu ◽  
Nicholas A. Lesniak ◽  
Mack T. Ruffin ◽  
Patrick D. Schloss
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT Colonic bacterial populations are thought to have a role in the development of colorectal cancer with some protecting against inflammation and others exacerbating inflammation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and are produced in large quantities by colonic bacteria that produce SCFAs by fermenting fiber. We assessed whether there was an association between fecal SCFA concentrations and the presence of colonic adenomas or carcinomas in a cohort of individuals using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic shotgun sequence data. We measured the fecal concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate within the cohort and found that there were no significant associations between SCFA concentration and tumor status. When we incorporated these concentrations into random forest classification models trained to differentiate between people with healthy colons and those with adenomas or carcinomas, we found that they did not significantly improve the ability of 16S rRNA gene or metagenomic gene sequence-based models to classify individuals. Finally, we generated random forest regression models trained to predict the concentration of each SCFA based on 16S rRNA gene or metagenomic gene sequence data from the same samples. These models performed poorly and were able to explain at most 14% of the observed variation in the SCFA concentrations. These results support the broader epidemiological data that questions the value of fiber consumption for reducing the risks of colorectal cancer. Although other bacterial metabolites may serve as biomarkers to detect adenomas or carcinomas, fecal SCFA concentrations have limited predictive power. IMPORTANCE Considering that colorectal cancer is the third leading cancer-related cause of death within the United States, it is important to detect colorectal tumors early and to prevent the formation of tumors. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are often used as a surrogate for measuring gut health and for being anticarcinogenic because of their anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the fecal SCFA concentrations of a cohort of individuals with different colonic tumor burdens who were previously analyzed to identify microbiome-based biomarkers of tumors. We were unable to find an association between SCFA concentration and tumor burden or use SCFAs to improve our microbiome-based models of classifying people based on their tumor status. Furthermore, we were unable to find an association between the fecal community structure and SCFA concentrations. Our results indicate that the association between fecal SCFAs, the gut microbiome, and tumor burden is weak.

scholarly journals Pilot Study on the Forehead Skin Microbiome and Short Chain Fatty Acids Depending on the SC Functional Index in Korean Cohorts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2216
Author(s):  
Haryung Park ◽  
Karina Arellano ◽  
Yuri Lee ◽  
Subin Yeo ◽  
Yosep Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Dry Skin ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Dry skin is one of the indicators of a compromised skin barrier. An intact skin barrier is not only important to reserve the hydration within the epidermal tissue but also to protect our skin from environmental stressors and inhibit pathogen invasion; damage to the skin barrier may lead to inflammatory skin diseases. Some microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids may inhibit or destroy harmful bacteria and regulate the host immune system. The impact of the skin microbiome and short chain fatty acids on skin barrier function was studied in two groups of 75 participants each. The cohort was equally divided in dry and moist skin types, based on stratum corneum (SC) functionality index (SCFI), reflecting the ratio of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). A dry group represents a low SCFI and a moist group a high SCFI. Compared with the dry skin group, propionate and Cutibacterium levels (previously known as Propionibacterium acnes) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the moist group. Levels of Cutibacterium were negatively correlated with those of Staphylococcus (p <0.0001) in both dry and moist groups. The moist group also had a significantly higher propionate concentration (p < 0.001). This study showed that the microbial community and short chain fatty acid concentration may be considered as significant determinants of the SCFI of the skin.

Synbiotics impact on dominant faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids production in sows

2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Śliżewska ◽  
Agnieszka Chlebicz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of synbiotics on intestinal microbiota and its metabolism in sows. Three different synbiotics were administered with feed to animals from three experimental groups. Two groups of sows were given commercially available probiotics (BioPlus 2B®, Cylactin® LBC) as forage additives for comparison. The control group of sows was given unmodified fodder. The study was conducted for 48 days (10 days before farrowing, and continued 38 days after) and faeces samples were collected four times. The scope of this work was to designate the dominant microbiota in sows’ faeces. Therefore, the total number of anaerobic bacteria, Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Bacteroides sp., Clostridium sp., Enterococcus sp., Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli and yeast was determined, using the plate method. Changes in the concentration of lactic acid, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were also determined in correlation with the feed additives administered to the sows using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC). Our results allowed us to conclude that synbiotics have a beneficial effect on intestinal microbiota of sows and its metabolism. We observed that the impact of the synbiotics on the microbiota was more significant than the one induced by probiotics.

scholarly journals Short Chain Fatty Acids Modulate the Growth and Virulence of Pathosymbiont Escherichia coli and Host Response

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Shiying Zhang ◽  
Belgin Dogan ◽  
Cindy Guo ◽  
Deepali Herlekar ◽  
Katrina Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), principally acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced by fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut microbiota. SCFA regulate the growth and virulence of enteric pathogens, such as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Klebsiella and Salmonella. We sought to investigate the impact of SCFA on growth and virulence of pathosymbiont E. coli associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC), and their role in regulating host responses to bacterial infection in vitro. We found that under ileal conditions (pH = 7.4; 12 mM total SCFA), SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) potentiate the growth and motility of pathosymbiont E. coli. However, under colonic conditions (pH = 6.5; 65 to 123 mM total SCFA), SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit growth in a pH dependent fashion (up to 60%), and down-regulate virulence gene expression (e.g., fliC, fimH, htrA, chuA, pks). Functional analysis reveals that colonic SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit E. coli motility (up to 95%), infectivity (up to 60%), and type 1 fimbria-mediated agglutination (up to 50%). In addition, SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit the activation of NF-kB, and IL-8 production by epithelial cells. Our findings provide novel insights on the role of the regional chemical microenvironment in regulating the growth and virulence of pathosymbiont E. coli and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Associations between disordered gut microbiota and changes of neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids in depressed mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wu ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
Qiang Mao ◽  
Tao Zou ◽  
Chan-juan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Mounting evidence suggests that gut microbiota can play an important role in pathophysiology of depression, but its specific molecular mechanisms are still unclear. This study was conducted to explore the associations between changes in neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and altered gut microbiota in depressed mice. Here, the chronic restraint stress (CRS) model of depression was built. The classical behavioral tests were conducted to assess the depressive-like behaviors of mice. The 16S rRNA gene sequence extracted from fecal samples was used to assess the gut microbial composition. Liquid and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy were used to identify neurotransmitters in hypothalamus and SCFAs in fecal samples, respectively. Finally, 29 differential bacteria taxa between depressed mice and control mice were identified, and the most differentially abundant bacteria taxa were genus Allobaculum and family Ruminococcaceae between the two groups. The acetic acid, propionic acid, pentanoic acid, norepinephrine, 5-HIAA and 5-HT were significantly decreased in depressed mice compared to control mice. Genus Allobaculum was found to be significantly positively correlated with acetic acid and 5-HT. Taken together, these results provided novel microbial and metabolic frameworks for understanding the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression, and suggested new insights to pave the way for novel therapeutic methods.

scholarly journals Fecal short-chain fatty acids are not predictive of colonic tumor status and cannot be predicted based on bacterial community structure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Sze ◽  
Begüm D. Topçuoğlu ◽  
Nicholas A. Lesniak ◽  
Mack T. Ruffin ◽  
Patrick D. Schloss
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractColonic bacterial populations are thought to have a role in the development of colorectal cancer with some protecting against inflammation and others exacerbating inflammation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and are produced in large quantities by colonic bacteria which produce SCFAs by fermenting fiber. We assessed whether there was an association between fecal SCFA concentrations and the presence of colonic adenomas or carcinomas in a cohort of individuals using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic shotgun sequence data. We measured the fecal concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate within the cohort and found that there were no significant associations between SCFA concentration and tumor status. When we incorporated these concentrations into random forest classification models trained to differentiate between people with normal colons and those with adenomas or carcinomas, we found that they did not significantly improve the ability of 16S rRNA gene or metagenomic gene sequence-based models to classify individuals. Finally, we generated random forest regression models trained to predict the concentration of each SCFA based on 16S rRNA gene or metagenomic gene sequence data from the same samples. These models performed poorly and were able to explain at most 14% of the observed variation in the SCFA concentrations. These results support the broader epidemiological data that questions the value of fiber consumption for reducing the risks of colorectal cancer. Although other bacterial metabolites may serve as biomarkers to detect adenomas or carcinomas, fecal SCFA concentrations have limited predictive power.ImportanceConsidering colorectal cancer is the third leading cancer-related cause of death within the United States, it is important to detect colorectal tumors early and to prevent the formation of tumors. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are often used as a surrogate for measuring gut health and for being anti-carcinogenic because of their anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the fecal SCFA concentration of a cohort of individuals with varying colonic tumor burden who were previously analyzed to identify microbiome-based biomarkers of tumors. We were unable to find an association between SCFA concentration and tumor burden or use SCFAs to improve our microbiome-based models of classifying people based on their tumor status. Furthermore, we were unable to find an association between the fecal community structure and SCFA concentrations. Our results indicate that the association between fecal SCFAs, the gut microbiome, and tumor burden is weak.

scholarly journals Functional insufficiency of the pancreas and the metabolic activity of the microbiota in cystic fibrosis adults patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
L V Vinokurova ◽  
G E Baimakanova ◽  
S A Krasovsky ◽  
S Yu Silvestrova ◽  
E A Dubtsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Sweat Test ◽  
Exocrine Insufficiency ◽  
Elastase Level ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

In order to optimize the therapy, the functional state of the pancreas (P) and the peculiarities of metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) were assessed. Materials and methods. 14 CF patients (20-34 years, 7 men, 7 women) were enrolled. In 8 patients, the diagnosis was confirmed in the first year of life on the basis of clinical data, positive sweat test, 5 had genetic confirmation. In 4 patients, the diagnosis was confirmed at the age of 8-13 years and 2 patients aged 18, 27 years. In this group, genetic confirmation was in 4 subjects. In addition to general clinical studies, the level of C-peptide in blood, elastase and the concentration of short chain fatty acids in feces was determined. Results and discussion. Of elastase feces in 9 patients was 5.5±4.7 icg/g, that is revealed severe exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas and in 5 patients the elastase level was normal and amounted to 402±124 icg/g. Deployed the clinical picture of diabetes mellitus was observed in 3 patients. Metabolic activity of the colon microflora as a whole was reduced, the sum of the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (ΣCn) was 6.03±4.11 mg/g at a rate of 10.61±5.11 (p

scholarly journals Perspectives on ruminant nutrition and metabolism. II. Metabolism in ruminant tissues

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F Annison ◽  
W. L Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractThe discovery of the dominance of short-chain fatty acids as energy sources in the 1940s and 1950s, as discussed in part I of this review (Annison & Bryden, 1998) led to uncertainties concerning the interrelationships of glucose and acetate in ruminant metabolism. These were resolved in the following decade largely by use of14C-labelled substrates. Although only small amounts of glucose are absorbed in most dietary situations, glucose availability to ruminant tissues as measured by isotope dilution was shown to be substantial, indicating that gluconeogenesis is a major metabolic activity in both fed and fasted states. Studies with14C-labelled glucose and acetate revealed that in contrast to non-ruminants, acetate and not glucose is the major precursor of long-chain fatty acids in ruminant tissues. Interest in the measurement of energy metabolism in livestock grew rapidly from the 1950s. Most laboratories adopted indirect calorimetry and precise measurements of the energy expenditure of ruminants contributed to the development of new feeding systems. More recently, alternative approaches to the measurement of energy expenditure have included the use of NMR spectroscopy, isotope dilution and the application of the Fick principle to measure O2consumption in the whole animal and in defined tissues. The refinement of the classical arterio-venous difference procedure in the study of mammary gland metabolism in the 1960s, particularly when combined with isotope dilution, encouraged the use of these methods to generate quantitative data on the metabolism of a range of defined tissues. The recent introduction of new methods for the continuous monitoring of both blood flow and blood O2content has greatly increased the precision and scope of arterio-venous difference measurements. The impact of data produced by these and other quantitative procedures on current knowledge of the metabolism of glucose, short-chain fatty acids and lipids, and on N metabolism, is outlined. The role of the portal-drained viscera and liver in N metabolism is discussed in relation to data obtained by the use of multi-catheterized animals. Protein turnover, and the impact of stress (physical, social and disease related) on protein metabolism have been reviewed. The growth of knowledge of mammary gland metabolism and milk synthesis since the first quantitative studies in the 1960s has been charted. Recent findings on the regulation of amino acid uptake and utilization by the mammary gland, and on the control of milk secretion, are of particular interest and importance.

scholarly journals Rifaximin-Mediated Gut Microbiota Regulation Modulates the Polarization of Microglia During CUMS in Rat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haonan Li ◽  
Yujiao Xiang ◽  
Zemeng Zhu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Zhijun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background: Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) can not only lead to depression-like behavior but also change the composition of the gut microbiome. Regulating the gut microbiome can have an antidepressant effect, but the mechanism by which it improves depressive symptoms is not clear. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are small molecular compounds produced by the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates. SFCAs are ubiquitous in intestinal endocrine and immune cells, making them important mediators of gut microbiome-regulated body functions. Activated M1 microglia can cause pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia serve anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions. The balance between the two phenotypes of microglia plays an important role in the occurrence and treatment of depression caused by chronic stress. We hypothesized that rifaximin exerts an antidepressant effect by changing the abundance of fecal SFCA metabolites and transforming the microglial phenotype. Methods: We administered 150 mg/kg rifaximin intragastrically to rats exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks and investigated the composition of the fecal microbiome, the content of short-chain fatty acids in the serum and brain, microglial phenotypic profiles and hippocampal neurogenesis. Results: Our results show that rifaximin ameliorated depressive-like behavior induced by CUMS, as reflected by sucrose preference, the open field test and the Morris water maze. Rifaximin increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae, which were significantly positively correlated with high levels of butyrate in the brain. Rifaximin also increased the transformation of M1 microglia into the M2 type in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and ameliorated neurogenic abnormalities and functional deficits caused by CUMS.Conclusions: These results suggest that rifaximin can enhance the neuroprotective effect of microglia to some extent by regulating the gut microbiome and one of its metabolites, butyrate.

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