scholarly journals Emissions of CO2, N2O and CH4 From Cultivated and Set Aside Drained Peatland in Central Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Örjan Berglund ◽  
Thomas Kätterer ◽  
Katharina H. E. Meurer
Keyword(s):  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Northern Peatlands

Northern peatlands are important carbon (C) reservoirs, storing about one-third of the global terrestrial soil C pool. Anthropogenic influences, such as drainage for agriculture and forestry, lower the originally high groundwater level, leading to peat aeration and decomposition. This is particularly reflected in significant losses of CO2, while fluxes of N2O and CH4 are generally considered of minor importance for the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of cultivated peatlands in Scandinavia. Setting land aside from agricultural production has been proposed as a strategy to reduce GHG emissions from drained peatland, restore natural habitats, and increase C sequestration. However, the evidence for this is rather scarce unless drainage is terminated. In this study, we measured respiration using dark automatic chambers, and CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes using manual static chambers, on: 1) cultivated peatland and 2) adjacent set-aside peatland in Central Sweden. The set-aside site was found to be a greater source of respiration than the cultivated site, while higher N2O fluxes and lower CH4 uptake rates were observed for the cultivated site. However, to compare the full GHG balance and assess the abandonment of drained cultivated peatland, additional measures, such as gross primary production (GPP) but also dissolved organic C losses would have to be taken into account.

Humus, nitrogen and energy balances, and greenhouse gas emissions in a long-term field experiment with compost compared with mineral fertilisation

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Erhart ◽  
Harald Schmid ◽  
Wilfried Hartl ◽  
Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Energy Balances

Compost fertilisation is one way to close material cycles for organic matter and plant nutrients and to increase soil organic matter content. In this study, humus, nitrogen (N) and energy balances, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated for a 14-year field experiment using the model software REPRO. Humus balances showed that compost fertilisation at a rate of 8 t/ha.year resulted in a positive balance of 115 kg carbon (C)/ha.year. With 14 and 20 t/ha.year of compost, respectively, humus accumulated at rates of 558 and 1021 kg C/ha.year. With mineral fertilisation at rates of 29–62 kg N/ha.year, balances were moderately negative (–169 to –227 kg C/ha.year), and a clear humus deficit of –457 kg C/ha.year showed in the unfertilised control. Compared with measured soil organic C (SOC) data, REPRO predicted SOC contents fairly well with the exception of the treatments with high compost rates, where SOC contents were overestimated by REPRO. GHG balances calculated with soil C sequestration on the basis of humus balances, and on the basis of soil analyses, indicated negative GHG emissions with medium and high compost rates. Mineral fertilisation yielded net GHG emissions of ~2000 kg CO2-eq/ha.year. The findings underline that compost fertilisation holds potential for C sequestration and for the reduction of GHG emissions, even though this potential is bound to level off with increasing soil C saturation.

Manipulation of rhizosphere organisms to enhance glomalin production and C sequestration: Pitfalls and promises

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Walley ◽  
A. W. Gillespie ◽  
Adekunbi B. Adetona ◽  
J. J. Germida ◽  
R. E. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
N Storage ◽  
C And N

Walley, F. L., Gillespie, A. W., Adetona, A. B., Germida, J. J. and Farrell, R. E. 2014. Manipulation of rhizosphere organisms to enhance glomalin production and C-sequestration: Pitfalls and promises. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1025–1032. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) reportedly produce glomalin, a glycoprotein that has the potential to increase soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We hypothesized that interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and AMF, would influence glomalin production. Our objectives were to determine the effects of AMF/PGPR interactions on plant growth and glomalin production in the rhizosphere of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with the goal of enhancing C and N storage in the rhizosphere. One component of the study focussed on the molecular characterization of glomalin and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) using complementary synchrotron-based N and C X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS), and proteomics techniques to characterize specific organic C and N fractions associated with glomalin production. Our research ultimately led us to conclude that the proteinaceous material extracted, and characterized in the literature, as GRSP is not exclusively of AMF origin. Our research supports the established concept that GRSP is important to soil quality, and C and N storage, irrespective of origin. However, efforts to manipulate this important soil C pool will remain compromised until we more clearly elucidate the chemical nature and origin of this resource.

Potential soil carbon sequestration of agricultural land around the world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Vetter ◽  
Michael Martin ◽  
Pete Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
The World ◽  
Soil C Sequestration

<p>Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in to the atmosphere to limit global warming is the big challenge of the coming decades. The focus lies on negative emission technologies to remove GHGs from the atmosphere from different sectors. Agriculture produces around a quarter of all the anthropogenic GHGs globally (including land use change and afforestation). Reducing these net emissions can be achieved through techniques that increase the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. These techniques include improved management practices in agriculture and grassland systems, which increase the organic carbon (C) input or reduce soil disturbances. The C sequestration potential differs among soils depending on climate, soil properties and management, with the highest potential for poor soils (SOC stock farthest from saturation).</p><p>Modelling can be used to estimate the technical potential to sequester C of agricultural land under different mitigation practices for the next decades under different climate scenarios. The ECOSSE model was developed to simulate soil C dynamics and GHG emissions in mineral and organic soils. A spatial version of the model (GlobalECOSSE) was adapted to simulate agricultural soils around the world to calculate the SOC change under changing management and climate.</p><p>Practices like different tillage management, crop rotations and residue incorporation showed regional differences and the importance of adapting mitigation practices under an increased changing climate. A fast adoption of practices that increase SOC has its own challenges, as the potential to sequester C is high until the soil reached a new C equilibrium. Therefore, the potential to use soil C sequestration to reduce overall GHG emissions is limited. The results showed a high potential to sequester C until 2050 but much lower rates in the second half of the century, highlighting the importance of using soil C sequestration in the coming decades to reach net zero by 2050.</p>

scholarly journals Proximal sensing for soil carbon accounting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline R. England ◽  
Raphael Armando Viscarra Rossel
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Proximal Sensing ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Cost Efficient

Abstract. Maintaining or increasing soil organic carbon (C) is important for securing food production, and for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, climate change and land degradation. Some land management practices in cropping, grazing, horticultural and mixed farming systems can be used to increase organic C in soil, but to assess their effectiveness, we need accurate and cost-efficient methods for measuring and monitoring the change. To determine the stock of organic C in soil, one needs measurements of soil organic C concentration, bulk density and gravel content, but using conventional laboratory-based analytical methods is expensive. Our aim here is to review the current state of proximal sensing for the development of new soil C accounting methods for emissions reporting and in emissions reduction schemes. We evaluated sensing techniques in terms of their rapidity, cost, accuracy, safety, readiness and their state of development. The most suitable technique for measuring soil organic C concentrations appears to be vis–NIR spectroscopy and for bulk density active gamma-ray attenuation. Sensors for measuring gravel have not been developed, but an interim solution with rapid wet-sieving and automated measurement appears useful. Field-deployable, multi-sensor systems are needed for cost-efficient soil C accounting. Proximal sensing can be used for soil organic C accounting, but the methods need to be standardised and procedural guidelines need to be developed to ensure proficient measurement and accurate reporting and verification. This is particularly important if the schemes use financial incentives for landholders to adopt management practices to sequester soil organic C. We list and discuss the requirements for the development of new soil C accounting methods that are based on proximal sensing, including requirements for recording, verification and auditing.

Site-level simulations of measurable soil fractions with the Millennial V2 soil model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Abramoff ◽  
Bertrand Guenet ◽  
Haicheng Zhang ◽  
Katerina Georgiou ◽  
Xiaofeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
C Sequestration ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Century Model ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
Soil Model ◽  
Mean Residence Times

<p>Soil carbon (C) models are used to predict C sequestration responses to climate and land use change. Yet, the soil models embedded in Earth system models typically do not represent processes that reflect our current understanding of soil C cycling, such as microbial decomposition, mineral association, and aggregation. Rather, they rely on conceptual pools with turnover times that are fit to bulk C stocks and/or fluxes. As measurements of soil fractions become increasingly available, it is necessary for soil C models to represent these measurable quantities so that model processes can be evaluated more accurately. Here we present Version 2 (V2) of the Millennial model, a soil model developed in 2018 to simulate C pools that can be measured by extraction or fractionation, including particulate organic C, mineral-associated organic C, aggregate C, microbial biomass, and dissolved organic C. Model processes have been updated to reflect the current understanding of mineral-association, temperature sensitivity and reaction kinetics, and different model structures were tested within an open-source framework. We evaluated the ability of Millennial V2 to simulate total soil organic C (SOC), as well as the mineral-associated and particulate fractions, using three independent data sets of soil fractionation measurements spanning a range of climate and geochemistry in Australia (N=495), Europe (N=176), and across the globe (N=716). Considering RMSE and AIC as indices of model performance, site-level evaluations show that Millennial V2 predicts soil organic carbon content better than the widely-used Century model, despite an increase in process complexity and number of parameters. Millennial V2 also reproduces between-site variation in SOC across gradients of climate, plant productivity, and soil type. By including the additional constraints of measured soil fractions, we can predict site-level mean residence times similar to a global distribution of mean residence times measured using SOC/respiration rate under an assumption of steady state. The Millennial V2 model updates the conceptual Century model pools and processes and represents our current understanding of the roles that microbial activity, mineral association and aggregation play in soil C sequestration.</p>

Site-level simulations of measurable soil fractions with Millennial Version 2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Abramoff ◽  
Bertrand Guenet ◽  
Haicheng Zhang ◽  
Katerina Georgiou ◽  
Xiaofeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Century Model ◽  
Mineral Association ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
C Stocks

<p>Soil carbon (C) models are used to predict C sequestration responses to climate and land use change. Yet, the soil models embedded in Earth system models typically do not represent processes that reflect our current understanding of soil C cycling, such as microbial decomposition, mineral association, and aggregation. Rather, they rely on conceptual pools with turnover times that are fit to bulk C stocks and/or fluxes. As measurements of soil fractions become increasingly available, soil C models that represent these measurable quantities can be evaluated more accurately. Here we present Version 2 (V2) of the Millennial model, a soil model developed to simulate C pools that can be measured by extraction or fractionation, including particulate organic C, mineral-associated organic C, aggregate C, microbial biomass, and dissolved organic C. Model processes have been updated to reflect the current understanding of mineral-association, temperature sensitivity and reaction kinetics, and different model structures were tested within an open-source framework. We evaluated the ability of Millennial V2 to simulate total soil organic C (SOC), as well as the mineral-associated and particulate fractions, using three soil fractionation data sets spanning a range of climate and geochemistry in Australia (N=495), Europe (N=176), and across the globe (N=730). Millennial V2 (RMSE = 1.98 – 4.76 kg, AIC = 597 – 1755) generally predicts SOC content better than the widely-used Century model (RMSE = 2.23 – 4.8 kg, AIC = 584 – 2271), despite an increase in process complexity and number of parameters. Millennial V2 reproduces between-site variation in SOC across a gradient of plant productivity, and predicts SOC turnover times similar to those of a global meta-analysis. Millennial V2 updates the conceptual Century model pools and processes and represents our current understanding of the roles that microbial activity, mineral association and aggregation play in soil C sequestration.</p>

scholarly journals Determination of the carbon budget of a pasture: effect of system boundaries and flux uncertainties

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2959-2969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Felber ◽  
Daniel Bretscher ◽  
Andreas Münger ◽  
Albrecht Neftel ◽  
Christof Ammann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
System Boundaries ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Eddy Covariance Measurements

Abstract. Carbon (C) sequestration in the soil is considered as a potential important mechanism to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the agricultural sector. It can be quantified by the net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) describing the change of soil C as the sum of all relevant import and export fluxes. NECB was investigated here in detail for an intensively grazed dairy pasture in Switzerland. Two budget approaches with different system boundaries were applied: NECBtot for system boundaries including the grazing cows and NECBpast for system boundaries excluding the cows. CO2 and CH4 exchange induced by soil/vegetation processes as well as direct emissions by the animals were derived from eddy covariance measurements. Other C fluxes were either measured (milk yield, concentrate feeding) or derived based on animal performance data (intake, excreta). For the investigated year, both approaches resulted in a small near-neutral C budget: NECBtot −27 ± 62 and NECBpast 23 ± 76 g C m−2 yr−1. The considerable uncertainties, depending on the approach, were mainly due to errors in the CO2 exchange or in the animal-related fluxes. The comparison of the NECB results with the annual exchange of other GHG revealed CH4 emissions from the cows to be the major contributor in terms of CO2 equivalents, but with much lower uncertainty compared to NECB. Although only 1 year of data limit the representativeness of the carbon budget results, they demonstrate the important contribution of the non-CO2 fluxes depending on the chosen system boundaries and the effect of their propagated uncertainty in an exemplary way. The simultaneous application and comparison of both NECB approaches provides a useful consistency check for the carbon budget determination and can help to identify and eliminate systematic errors.

Quantifying total and labile pools of soil organic carbon in cultivated and uncultivated soils in eastern India

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumari Priyanka ◽  
Anshumali
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Pools ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Land Use Practices

Loss of labile carbon (C) fractions yields information about the impact of land-use changes on sources of C inputs, pathways of C losses and mechanisms of soil C sequestration. This study dealt with the total organic C (TOC) and labile C pools in 40 surface soil samples (0–15 cm) collected from four land-use practices: uncultivated sites and rice–wheat, maize–wheat and sugarcane agro-ecosystems. Uncultivated soils had a higher total C pool than croplands. The soil inorganic C concentrations were in the range of 0.7–1.4 g kg–1 under different land-use practices. Strong correlations were found between TOC and all organic C pools, except water-extractable organic C and mineralisable C. The sensitivity index indicated that soil organic C pools were susceptible to changes in land-use practices. Discriminant function analysis showed that the nine soil variables could distinguish the maize–wheat and rice–wheat systems from uncultivated and sugarcane systems. Finally, we recommend crop rotation practices whereby planting sugarcane replenishes TOC content in soils.

scholarly journals A Complete Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Above and Belowground Biomass Components of a Hybrid Eucalyptus Plantation in Southern Brazil

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio Viera ◽  
Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro
Keyword(s):  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Understory Biomass

Hybrid eucalypt clones are grown for fiber production worldwide and to provide an ecosystem service that can store atmospheric carbon at a very fast rate. This study assessed the carbon stocks in the soil and various tree fractions in a 10-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake × Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in Southern Brazil. Four experimental plots were established, and an inventory of Eucalyptus trees was conducted by considering five diametric classes. Three trees in each diametric class were harvested for biomass and carbon quantification. The understory biomass of native trees was quantified in five subplots and the litter was quantified in 16 subplots. Organic C was quantified in the soil (SOC) and roots (diameter ≤ 0.5 cm) to a depth of 100 cm. The C concentration in the different biomass fractions of the eucalyptus trees were 55.7% (±0.6), 50.4% (±0.4), 49.5% (±0.6) and 45.4 % (±0.9) for leaves, branches, wood and bark, respectively. The C concentrations in the understory fractions were 51.4% (±1.0) for the canopy and 50.0% (±0.9) for the stem. The carbon concentration in the fine root biomass was 45.7% (±1.4). Soil C concentrations were 1.23% (±0.32), 0.97% (±0.10), 0.45% (±0.14), and 0.24% (±0.10) for depths of 0–25, 25–50, 50–75, and 75–100 cm. C was allocated in: (a) the trees (aboveground fraction = 118.45 Mg ha−1 and belowground fraction = 30.06 Mg ha−1), (b) the understory = 1.44 Mg ha−1, (c) the litter = 8.34 Mg ha−1, and (d) the soil (without roots) = 99.7 Mg ha−1. The share of total C stock (a + b + c + d = 258.0 Mg ha−1) was similar in the aboveground (49.7%) and belowground (50.3%) fractions, thus indicating a very high rate of C sequestration in the biomass. Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil are fast growing (for this study = 36.7 m³ ha−1 year−1) and contribute to intense carbon sequestration in above and belowground biomass (14.8 Mg ha−1 year−1).

Management effects on the dynamics and storage rates of organic matter in long-term crop rotations

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Paul ◽  
H. P. Collins ◽  
K. Paustian ◽  
E. T. Elliott ◽  
S. Frey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Incubation ◽  
C And N ◽  
A Site ◽  
Management Effects

Factors controlling soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics in soil C sequestration and N fertility were determined from multi-site analysis of long-term, crop rotation experiments in Western Canada. Analyses included bulk density, organic and inorganic C and N, particulate organic C (POM-C) and N (POM -N), and CO2-C evolved during laboratory incubation. The POM-C and POM-N contents varied with soil type. Differences in POM-C contents between treatments at a site (δPOM-C) were related (r2= 0.68) to treatment differences in soil C (δSOC). The CO2-C, evolved during laboratory incubation, was the most sensitive indicator of management effects. The Gray Luvisol (Breton, AB) cultivated plots had a fivefold difference in CO2-C release relative to a twofold difference in soil organic carbon (SOC). Soils from cropped, Black Chernozems (Melfort and Indian Head, SK) and Dark Brown Chernozems (Lethbridge, AB) released 50 to 60% as much CO2-C as grassland soils. Differences in CO2 evolution from the treatment with the lowest SOM on a site and that of other treatments (δCO2-C) in the early stages of the incubation were correlated to δPOM-C and this pool reflects short-term SOC storage. Management for soil fertility, such as N release, may differ from management for C sequestration. Key words: Multi-site analysis, soil management, soil C and N, POM-C and N, CO2 evolution

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