scholarly journals Review of Operation and Maintenance Methodologies for Solar Photovoltaic Microgrids

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketshephaone Keisang ◽  
Tobias Bader ◽  
Ravi Samikannu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Maintenance Strategies ◽  
Operational Lifetime ◽  
Technology Applications ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Global concerns and growth in electricity demand, especially for rural and remote settlements, has forced governments, scientists, engineers, and researchers to look for alternative solutions in the form of renewable energy sources. High global growth in solar energy technology applications has added more weight in operations and maintenance (O&M) of solar-photovoltaic (SPV) systems. SPV reliability and optimized system performance are key to ensuring success and continual adaptation of SPV technology. O&M plays a central role in ensuring sustainability and long-term availability throughout the operational lifetime of the elements of SPV systems whilst boosting confidence of ultimate consumers in solar energy. While appreciating that SPV installations intrinsically require minimal maintenance actions, the objective of this manuscript is hence to reaffirm the significance of O&M scheduling in SPV systems by reviewing the O&M approaches in SPV microgrid systems. Further discussions focus on the various maintenance strategies employed in the field with special emphasis on corrective, preventive, and predictive maintenance strategies. Because of the variation in the design and development procedures of SPV systems, there is lack of clear steps followed in the development of an O&M program for SPV systems and the evaluation of its performance. This manuscript serves to address this through a model for developing an O&M program and portrays the key elements for its success, including a management and execution approach for improved risk-return balance and savings from the O&M expenditure. Eventually, the three models of executing an O&M program (i.e., in-house O&M team, third party contract, or installation company) are analyzed.

scholarly journals Design and Sizing of Mobile Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant to Support Rapid Charging for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kameswara Satya Prakash Oruganti ◽  
Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam ◽  
Gowthamraj Rajendran ◽  
Ramasamy A
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Plug And Play ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Charging Stations

Existing DC fast-charging stations are experiencing power quality issues such as high harmonics in the line current, poor power factor in the input supply, and overloading of distribution transformers, due to the dynamic behavior of charging patterns when it is connected to the power grid. Most of the recent works involve the usage of renewable energy sources to mitigate the issues on the distribution grid. In order to design a mobile plug and play DC fast charging station, solar energy is the best and viable solution to carry out. In this paper, plug and play solar photovoltaic power plant to charge electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed and modelled using MATLAB/Simulink software. The proposed system can act as a mobile power plant. The controller allows the system to charge the battery, whenever there is abundant solar energy. Incoming EVs will be charged directly from the system battery where the charger acts as a rapid charging system. The proposed system can meet the concept of Solar Photovoltaic Rapid Charging Stations (SPRCS), which shows that 80% of charge can be fed to an EV in 10.25 s.

scholarly journals Blockchain Technology: Energy Efficiency and Ethical Compliance

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Yudi Fernando ◽  
Rubakanthan Saravannan
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
And Storage

Blockchain technology has the ability to disrupt almost every industry due to its ability to create a decentralized tamper-proof ledger network and carry out transactions without the need of a trusted third party intermediary. One of the major drawback of blockchain technology is the energy consumption surrounding its application. The problem has been discussed extensively, with proposals focusing on strengthening its consensus protocol and also integrating renewable energy sources to minimize its carbon footprint. To boost adaptability of blockchain in all sectors, the technology itself needs to look for less energy-intensive alternatives to boost its ethical and industrial compliance. As the energy sector is currently undergoing a revamp from its age-long one-way power network towards a decentralized grid system with distributed generation and storage. Adoption of blockchain technology must work hand in hand with the energy industry in order to make itself energy efficient and competitive in the long term.

Blockchain Technology in Solar Energy

2019 ◽  
pp. 110-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erginbay Uğurlu ◽  
Yusuf Muratoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Two of the important topics concerning scientists and governments are blockchain and climate change. After the paper of Satoshi Nakamoto, blockchains became a global phenomenon. After its usage for cryptocurrencies, blockchain is starting to be used for digital protocols and smart contracts. Blockchain technology is used in many sectors, such as banking, finance, car leasing, entertainment, energy, etc. Climate change leads to global warming, which means the long-term warming of the planet. Therefore, governments have made an effort to decrease global warming or keep it stable. One of the mitigation ways of global warming is to use renewable energy. Solar energy is one of the most used types of renewable energy sources, and also blockchain technology is widely used in this sector. In this chapter, the authors investigate the use of blockchain technology in the solar energy sector.

Blockchain Technology in Solar Energy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1010-1028
Author(s):  
Erginbay Uğurlu ◽  
Yusuf Muratoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Two of the important topics concerning scientists and governments are blockchain and climate change. After the paper of Satoshi Nakamoto, blockchains became a global phenomenon. After its usage for cryptocurrencies, blockchain is starting to be used for digital protocols and smart contracts. Blockchain technology is used in many sectors, such as banking, finance, car leasing, entertainment, energy, etc. Climate change leads to global warming, which means the long-term warming of the planet. Therefore, governments have made an effort to decrease global warming or keep it stable. One of the mitigation ways of global warming is to use renewable energy. Solar energy is one of the most used types of renewable energy sources, and also blockchain technology is widely used in this sector. In this chapter, the authors investigate the use of blockchain technology in the solar energy sector.

OPTIMASI KUALITAS DAYA HIBRID TURBIN ANGIN DAN PHOTOVOLTAIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1095
Author(s):  
Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic

In order to decrease fuel emissions as a staple of electricity generation, renewable energy is one of the choices in the context of green technology. Wind and solar energy are several choices of renewable energy sources that can be used as environmentally friendly power plants without carbon emissions and are cheap. The application of wind turbine and solar photovoltaic hybrids is mostly carried out in several countries, especially in the fulfillment of isolated land. The HOMER application is one application that can be used to simulate wind turbine and photovoltaic hybrids.

scholarly journals Possibility of Using Solar Energy for the Creation of Carbon Neutral Hotels in Mediterranean Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Vourdoubas
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
The Mediterranean

Mitigation of climate change requires the increased use of renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels in all sectors. Hotel buildings utilize large amounts of energy consuming mainly electricity while the use of renewable energy sources is rather limited. Solar energy is abundant in the Mediterranean basin and it is currently used for heat and electricity generation in many applications. Various solar energy technologies are mature, reliable and cost-effective. Use of solar thermal energy, and solar photovoltaic energy combined with the use of high efficiency heat pumps, can cover all the energy needs for domestic hot water, space cooling and electricity in summer-operating hotels in the Mediterranean region. A summer-operating hotel located in Crete, Greece with a covered surface of 3000 m2 has a specific annual energy consumption of 150 KWh/m2. The capital cost of the required sustainable energy systems for covering all the annual energy requirements in the hotel including a solar thermal system with flat plate collectors, a solar photovoltaic system with crystalline-Si modulus and high efficiency heat pumps has been estimated at 95.7 €/m2 while the annual CO2 savings due to the use of benign energy systems in the hotel have been calculated at 68 kgCO2/m2. It is concluded that the use of solar energy technologies in summer-operating hotels in the Mediterranean region could cover all their energy requirements, while it is technically feasible, economically profitable and environmentally desirable.

Power Projects and Covid-19: A Practical Analysis of the Relevance of Force Majeure Clauses under the Standardised Power Purchase and Implementation Agreements of Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Aisha Naiga ◽  
Loyola Rwabose Karobwa
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
Energy Justice

Over 90% of Uganda's power is generated from renewable sources. Standardised Implementation Agreements and Power Purchase Agreements create a long-term relationship between Generating Companies and the state-owned off-taker guaranteed by Government. The COVID-19 pandemic and measures to curb the spread of the virus have triggered the scrutiny and application of force majeure (FM) clauses in these agreements. This article reviews the FM clauses and considers their relevance. The authors submit that FM clauses are a useful commercial tool for achieving energy justice by ensuring the continuity of the project, despite the dire effects of the pandemic. Proposals are made for practical considerations for a post-COVID-19 future which provides the continued pursuit of policy goals of promoting renewable energy sources and increasing access to clean energy, thus accelerating just energy transitions.

Cost Effective Synthesis and Fabrication of Phase-Pure Kesterite Cu2-xZn1.3SnS4 P-type Absorber Layer Thin Films by Solvent Based Process Technique for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
B. Khadambari ◽  
S. S. Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Absorber Layer ◽  
Window Layer ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
Process Technique ◽  
Absorber Material ◽  
Effective Synthesis ◽  
P Type

Solar has become one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources. With the push towards sustainability it is an excellent solution to resolve the issue of our diminishing finite resources. Alternative photovoltaic systems are of much importance to utilize solar energy efficiently. The Cu-chalcopyrite compounds CuInS2 and CuInSe2 and their alloys provide absorber material of high absorption coefficients of the order of 105 cm-1. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is more promising material for photovoltaic applications as Zn and Sn are abundant materials of earth’s crust. Further, the preparation of CZTS-ink facilitates the production of flexible solar cells. The device can be designed with Al doped ZnO as the front contact, n-type window layer (e.g. intrinsic ZnO); an n-type thin film buffer layer (e.g. CdS) and a p-type CZTS absorber layer with Molybdenum (Mo) substrate as back contact. In this study, CZTS films were synthesized by a non-vaccum solvent based process technique from a molecular-ink using a non toxic eco-friendly solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The deposited CZTS films were optimized and characterized by XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy and SEM.

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

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