scholarly journals Endemism Patterns of Planthoppers (Fulgoroidea) in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengxue Zhao ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Jiankun Long ◽  
Zhimin Chang ◽  
Zhengxiang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hainan Island ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Western Qinling ◽  
Western Yunnan ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Taiwan Island ◽  
High Level ◽  
Conservation Plans ◽  
Centers Of Endemism

Studies on endemism are always of high interest in biogeography and contribute to better understanding of the evolution of species and making conservation plans. The present study aimed to investigate the endemism patterns of planthoppers in China by delimiting centers of endemism and areas of endemism. We collected 6,907 spatial distribution records for 860 endemic planthopper species from various resources. Centers of endemism were identified using weighted endemism values at 1° grid size. Parsimony analysis of endemicity and endemicity analysis were employed to detect areas of endemism at 1°, 1.5°, and 2° grid sizes. Six centers of endemism located in mountainous areas were identified: Taiwan Island, Hainan Island, eastern Yungui Plateau, Wuyi Mountains, western Qinling Mountains, and western Yunnan. We also delimited six areas of endemism, which were generally consistent with centers of endemism. Our findings demonstrated that mountainous areas have an essential role in facilitating the high level of endemism and formation of areas of endemism in planthoppers through the combined effects of complex topography, a long-term stable environment, and geological events. Dispersal ability and distribution of host plants also have important effects on the patterns of planthoppers’ endemism.

scholarly journals Territorial disparities between mountains and lowlands in Greece in the context of post-2020 Cohesion Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-467
Author(s):  
Stella Giannakopoulou ◽  
Polychronis Kolokoussis ◽  
Apostolos Arvanitis
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Temporal Frame ◽  
Territorial Disparities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Of Greece

While mountain regions face territorial disparities when set against lowlands, the EU’s post-2020 Cohesion Policy seeks to reduce such between regions by focusing on those that are most vulnerable. Along with regions that are otherwise remote, mountainous areas are mostly seen as in decline, and deprived of opportunities to achieve sustainable development. They face serious demographic issues connected closely with migration outflows, while they are characterised by low-quality educational services and a paucity of employment opportunities compared with circumstances in the lowlands. It against this background that the work detailed here was carried out to investigate inequalities between mountain and lowland areas of Greece. Specifically, the focus is on disparities in levels of education and unemployment, as well as population shifts. While the temporal frame comprises the period 2001-2011, the locality is the mountainous Municipal Unit of Ioannina, in the Region of Epirus. The findings reveal high level of inequality in all sectors of vital importance to one of the EU’s poorest regions, while the further aim of the paper id to reveal the main drivers underpinning disparities in the context of post-2020 policy.

scholarly journals Distinctive Origin and Spread Route of Pyrimethamine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Southern China

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilong Zhang ◽  
He Yan ◽  
Guiying Wei ◽  
Shitong Han ◽  
Yufu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Evolutionary Pathway ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genetic Linkages ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTSoutheast Asia (the Thailand-Cambodia border) has been considered the primal epicenter for most antimalarial drug resistance; however, numerous molecular epidemiological studies have successively reported multiple independent origins of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance-associatedPlasmodium falciparumdhfr(pfdhfr) andpfdhpsalleles in other areas. To better understand the origin and evolutionary pathway of the SP resistance in Southeast Asia, a total of 374P. falciparumfield isolates from the Yunnan-Burma border and Hainan Island in southern China have been collected for comprehensive investigations on the mutation patterns of thepfdhfr/pfdhpsgenes as well as their microsatellite haplotypes. By comparative analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and flanking microsatellite haplotypes, we reveal a unique origin of pyrimethamine-resistant mutations inPfdhfrgene in Hainan Island and an oriented spread route of the pyrimethamine resistance from the Thailand-Cambodia border into the Hainan area, which reflects the geographical traits and SP administration histories in the two geographically independent areas. Moreover, genetic linkages between the high-level SP resistance-conferringpfdhfr/pfdhpsalleles have been established in the isolates from the Yunnan-Burma border, raising the concern of a genetic basis in adopting combination chemotherapies against falciparum malaria.

High-level 1,8-cineole in the Alpinia officinarum essential oil from Hainan Island of China

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-326
Author(s):  
Jiao Wu ◽  
Lu-Wang Lei ◽  
Wen-Li Mei ◽  
Hao-Fu Dai ◽  
Ming Peng
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Alpinia Officinarum ◽  
High Level

scholarly journals Predicting potential impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution of mountainous selaginellas in Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN ◽  
JATNA SUPRIATNA ◽  
NISYAWATI NISYAWATI ◽  
ILYAS NURSAMSI ◽  
SUTARNO SUTARNO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Bioclimatic Variables ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
High Level ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract. Setyawan AD, Supriatna J, Nisyawati, Nursamsi I, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Pradan P, Budiharta S, Pitoyo A, Suhardono S, Setyono P, Indrawan M. 2020. Predicting potential impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution of mountainous selaginellas in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4866-4877. Selaginella is a genus of non-flowering plant that requires water as a medium for fertilization, as such, it prefers mountainous areas with high level of humidity. Such unique ecosystem of Selaginella is available in some parts of Java Island, Indonesia, especially in highland areas with altitude of more than 1,000 meters above sea level. However, most mountainous areas in Java are likely to be affected by climate change due to global warming, threatening the habitat and sustainability of Selaginella. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution of Selaginella opaca Warb. and Selaginella remotifolia Spring. In doing so, we predicted the suitable habitats of both species using Species Distribution Model (SDM) tool of MaxEnt under present climate conditions and future conditions under four climate change scenarios. Species occurrence data were obtained from fieldworks conducted in 2007-2014 across Java Island (283 points: 144 and 139 points for S. opaca and S. remotifolia, respectively) and combined with secondary data from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (52 points: 35 and 17 points for S. opaca and S. remotifolia, respectively), and this dataset was used to model present geographical distribution using environmental and bioclimatic variables. Then, future distribution was predicted under four climate change scenarios: i.e. RCP (Representative Carbon Pathways) 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5 in three different time periods (2030, 2050, and 2080). The results of the models showed that the extent of suitable habitats of S. opaca and S. remotifolia will be reduced between 1.8-11.4% due to changes in climatic condition, and in the areas with high level of habitat suitability, including Mount Sumbing, Mount Sindoro and Mount Dieng (Dieng Plateau), the reduction can reach up to 60%. This study adds another context of evidence to understand the potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity, especially on climate-sensitive species, such as Selaginella, in climate-risk regions like mountainous areas of Java Island.

scholarly journals Life-history features and oceanography drive phylogeographic patterns of the chiton Acanthochitona cf. rubrolineata (Lischke, 1873) in the northwestern Pacific

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Ni ◽  
Taeho Kim ◽  
Youngheon Shin ◽  
Jina Park ◽  
Yucheol Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Phylogenetic Network ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Level ◽  
Japan And China

Chitons are a group of marine mollusks (class Polyplacophora) characterized by having eight articulating shell plates on their dorsal body surface. They represent suitable materials for studying the spatiotemporal processes that underlie population differentiation and speciation in ocean environments. Here we performed population genetic analyses on the northwestern Pacific chiton Acanthochitona cf. rubrolineata (Lischke, 1873) using two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S) from 180 individuals sampled from 11 populations among the coastal waters of Korea, Japan, and China. The phylogenetic network uncovered a reticulated relationship with several sub-haplogroups for all A. cf. rubrolineata haplotypes. SAMOVA analyses suggested the best grouping occurred at three groups (ΦCT = 0.151, P < 0.0001), which geographically corresponds to hydrographic discontinuity among the coastal regions of Korea, Japan, and China. The assumed limited dispersal ability of A. cf. rubrolineata, coupled with northeasterly flowing, trifurcate warm currents, might have contributed to the genetic differentiation among the three groups. Meanwhile, a high level of within-group genetic homogeneity was detected, indicating extensive coastal currents might facilitate gene flow among the populations within each group. Bayesian skyline plots demonstrated significant population expansion after the Last Glacial Period (110-25 thousand years ago) for all studied populations except the Japan group. Together these results suggest that the present-day phylogeographic patterns of A. cf. rubrolineata are strongly affected by the interplay of historical and/or contemporary oceanography and species-specific life-history features.

scholarly journals No Genetic Bottleneck in Plasmodium falciparum Wild-Type Pfcrt Alleles Reemerging in Hainan Island, China, following High-Level Chloroquine Resistance

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanhua Chen ◽  
Qi Gao ◽  
Shanqing Wang ◽  
Guangze Wang ◽  
Michelle Gatton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Genetic Bottleneck ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum was highly prevalent in Hainan, China, in the 1970s. Twenty-five years after cessation of chloroquine therapy, the prevalence of P. falciparum wild-type Pfcrt alleles has risen to 36% (95% confidence interval, 22.1 to 52.4%). The diverse origins of wild-type alleles indicate that there was no genetic bottleneck caused by high chloroquine resistance.

scholarly journals A revision of the geographical distributions of the shrews Crocidura tanakae and C. attenuata based on genetic species identification in the mainland of China

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 869 ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoyao Li ◽  
Haotian Li ◽  
Masaharu Motokawa ◽  
Yi Wu ◽  
Masashi Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Genetic Species Identification ◽  
Taiwan Island ◽  
The Mainland Of China ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Genetic Species

The Taiwanese gray shrew (Crocidura tanakae) and Asian gray shrew (C. attenuata) are so similar in size and morphology that the taxonomic status of the former has changed several times since its description; C. tanakae has also been regarded as an endemic species of Taiwan Island. In recent years, molecular identification has led to several reports of C. tanakae being distributed in the mainland of China. In this study, we determine the geographical distribution of C. attenuata and C. tanakae based on more than one hundred specimens collected during 2000 to 2018 over a wide area covering the traditional ranges of the two species in the mainland of China, and show a substantial revision of their distributions. Among 110 individuals, 33 C. attenuata and 77 C. tanakae were identified by Cytb gene and morphologies. Our results show, (1) C. attenuata and C. tanakae are distributed sympatrically in the mainland of China; (2) contrary to the previous reports, the distribution range of C. attenuata is restricted and much smaller than that of C. tanakae in the mainland of China; (3) Hainan Island, like Taiwan Island, is inhabited by C. tanakae only according to the present data.

Phylogeography and limited distribution of the endangered freshwater crayfish, Euastacus urospinosus

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Charlotte R. Hurry ◽  
Daniel J. Schmidt ◽  
Jane M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Lowland Streams ◽  
High Level ◽  
Conservation Plans ◽  
High Elevations

Conservation plans can benefit from understanding patterns of genetic structure because many endangered species are spatially fragmented. In particular, headwater species in high elevations are expected to exhibit a high level of population structure, as dispersal through lowland streams may be limited. Euastacus urospinosus is an endangered freshwater crayfish that, until recently, was thought to have a distribution of just 200 km2. In the current study, we identified a total of 26 locations for this species across a 1225 km2 region spanning the Brisbane and Mary River catchments of south-east Queensland, Australia. We then used mitochondrial DNA sequence data to investigate the population structure and the phylogeographic divergence between four uplands. We found significant population differentiation for this species, which conforms to the headwater model of genetic structure. Further, we found that fragmentation between these uplands is most likely historical, as the first divergence between lineages dated back 2.1 million years. Overall, we found no reason to remove the conservation rating of ‘endangered’ for this species. Conservation plans should seek to preserve the genetic integrity of these uplands by considering them to be genetically distinct and isolated populations.

scholarly journals Genetic Divergence between Two Sympatric Ecotypes of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima on Hainan Island

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Hu ◽  
Siren Lan ◽  
Xiqiang Song ◽  
Fusun Yang ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Ecological Differentiation ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
High Level

Ecotypes are the result of ecological differentiation at the early stages of speciation. Adaptation to soil conditions offers arguably the best examples of local adaptation in plants. Two sympatric ecotypes, with either a red or green abaxial leaf surface, were found without clear geographical isolation in Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, a Southeast Asia endemic and endangered orchid. The soil of the red leaf ecotype has a higher water content and nutrient content than the green ecotype. What is the genetic structure of the two ecotypes? Is there complete or partial reproductive isolation between the two ecotypes? In this work, leaf reflection of the two ecotypes in P. pulcherrima were compared, to illustrate their difference in leaf color. The genetic differentiation between two ecotypes was examined, using ISSR and SRAP markers to determine the genetic structure of the populations. Our results showed that the green ecotype had reflectance spectrum peaks at 530 nm and 620 nm, while in the red ecotype, the peak at 530 nm was absent. A total of 165 ISSR and SRAP loci showed a high level of genetic diversity within the green ecotype, and analyses of the population structure revealed two genetic clusters that corresponded to the red and green ecotypes. The percentage of variation between the two ecotypes (24.55%) was greater than the percentage of variation among the populations (16.54%)—indicating partial reproductive isolation, high genetic differentiation, and that ecological differentiation has been more important than geographical barriers among populations within ecotypes. Most pairwise FST values between the populations within either ecotype on Hainan Island were less than 0.15; however, the FST between both the Thai and Malaysian populations and the Hainan Island population was greater than 0.25, due to South China sea isolation. Ecotypic differentiation is an important part of speciation; therefore, we must take into account the axes along which lineages sort, when formulating protection strategies.

scholarly journals Comparative studies on population genetic structure of two closely related selfing and outcrossing Zingiber species in Hainan Island

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Huang ◽  
Qing-Hua Chu ◽  
Guo-Hui Lu ◽  
Ying-Qiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Population Genetic Study ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sympatric Distribution ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Comparative Population

AbstractHow mating system impacts the genetic diversity of plants has long fascinated and puzzled evolutionary biologists. Numerous studies have shown that self-fertilising plants have less genetic diversity at both the population and species levels than outcrossers. However, the phylogenetic relationships between species and correlated ecological traits have not been accounted for in these previous studies. Here, we conduct a comparative population genetic study of two closely related selfing and outcrossing Zingiber species, with sympatric distribution in Hainan Island, and obtain a result contrary to previous studies. The results indicate that selfing Z. corallinum can maintain high genetic diversity through differentiation intensified by local adaptation in populations across the species’ range. In contrast, outcrossing Z. nudicarpum preserves high genetic diversity through gene exchange by frequent export of pollen within or among populations. Contrary to expectations, the major portion of genetic variation of outcrossing Z. nudicarpum may exist among populations, depending on the dispersal ability of pollen and seed. Our results also reveal that the main factor affecting population structure of selfing Z. corallinum is mountain ranges, followed by a moist climate, while that of outcrossing Z. nudicarpum is likely moisture, but not mountain ranges, due to gene flow via pollen.

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