Oil Retention in Shales: A Review of the Mechanism, Controls and Assessment

Shale oil is a vital alternative energy source for oil and gas and has recently received an extensive attention. Characterization of the shale oil content provides an important guiding significance for resource potential evaluation, sweet spot prediction, and development of shale oil. In this paper, the mechanism, evaluation and influencing factors of oil retention in shales are reviewed. Oil is retained in shales through adsorption and swelling of kerogen, adsorption onto minerals and storage in shale pores. Quite a few methods are developed for oil content evaluation, such as three-dimensional fluorescence quantitation, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR), solvent extraction, pyrolysis, multiple extraction-multiple pyrolysis-multiple chromatography, logging calculation, statistical regression, pyrolysis simulation experiment, and mass balance calculation. However, the limitations of these methods represent a challenge in practical applications. On this basis, the influencing factors of the oil retention are summarized from the microscale to the macroscale. The oil retention capacity is comprehensively controlled by organic matter abundance, type and maturity, mineral composition and diagenesis, oil storage space, shale thickness, and preservation conditions. Finally, oil mobility evaluation methods are introduced, mainly including the multitemperature pyrolysis, 2D NMR, and adsorption-swelling experiment, and the influencing factors of movable shale oil are briefly discussed. The aim of this paper is to deepen the understanding of shale oil evaluation and provide a basis for further research.

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Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Dietary Fibre Concentrates from Winemaking By-Products: Skins, Stems and Lees

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10071510 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1510

Author(s):

María Ángeles Rivas ◽

Rocío Casquete ◽

María de Guía Córdoba ◽

Santiago Ruíz-Moyano ◽

María José Benito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Water Retention ◽

Point Of View ◽

Water Retention Capacity ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Oil Retention ◽

High Antioxidant Activity ◽

By Products

The objective of this study was to evaluate, from a technological and nutritional point of view, the chemical composition and functional properties of the industrial winemaking by-products, namely skins, stems and lees. The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as the functional properties (fat and water retention and swelling capacity, antioxidant capacity, and their prebiotic effect), of the dietary fibre of these by-products were studied. The results showed that the skins, stems, and lees are rich in fibre, with the stem fibre containing the highest amounts of non-extractable polyphenols attached to polysaccharides with high antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect. Lee fibre had the highest water retention capacity and oil retention capacity. The results reveal that winemaking by-products could be used as a source of dietary fibre with functional characteristics for food applications.

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Influencing factors and fracability of lacustrine shale oil reservoirs

Marine and Petroleum Geology ◽

10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.07.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 ◽

pp. 463-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cunfei Ma ◽

Chunmei Dong ◽

Chengyan Lin ◽

Derek Elsworth ◽

Guoqiang Luan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influencing Factors ◽

Oil Reservoirs ◽

Shale Oil ◽

Lacustrine Shale ◽

Shale Oil Reservoirs

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Oil content prediction of lacustrine organic-rich shale from wireline logs: A case study of intersalt reservoirs in the Qianjiang Sag, Jianghan Basin, China

Interpretation ◽

10.1190/int-2019-0247.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. SL79-SL88

Author(s):

Xin Nie ◽

Jing Lu ◽

Roufida Rana Djaroun ◽

Peilin Wang ◽

Jun Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Oil Content ◽

Pore Space ◽

Oil Reservoirs ◽

Fluid Distribution ◽

Shale Oil ◽

Oil Saturation ◽

Archie’S Law ◽

The Core ◽

Shale Oil Reservoirs

Shale oil is an unconventional oil resource with great potential. Oil saturation ([Formula: see text]) is an essential parameter for formation evaluation. However, due to the complexity of matrix mineral components and pore structure, Archie’s law cannot be used directly to calculate [Formula: see text] in shale oil reservoirs. We have developed a new saturation model for shale oil reservoirs. This model allows us to separate the organic from the inorganic pores, eliminate the background conductivity mainly caused by the borehole fluid or conductive minerals and determine the effective conductive porosity, which rules out nonconductive porosity, including isolated pores and the pore space affected by the fluid distribution. By analyzing the logging and core experimental data from the Qianjiang Sag, Jianghan Oilfield, we found that the T2 cutoff porosities of nuclear magnetic resonance logging are strongly related to the nonconductive porosities. After we determine the T2 cutoff value using the core experimental data, we can use it to obtain nonconductive porosity fraction in each depth point, which allows us to efficiently calculate [Formula: see text]. We calculate oil saturation values and use them to estimate the oil content. The results are coherent with the core experimental data, which indicates the efficiency of this model.

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Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treated Mung Bean Starch on Characteristics of Batters and Crusts from Deep-Fried Pork Nuggets

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2012-0105 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 261-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lingwen Zhang ◽

Hongfang Ji ◽

Mingduo Yang ◽

Hanjun Ma

Keyword(s):

Hydrostatic Pressure ◽

High Hydrostatic Pressure ◽

Mung Bean ◽

Oil Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Retention Capacity ◽

Starch Granules ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Mung Bean Starch

Abstract Influences of mung bean starches treated with different high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the properties of batters and crusts from deep-fried pork nuggets were explored. HHP-treated starch increased water retention capacity of batter and consequently the batter pick-up. The increase in pressure at 150–450 MPa could facilitate hydration and swelling of starch granules during gelatinization. The crusts containing HHP-treated starches had higher moisture and less oil content, and the oil content was 15.82 g/100 g dry weight (DW) for 450 MPa treated starch, which was much lower than that of native starch (18.39 g/100 g DW) (p<0.05). Additionally, HHP-treated starches changed the crispness of crusts with increases in the slope and decrease in the shearing distance. Results indicated that mung bean starch treated with HHP in the range of 150–450 MPa could improve the quality of deep-fried battered food.

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99/00182 A simple estimation of shale oil content by thermogravimetry

Fuel and Energy Abstracts ◽

10.1016/s0140-6701(99)92455-4 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Keyword(s):

Oil Content ◽

Shale Oil ◽

Simple Estimation

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Producibility and commerciality of shale resource systems: contrasting geochemical attributes of shale gas and shale oil systems

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj12080 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 469

Author(s):

Basim Faraj ◽

Daniel Jarvie

Keyword(s):

Shale Gas ◽

Oil Content ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Core Sample ◽

Shale Oil ◽

Hydrocarbon Recovery ◽

The Past ◽

Gas Shales ◽

Early Exploration ◽

Original Oil In Place

Increasing the producibility of petroleum from shale is a key challenge for this decade and beyond. While understanding of producing petroleum from shales has advanced rapidly during the past decade, many unknowns remain. In addition, fundamental differences remain between high-thermal maturity shale gas systems (gas-window shales) and oil-window shales. Although it is shown that oil is produced from the shale matrix similar to gas shales, it is not known what improvement to recovery factors should be expected due to the fundamental differences and uniqueness of shale oil systems. Some of the challenges in early exploration of shales in the oil window are related to the loss of oil from rock samples (cuttings, core), sample processing, storage conditions, sample preparation, oil type, API gravity, gas-oil ratio (GOR), rock lithofacies, and analytical conditions. It is shown that old cuttings may lose up to 300% of their free oil content simply due to evaporation, even in tight shale with black oil having a GOR of about 500 scf/bbl. When cuttings are compared with RSWC or core chips, the loss increases to almost 500%. Projection of oil content to match measured GOR values of oils or even extracts of organic-rich tight shales allows prediction of this oil loss—this impacts calculations of original oil in place (OOIP) and, hence, hydrocarbon recovery estimates from such systems.

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Microencapsulation of Cajuput Oil by Spray Drying: Influence of Wall Systems on the Oil Retention and Storage

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1518 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 117-119 ◽

pp. 1518-1521

Author(s):

Kangsadarn Wicheansin ◽

Ratana Indranupakorn

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Oil Content ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Modified Starch ◽

Oil Retention ◽

And Storage

The microencapsulation of cajuput oil by spray drying was investigated with respect to the effects of two kinds of matrices (gum arabic and modified starch) as well as to the effects of initial concentrations of cajuput oil on its retention and stability. The results indicated that the oil retention depended on the type of encapsulating agent. Hicap100 showed higher oil retention of encapsulated cajuput oil. Further, the surface oil content of the Hicap100 powder was very low. The protective effect of microencapsulation of Hicap100 was also studied. The functional compound, 1,8-cineole, was released more slowly from the Hicap100 compared to gum arabic, especially at the level of 30% oil loaded.

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