scholarly journals How to Classify and Define Pituitary Tumors: Recent Advances and Current Controversies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congxin Dai ◽  
Jun Kang ◽  
Xiaohai Liu ◽  
Yong Yao ◽  
Haijun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Pituitary Transcription Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Definition Of

Pituitary tumors are very complex and heterogeneous and have a very wide range of proliferative and aggressive behaviors, and how to define and classify these tumors remains controversial. This review summarizes the epidemiology and progress in the classification and definition of pituitary tumors, as well as controversial issues. Based on the results of radiologic and autopsy studies, the prevalence of pituitary tumors has recently increased significantly. However, the majority of pituitary tumors are incidentally discovered and asymptomatic, and such tumors are called pituitary incidentalomas. Most of these incidentalomas do not induce symptoms, remain stable in size, and do not need treatment. The recent revised classification strategies mainly depend on immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect pituitary hormones and pituitary transcription factors; therefore, the accuracy of diagnosing pituitary tumors has improved. Although new classification strategies and definitions for pituitary tumors have been presented, there are still some controversies. The term pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) was proposed by the International Pituitary Pathology Club, and this terminology can encompass the unpredictable malignant behavior seen in the subset of aggressive pituitary adenomas (PAs). However, some endocrinologists who oppose this change in terminology have argued that the use of tumor in the terminology is misleading, as it gives PAs a harmful connotation when the majority are not aggressive. Such terminology may add new ambiguity to the origin of PAs and unnecessary anxiety and frustration for the majority of patients with benign PAs. The classification of aggressive PAs mainly relies on subjective judgment of clinical behavior and lacks objective biomarkers and unified diagnostic criteria. However, the term “refractory” could more accurately represent the characteristics of these tumors, including their clinical behaviors, radiological features, and pathologic characteristics. Moreover, the diagnostic criteria for refractory PAs are stricter, more objective, and more accurate than those for aggressive PAs. Early identification of patients with these tumors through recognition and increased awareness of the definition of refractory PAs will encourage the early use of aggressive therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Geometric and Topological Bases of a New Classification of Wood Vascular Tissues Part 1: Shape and Arrangement Classifications of Vessels

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7545
Author(s):  
Nikolai Bardarov ◽  
Vladislav Todorov ◽  
Nicole Christoff
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Complete Solution ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Topological Characteristics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Wood Science ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

The need to identify wood by its anatomical features requires a detailed analysis of all the elements that make it up. This is a significant problem of structural wood science, the most general and complete solution of which is yet to be sought. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the use of computer vision methods to automate processes such as the detection, identification, and classification of different tissues and different tree species. The more successful use of these methods in wood anatomy requires a more precise and comprehensive definition of the anatomical elements, according to their geometric and topological characteristics. In this article, we conduct a detailed analysis of the limits of variation of the location and grouping of vessels in the observed microscopic samples. The present development offers criteria and quantitative indicators for defining the terms shape, location, and group of wood tissues. It is proposed to differentiate the quantitative indicators of the vessels depending on their geometric and topological characteristics. Thus, with the help of computer vision technics, it will be possible to establish topological characteristics of wood vessels, the extraction of which would be used to develop an algorithm for the automatic classification of tree species.

scholarly journals CONSTITUTIVE EVALUATIVE CONCEPTS IN CRIMINAL LAW: CONCEPT, TYPES, FUNCTIONS, ESSENTIAL FEATURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-458
Author(s):  
D.R. Kasimov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cognitive Meaning

The article provides a new classification of evaluative concepts enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, indicates the purpose of its existence in the doctrine of criminal law. The article describes the definition of constitutive evaluative concepts that are determined as legislatively vague evaluative concepts that, by their normative-essential and functionally-substantive characteristics, are absolute, necessarily alternative, or accompanying structural features of a crime. Through the prism of the features of constitutive evaluative concepts, their varieties, essential features and functions are distinguished; interpretation (including cognitive) meaning is revealed. Moreover, the interpretation features of these evaluative concepts are considered in two interdependent aspects: the structurally-essential (associated with the types, attributes and functions of constitutive evaluative concepts) and the procedural-substantive (associated with the informative and informative activities of the interpreter). It is indicated that the interpretation features of an structurally-essential nature are, firstly, in the composition and criminogenic properties of constitutive evaluative concepts, and secondly, in the semantic structural composition, indicating a meaningful dependence of the evaluative concept on the accompanying structural features of a crime, and thirdly, legally significant functional features. At the same time, interpretative features of a procedural-substantive order are also highlighted, which include, firstly, the need for a paramount definition of the criminogenic determinant, designed to establish the structural features of a crime in a perfect act, and secondly, in an increased degree of normative casuistic derivative of these evaluative concepts. The author comes to the conclusion that constitutive evaluative concepts are interpreted according to the same logical-linguistic and legal laws, but with some marked structurally meaningful features.

Kambin’s triangle: definition and new classification schema

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Fanous ◽  
Luis M. Tumialán ◽  
Michael Y. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Disc Space ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Articular Process ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Original Report ◽  
Definition Of

Kambin’s triangle is an anatomical corridor used to access critical structures in a variety of spinal procedures. It is considered a safe space because it is devoid of vascular and neural structures of importance. Nonetheless, there is currently significant variation in the literature regarding the exact dimensions and anatomical borders of Kambin’s triangle. This confusion was originally caused by leaving the superior articular process (SAP) unassigned in the description of the working triangle, despite Kambin identifying that structure in his original report. The SAP is the most relevant structure to consider when accessing the transforaminal corridor. Leaving the SAP unassigned has led to an open-handed application of the term “Kambin’s triangle.” That single eponym currently has two potential meanings, one meaning for endoscopic surgeons working through a corridor in the intact spine and a second meaning for surgeons accessing the disc space after a complete or partial facetectomy. Nevertheless, an anatomical corridor should have one consistent definition to clearly communicate techniques and use of instrumentation performed through that space. As such, the authors propose a new surgically relevant classification of this corridor. Assigning the SAP a border requires adding another dimension to the triangle, thereby transforming it into a prism. The term “Kambin’s prism” indicates the assignment of a border to all relevant anatomical structures, allowing for a uniform definition of the 3D space. From there, the classification scheme considers the expansion of the corridor and the extent of bone removal, with a particular focus on the SAP.

The Unusual Entity of Wandering Spleen In Childhood: A Recommendation for Classification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
Wandering Spleen ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Wide Range

The condition of a wandering spleen is described as the untypical movement of the spleen to an ectopic abdominal or pelvic point. It is the result of weakened ligaments in the peritoneum. There is a wide range of findings. A classification of wandering spleen does not exist. This study makes recommendations concerning a new classification for wandering spleen.

scholarly journals Aulacogens, the Donets Basin (Eastern Ukraine, Southwestern Russia), and the new classification of rifts: Towards a proper terminology

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dmitry Ruban
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Donets Basin ◽  
New Classification ◽  
East European ◽  
Continental Rifts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Present Understanding

Some intra-cratonic basins are traditionally called ?aulacogens?. This term has persisted in the geoscience literature since its invention by Soviet geologists in the mid-20th century before the triumph of the plate tectonics, but its meaning has evolved. Attempts to change its meaning from descriptive to genetic have led to a broad spectrum of opinions on the definition of aulacogens. Some specialists related them to continental rifts, while others have restricted aulacogens to the only particular rift systems or peculiar stages in the evolution of young cratons. The Donets Basin is a typical aulacogen stretching across the southern margin of the East European Craton. A brief review of present knowledge of this basin shows that its nature is rather incompatible with the present understanding of aulacogens. Instead, the new classification of rifts offers a more precise terminology for its exact characteristics. It is suggested that the term ?aulacogen? should only be restricted to those basins for which it has been applied historically.

scholarly journals 2020: Renewing the Paradigms for Orofacial Pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Daniel Chavarría-Bolanos ◽  
Amaury Pozos-Guillén ◽  
Mauricio Montero-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
International Association ◽  
International Health ◽  
International Classification ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Health Community ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of

In 2020, two important changes were adapted by the international health community: a new definition of pain and a new classification for orofacial pain conditions. With these changes new tasks and challenges also emerged, and clinicians from several disciplines begun to adopt and reconsidered classic paradigms, and the policies derived from them. This new perspective article, examine the new definition of pain proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain, and the new International Classification of Orofacial Pain; analyzing the positive impact and further perspectives of these.

scholarly journals Tremor Syndromes: An Updated Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Lenka ◽  
Joseph Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Predominant Symptom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Tremor is the most commonly encountered movement disorder in clinical practice. A wide range of pathologies may manifest with tremor either as a presenting or predominant symptom. Considering the marked etiological and phenomenological heterogeneity, it would be desirable to develop a classification of tremors that reflects their underlying pathophysiology. The tremor task force of the International Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Society has worked toward this goal and proposed a new classification system. This system has remained a prime topic of scientific communications on tremor in recent times. The new classification is based on two axes: 1. based on the clinical features, history, and tremor characteristics and 2. based on the etiology of tremor. In this article, we discuss the key aspects of the new classification, review various tremor syndromes, highlight some of the controversies in the field of tremor, and share the potential future perspectives.

scholarly journals Application of the eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases gaming disorder criteria to treatment-seeking patients: Comparison with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Internet gaming disorder criteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
Susumu Higuchi ◽  
Hideki Nakayama ◽  
Takanobu Matsuzaki ◽  
Satoko Mihara ◽  
Takashi Kitayuguchi
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Treatment Seekers

AbstractBackground and aimsThe World Health Organization included gaming disorder (GD) in the eleventh revision of International Classification of Diseases in 2019. Due to the lack of diagnostic tools for GD, a definition has not been adequately applied. Therefore, this study aimed to apply an operationalized definition of GD to treatment-seekers. The relationship between the diagnoses of GD and Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was also examined. Methods: Study participants comprised 241 treatment-seekers who had engaged in excessive gaming and experienced related problems. Psychiatrists applied the GD diagnostic criteria to the participants using a diagnostic form developed for this study. Information on gaming behavior and functional impairment was obtained through face-to-face interviews conducted by clinical psychologists. Results: In total, 78.4 and 83.0% of the participants fulfilled the GD and IGD diagnostic criteria, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of GD diagnosis were both high when the IGD diagnosis was used as the gold standard. Participants with GD preferred online PC and console games, spent significantly more time gaming, and showed a higher level of functional impairment compared to those who did not fulfill the GD diagnostic criteria. Discussion and Conclusion: The definition of GD can be successfully applied to treatment-seekers with excessive gaming and related problems. A high concordance of GD and IGD diagnoses was found in those participants with relatively severe symptoms. The development and validation of a diagnostic tool for GD should be explored in future studies.

Personality and personality disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 391-414
Author(s):  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Tom Burns ◽  
Mina Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

‘Personality and personality disorders’ covers how personality influences and is influenced by psychiatric disorders, and also the disorders of personality. Personality refers to the wide range of ensuring qualities and behaviours that characterize an individual and that we generally use to recognize them. This chapter covers the varied theories of personality, both of personality types and personality development. It covers the classification of abnormal personalities and the range of personality disorders, along with their diagnostic criteria and how this classification is currently being subject to potentially radical reorganization. While the diagnosis of personality disorders remains controversial it is an essential tool in clinical psychiatry. Its course, impact, and treatment and management strategies are outlined, with particular attention paid to the impact of personality disorders on the outcome of other psychiatric and medical conditions and the ethical problems such disorders present.

The development of geophysical maps’new classification

2017 ◽  
Vol 923 (5) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
D.S. Loginov ◽  
S.A. Krylov
Keyword(s):  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
New Classification ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Geophysical Mapping

At the present time, the common classification of geophysical maps is missing, which is a consequence of their long-term development of the geological mapping. The features of existing approaches to the definition of geophysical maps’ place among maps of natural phenomena and the limitations of existing lists of mapping themes were determined and identified in this article. New approaches to the classification of geophysical maps that take into account the completeness of their contents and the current state of geophysical mapping were offered. A new classification of geophysical maps was elaborated based on four criteria

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