Exploring the Kairomone-Based Foraging Behaviour of Natural Enemies to Enhance Biological Control: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal M. Ayelo ◽  
Christian W. W. Pirk ◽  
Abdullahi A. Yusuf ◽  
Anaïs Chailleux ◽  
Samira A. Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Olfactory Responses

Kairomones are chemical signals that mediate interspecific interactions beneficial to organisms that detect the cues. These attractants can be individual compounds or mixtures of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) or herbivore chemicals such as pheromones, i.e., chemicals mediating intraspecific communication between herbivores. Natural enemies eavesdrop on kairomones during their foraging behaviour, i.e., location of oviposition sites and feeding resources in nature. Kairomone mixtures are likely to elicit stronger olfactory responses in natural enemies than single kairomones. Kairomone-based lures are used to enhance biological control strategies via the attraction and retention of natural enemies to reduce insect pest populations and crop damage in an environmentally friendly way. In this review, we focus on ways to improve the efficiency of kairomone use in crop fields. First, we highlight kairomone sources in tri-trophic systems and discuss how these attractants are used by natural enemies searching for hosts or prey. Then we summarise examples of field application of kairomones (pheromones vs. HIPVs) in recruiting natural enemies. We highlight the need for future field studies to focus on the application of kairomone blends rather than single kairomones which currently dominate the literature on field attractants for natural enemies. We further discuss ways for improving kairomone use through attract and reward technique, olfactory associative learning, and optimisation of kairomone lure formulations. Finally, we discuss why the effectiveness of kairomone use for enhancing biological control strategies should move from demonstration of increase in the number of attracted natural enemies, to reducing pest populations and crop damage below economic threshold levels and increasing crop yield.

Biological Control Strategies

2020 ◽  
pp. 399-417
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Vittum
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Living Organisms

This chapter assesses biological control strategies that can reduce turfgrass insect pest populations. Biological control refers to the suppression of pest populations through the activity of living organisms or their by-products. Although a majority of this book is devoted to understanding turfgrass pests, most organisms associated with turfgrass are not pests but instead may be considered beneficial because they reduce thatch, help recycle soil nutrients, or are natural enemies of pest species. Pest outbreaks can sometimes be traced to the absence of natural control agents in the turf environment. Vertebrate and invertebrate predators, insect parasitoids, and microbial pathogens may act as natural enemies of turfgrass pests. Although the effect of one species of natural enemy may be minor, the combined effects of predators, parasitoids, and pathogens can cause considerable reductions in pest populations. Additional agents can be considered as biological controls. These include fungal endophytes (which confer host-plant resistance to some insects), botanicals (botanically derived insecticides), and synthetic compounds that mimic the activity of insect-produced compounds, such as growth hormones and pheromones.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the occurrence of fall armyworm parasitoids in Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léna Durocher-Granger ◽  
Tibonge Mfune ◽  
Monde Musesha ◽  
Alyssa Lowry ◽  
Kathryn Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Interest In Research

AbstractInvasive alien species have environmental, economic and social impacts, disproportionally threatening livelihood and food security of smallholder farmers in low- and medium-income countries. Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), an invasive insect pest from the Americas, causes considerable losses on maize to smallholder farmers in Africa since 2016. The increased use of pesticides to control FAW in Africa raises concerns for health and environmental risks resulting in a growing interest in research on biological control options for smallholder farmers. In order to evaluate the occurrence of local natural enemies attacking FAW, we collected on a weekly basis FAW eggs and larvae during a maize crop cycle in the rainy season of 2018–2019 at four locations in the Lusaka and Central provinces in Zambia. A total of 4373 larvae and 162 egg masses were collected. For each location and date of collection, crop stage, the number of plants checked and amount of damage were recorded to analyse which factors best explain the occurrence of the natural enemy species on maize. Overall parasitism rates from local natural enemies at each location varied between 8.45% and 33.11%. We identified 12 different egg-larval, larval and larval-pupal parasitoid species. Location, maize growth stage, pest density and larval stage significantly affected parasitoid species occurrence. Our findings indicate that there is potential for increasing local populations of natural enemies of FAW through conservation biological control programmes and develop safe and practical control methods for smallholder farmers.

scholarly journals Conserving carnivorous arthropods: an example from early-season cranberry (Ericaceae) flooding

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
J. van Zoeren ◽  
C. Guédot ◽  
S.A. Steffan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Insecticide Application ◽  
Insecticide Spray

AbstractBiological control plays an important role in many integrated pest management programmes, but can be disrupted by other control strategies, including chemical and cultural controls. In commercial cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton; Ericaceae) production, a spring flood can replace an insecticide application, providing an opportunity to study the compatibility of the flood (a cultural control) with biological control. We suspect that chemical controls will tend to reduce the number of natural enemies, while the flood, through removal of detritus and detritivores, may cause generalist predators to prey-switch to consume proportionally more pest individuals. We measured the abundance of herbivores (Lepidoptera), detritivores, Arachnida, and parasitoids (Hymenoptera) every week for six weeks in Wisconsin (United States of America) cranberry beds following either an insecticide spray or a cultural control flood. We found that detritivore populations rapidly declined in both flood and spray treatments; conversely, carnivore populations (spiders and parasitoids) were more abundant in the flooded beds than in sprayed beds. Populations of key cranberry pests were similar between flooded and sprayed beds. Our results showed that early-season flooding preserved more natural enemies than an insecticide application. This increase in natural enemy abundance after the flood may allow for greater continuity in herbivore suppression, potentially providing a basis for long-term cranberry pest management.

Biological control of Drosophila suzukii.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (054) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-eng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies

Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is native to East Asia but has widely established in the Americas and Europe, where it is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruits. It has a wide host range and these non-crop habitats harbor the fly which then repeatedly reinvades crop fields. Biological control in non-crop habitats could be the cornerstone for sustainable management at the landscape level. Toward this goal, researchers have developed or investigated biological control tactics. We review over 100 studies, conducted in the Americas, Asia and Europe on natural enemies of D. suzukii. Two previous reviews provided an overview of potential natural enemies and detailed accounts on foreign explorations. Here, we provide an up-to-date list of known or evaluated parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens (pathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses) and summarize research progress to date. We emphasize a systematic approach toward the development of biological control strategies that can stand alone or be combined with more conventional control tools. Finally, we propose a framework for the integrated use of biological control tools, from classical biological control with host-specific Asian parasitoids, to augmentative and conservation biological control with indigenous natural enemies, to the use of entomopathogens. This review provides a roadmap to foster the use of biological control tools in more sustainable D. suzukii control programs.

scholarly journals The Jekyll and Hyde case of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) in the management of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wari ◽  
Takeshi Saito ◽  
Motonori Takagi ◽  
Ryo Okada ◽  
Takuya Miyamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Nesidiocoris Tenuis ◽  
Environmentally Safe

Abstract The rise of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) as a natural enemy of various greenhouse pests in protected systems is widely reported around the globe, mainly in the Mediterranean basin, Asia, and North and Central America. In-vitro studies on improving its growth and reproduction using artificial and factitious diets, and banker plants for its breeding and propagation, and the use of violet-light (LEDs) as the attraction mechanism are well established. However, field studies are lacking in integrating these biological control components to promote N. tenuis predation on greenhouse pests. First, we performed toxicity assays in-vitro and in field conditions. Results revealed that neonicotinoids and spinosyns were toxic to N. tenuis. Avermectins & milbemycins, pyridine azomethine derivatives and diamides, in contrast, were less to moderately toxic against N. tenuis but toxic to Bemisia tabaci, a known, widespread greenhouse pest. Field tests under greenhouse conditions were performed to evaluate the role of violet-LEDs in relocating N. tenuis from banker plants to tomato plants and their augmentative effect on the densities of B. tabaci. Results showed that the movement of N. tenuis from banker plants to tomato plants was accelerated when supplemented with violet-LEDs. The accelerated resettlement of N. tenuis on tomato plants aided by selective pesticides significantly reduced B. tabaci egg, nymph and adult densities, densities that were relatively the same compared to those of the greenhouse with conventional pest control strategies. Overall, comparable outcomes in managing a pest are possible when biological control agents are integrated with environmentally safe and cost-effective approaches.

scholarly journals PAIRWISE ASSOCIATION AS A CRITERION FOR THE SELECTION OF COLLECTION SITES OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CASSAVA GREEN MITE, Mononychellus tanajoa (BONDAR)

1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 324-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.S. RODRIGUES ◽  
L.C. PARAÍBA ◽  
G. J. de MORAES
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Mononychellus Tanajoa ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Cassava Green Mite ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Green Mite ◽  
Collection Sites ◽  
Selection Of

Climatic similarity has been the primary parameter considered in the selection of sites for the collection and release of natural enemies in classical biological control programs. However, acknowledging the relevance of the composition of biological communities can be essential for improving the record of successful biocontrol projects, in relation to the proper selection of collection sites. We present in this paper an analysis of the plant and mite assemblages in cassava fields of northeastern Brazil. Such analysis is suggested as an additional criterion for the selection of collection sites of mite predators of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), in an international biological control program. Contingency TABLES were built using Dice's index as an indicator of significant associations between pairs of species. This analysis enabled the identification of plant and mite species typically found together, indicating interspecific interactions or similar ecological requirements. Finally, a cluster analysis was used to group sites containing similar assemblages. These sites exhibit comparable chances of harboring a given species. Applied at the species-group level, the analysis may assist in better defining sites for the collection of natural enemies to be released in a given region, improving the chances of establishment.

scholarly journals Field Level Auto-inoculation of Sorghum chafer, Pachnoda interrupta (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scarabaedae) with Metarhizium anisopliae based Microbial Bio-control Agents using Locally Affordable Traps

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Belay Habtegebreiel ◽  
Emana Getu ◽  
Mohamed Dawd ◽  
Emiru Seyoum ◽  
Getnet Atenafu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Pachnoda Interrupta ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Sorghum Chafer

Sorghum chafer,<em>Pachnoda interrupta</em>, is the most serious pest of sorghum in Ethiopia destroying the entire fields at the milk stage and causing up to 100% yield loss. Current control methods entirely depend on direct spraying and baiting with insecticides which does not provide long lasting control. Efficient biological control agents such as entomopathogenic fungi that can control the pest in the breeding sites need to be developed. Traps equipped with auto-inoculation devices are important alternative methods to spread entomopathogens into insect pest populations. Field studies on fungal auto-inoculation trap development from locally available materials conducted over three feeding and two mating seasons of <em>P. interrupta</em> resulted in two efficient auto-inoculation traps (AIT1 and AIT2) baited with a five compounds blend lure which were not significantly different in catch performance with the standard Japanese beetle trap.  Two selected virulent isolates of <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (PPRC51 and PPRC2) were tested for field efficacy using these two designs of locally affordable auto-inoculation traps loaded with 1gm of dry conidia. Using AIT1, PPRC51 and PPRC2 induced 41% and 40% field mortality respectively, on <em>P. interrupta</em> adults under high temperature and low relative humidity conditions, while highest field viability of the two isolates five days after application was 36 % and 40 % for PPRC51 and PPRC2, respectively. Based on the catch performance, field efficacy and viability data observed, the two AIT’s are recommended for further development to be used with PPRC51 and PPRC2 for augmentation biological control in the pest’s natural habitat as a component of integrated pest management against <em>P. interrupta</em>

Natural enemies and forest pest management

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Nealis
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Forest Practices

Forest insect pest management differs from pest management in other renewable-resource industries because of the relative complexity and stability of the forest environment. An important component of this complexity is the rich fauna of natural enemies attacking most forest insect pests. Understanding the relationship between forest insect pests and their natural enemies would permit better insight into the dynamics of pest populations.The active release of natural enemies in inoculative or inundative release strategies is a direct application of biological control to pest management. The conservation of resident natural enemies is an indirect biological control method with great potential. Knowledge of the ecology of natural enemies can be used to modify other forest practices such as reforestation and insecticide use to conserve or enhance the action of natural enemies.

scholarly journals Advances in Control Strategies against Spodoptera frugiperda. A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5587
Author(s):  
Francisco A. Paredes-Sánchez ◽  
Gildardo Rivera ◽  
Virgilio Bocanegra-García ◽  
Hadassa Y. Martínez-Padrón ◽  
Martín Berrones-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
The Past

The strategies for controlling the insect pest Spodoptera frugiperda have been developing over the past four decades; however, the insecticide resistance and the remarkable adaptability of this insect have hindered its success. This review first analyzes the different chemical compounds currently available and the most promising options to control S. frugiperda. Then, we analyze the metabolites obtained from plant extracts with antifeedant, repellent, insecticide, or ovicide effects that could be environmentally friendly options for developing botanical S. frugiperda insecticides. Subsequently, we analyze the biological control based on the use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasitoids against this pest. Finally, the use of sex pheromones to monitor this pest is analyzed. The advances reviewed could provide a wide panorama to guide the search for new pesticidal strategies but focused on environmental sustainability against S. frugiperda.

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