Patterns of Bat Diversity in an Undisturbed Forest and Forest Mosaic Habitats of the Afromontane Forest Biome of Western Cameroon

Anthropogenic activities continue to degrade natural montane ecosystems globally. Bats communities are altered by these changes. We analyzed how bats are affected by human-induced habitat changes by comparing the bat species diversity and functional diversity in undisturbed forest habitats and disturbed forest habitats of the Afromontane biome of Cameroon. We recorded 244 individuals from 13 species in the undisturbed forest, while 233 individuals from 16 species were recorded in the disturbed forest. Bat diversity was higher in disturbed habitats (D = 0.84) than undisturbed habitats (D = 0.67). Jackknife 1 species richness estimator suggests 21.53 species for the disturbed forest and 19.30 in the undisturbed forest. Closed-space forager insectivorous bats made up nearly half of the species in the undisturbed forest, but this dropped to 25% in the disturbed forest, meanwhile, edge-space foragers increased in the disturbed forest. Bat community analyses by ordination revealed a distinct bat community composition between the two forest types, demonstrated as a significant difference in diversity between the two forest types. The distribution of Rousettus aegyptiacus, Myonycteris angolensis, Hipposideros cf. ruber, and Micropteropus pusillus contribute the most to the difference in bat community composition between the two forest types. Edge and open-space species were likely to benefit from additional resources provided by the disturbed area, by expanding their range and distribution. However, this may not compensate for the decline in the population of forest species caused by the loss of pristine forests, thus measures to conserve montane forest remnants should be of utmost significance.

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The use of disturbed and undisturbed forest by masked titi monkeys Callicebus personatus melanochir is proportional to food availability

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605302000200 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 133-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Stefanie Heiduck

Keyword(s):

Home Range ◽

Atlantic Rainforest ◽

Forest Types ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Titi Monkey ◽

Eastern Brazil ◽

Titi Monkeys ◽

Undisturbed Forest ◽

Disturbed Forest ◽

One Year

The masked titi Callicebus personatus melanochir is a threatened primate, endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of eastern Brazil. The Atlantic rainforest has been reduced to only 5% of its former extent, and only 2% consists of undisturbed forest. The survival of the masked titi monkey is therefore dependent on its ability to utilise disturbed forest habitat. A group of four masked titi monkeys was observed for one year in a plot that contained both disturbed and undisturbed forest. The group used a home range of 22 ha, which comprised 58% undisturbed forest, 31% selectively logged forest and 11% forest that was regrowing after a clear-cut. The titi monkeys did not use the different forest types in proportion to the availability of each within their home range: undisturbed forest was used more than expected from its proportional availability, and disturbed forest was used less than expected. Use of forest types appeared to be determined by the availability of food resources. Undisturbed forest had the most food per unit area and regrowing forest had the least. This study shows that masked titi monkeys may be able to survive in disturbed forest habitats if these areas are of high enough quality to contain sufficient food and other resources.

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Importance of boreal forested wetlands for epiphytic macrolichen communities

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2020-0042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (12) ◽

pp. 1333-1339

Author(s):

Tegan Padgett ◽

Yolanda F. Wiersma

Keyword(s):

Community Composition ◽

Abies Balsamea ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Tree Height ◽

Forested Wetlands ◽

Tree Age ◽

Forested Wetland ◽

Forest Types ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Face Threats

Forested wetlands provide ecosystem services and often support elevated levels of biodiversity and rare species. However, forested wetlands are understudied and face threats such as logging and land conversion. Epiphytic lichens are abundant in forested wetlands and may be useful to help delineate microhabitats across wetland–upland gradients. We investigated epiphytic macrolichen richness, diversity, and community composition in 15 sites in the Avalon Forest Ecoregion, Newfoundland, Canada. Within each site, we set up three parallel 40 m transects in (i) the forested wetland, (ii) the ecotone, and (iii) the upland forest. Along each transect, we selected five balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) trees 10 m apart and surveyed for macrolichens on the lower bole. We collected data on tree height and tree diameter at breast height, which differed significantly among forest types. We also collected data on tree age and canopy cover, which did not differ significantly among forest types. Contrary to hypotheses suggesting that biodiversity is highest in ecotones, we found that mean macrolichen richness was significantly higher in wetlands, lower in the ecotones, and lowest in upland forests, and macrolichen diversity followed a similar pattern but with no significant difference among groups. Macrolichen community composition significantly differed among wetlands, ecotones, and upland forests. A lichen of conservation concern, Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue) P.M. Jørg., was detected primarily in forested wetlands, highlighting wetlands as key habitats for rare epiphytic macrolichens.

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Variations in the abundance of three Parulidae species in the southern portion of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, state of Paraná

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652012005000041 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 721-726

Author(s):

Cássius R. Santana ◽

Gabriela M. Bochio ◽

Luiz dos Anjos

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Vegetation Structure ◽

Rain Forest ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽

Forest Types ◽

Point Counts ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Forest Strata ◽

The Difference

We evaluated the distribution of abundance of three species of warblers in the southern portion of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF): Tropical Parula (Parula pitiayumi), the Golden-Crowned Warbler (Basileuterus culicivorus) and the White-Rimmed Warbler (Basileuterus leucoblepharus). Three types of forests comprise this region of the Atlantic Forest: seasonal semi-deciduous forest (SF), mixed rain forest (MF) and dense rain forest (DF). These forest types occur at different elevations: SF ranging from 200 to 800 m, MF ranging from 800 to 1,200 m and DF ranging from sea level up to 2,000 m. We used point counts in fifteen study areas distributed in the three forest types. The White-Rimmed Warbler and the Tropical Parula had higher abundances in MF, and their abundance was positively correlated with the elevation. The Golden-Crowned Warbler did not present a significant difference in abundance among the forest types, and no correlation between abundance and elevation was found. We suggest that the difference in the occupancy of the forest strata by the Golden-Crowned Warbler is because this species is more generalist and thus less sensitive to variations in the vegetation structure among the forests types when compared to the other two warbler species.

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Bat diversity in the Banpale forest, Pokhara, Nepal during spring season

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.6263.13.6.18479-18489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 18479-18489

Author(s):

Prabhat Kiran Bhattarai ◽

Basant Sharma ◽

Anisha Neupane ◽

Sunita Kunwar ◽

Pratyush Dhungana

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Secondary Source ◽

Illegal Logging ◽

Forest Edges ◽

Spring Season ◽

Disturbed Areas ◽

Species Checklist ◽

Disturbed Forest ◽

Bat Diversity ◽

Forest Habitats

Bat research in Nepal is limited and most areas remain to be explored. Sparse research has been conducted in the Banpale forest and to improve the understanding of bat diversity, an updated species checklist was prepared. Trapping surveys using mist nets were conducted at four different locations in the forest from March to May 2018. This survey identified 55 individuals belonging to eight species within eight genera and four families. Trapping locations near less disturbed forest edges and water resources were found to have higher bat diversity compared to highly disturbed areas (e.g., landslides and logging areas). With information from survey and secondary source, we conclude that Banpale forest harbours 10 of the 53 bat species found in Nepal. We recommend adopting practices to conserve the forest from landslides and minimizing illegal logging to conserve bat forest habitats.

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Examination of the factors which prevent to participate the recreative activities: Example of girls high schoolRekreatif etkinliklere katılımı engelleyen faktörlerin incelenmesi: Kız lisesi örneği

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4174 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 950

Author(s):

Meliha Uzun ◽

Osman İmamoğlu ◽

Faruk Yamaner ◽

Gamze Deryahanoğlu ◽

Gül Yamaner

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Open Space ◽

Personal Information ◽

Age Groups ◽

Great Difficulty ◽

School Students ◽

Grade Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the factors that prevent girls high school participation in recreational activities. The investigation includes 376 students who are in 9. , 10, and 11. grades who study in Samsun Fatma Çavuş Vocational and Technical High School. As a data collection tool ‘personal information form’ and ‘Leisure Constraints Questionnaire-18’. It is used descriptive scanning model in this study. For the relation of statistical analysis, versatile variance analysis; for detecting the difference test of LSD and test of χ² was used. The data obtained from the scale in the research were analyzed by means of SPSS 21.0 statistical software program. In both age groups and grade levels a remarkable difference was monitored in total points (EG: 2,9- GL: 3,43) and subscale of individual psychology (EG: 4,65- GL: 4,17) and establishing (EG: 3,77- GL: 7,35). However, there is no significant difference when examined according to participation in open space activities (p>0.05).As a result, the participation to recreative activities of high school students is affected by varied factors in accordance with their age and grade level. The majority of the students sometimes have great difficulty in their leisure time activities. Elimination of these barriers/difficulties will be useful. ÖzetBu çalışmada, kız lisesi öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklere katılımını engelleyen faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, Samsun Fatma Çavuş Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi’nde 2014-2015 öğretim yılında 9. 10. ve 11. Sınıf öğrencilerinden toplam 376 kişiyi kapsamaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Boş Zaman Engelleri Ölçeği-18” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. İstatistik analizinde çok yönlü varyans analizi, farklılığın tespiti için LSD testi ve ilişki için χ² testi yapılmıştır. Araştırmada ölçekten elde edilen veriler SPSS 21.0 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Hem yaş gruplarına hem de sınıf düzeyine göre ölçek toplam puanında (YG: 2,9- SD: 3,43) ve bireysel psikoloji (YG: 4,65- SD: 4,17) ve tesis (YG: 3,77- SD: 7,35) alt boyutlarında anlamlı fark olduğu görülmüştür. Fakat açık alan etkinliklerine katılma durumlarına göre incelendiğinde ise anlamlı farklılık görülmemektedir (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, lise öğrencilerinin rekreatif etkinliklere katılımı yaş grubu ve sınıf düzeyine göre değişik faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Boş zamanı değerlendirmede katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğunun bazen güçlük çektiği görülmektedir. Bu güçlüklerin/engellerin ortadan kaldırılması faydalı olacaktır

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Effects of Afforestation with Pines on Collembola Diversity in the Limestone hills of Szárhalom (West Hungary)

Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica ◽

10.2478/v10303-012-0001-8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 9-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dániel Winkler ◽

Viktória Tóth

Keyword(s):

Vegetation Type ◽

Paired Comparison ◽

Pine Plantations ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Oak Forests ◽

Oak Woodland ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Forest Habitats

Abstract - We investigated the responses of collembolan communities to pine afforestation in an area formerly characterized by a mosaic of autochthonous downy oak woodland and steppe meadows. Study sites were selected in mixed stands of black pine and Scots pine and control samples were taken from downy oak stands and open steppe meadows. A total of 1884 Collembola specimens belonging to 66 species were collected. Three species, namely Protaphorura pannonica (Onychiuridae), Tomocerus mixtus (Tomoceridae) and Isotoma caerulea (Isotomidae) proved to be new to the Hungarian fauna. There are typical Collembola communities which are specific to different habitat types where species of a given composition can only or predominantly be found in that habitat, as well as some basic common species which occur in every habitat. The highest species richness (41) was found in steppe meadows, considerably lower (34) in downy oak forests, reaching the lowest value (25) in pine plantations. Although several forest species present in the oak woodland were completely missing from the pine forests, there was no significant difference between the Collembola diversities of the two forest habitats. The difference became more prominent in collembolan abundance which resulted in less than half of individuals/m2 in pine plantations compared to the soils of downy oak forests, most likely due to the changed soil conditions, especially of humus characteristics, caused by the pine needle litter. Jaccard similarity measure indicated approximately equal similarity (0.24-0.28) for paired comparison, suggesting that a relatively constant 'basic Collembola community' determined by the soil type typical for the area is present; while dissimilarity in communities between sites are partly provided by spatial heterogeneity of open and forest habitats and by the difference of the vegetation type.

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Urbanization alters small rodent community composition but not abundance

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4885 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4885 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jessica N. Alvarez Guevara ◽

Becky A. Ball

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Community Composition ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Small Rodent ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Desert Ecosystems ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Genus Richness ◽

Rural Sites

Desert ecosystems are one of the fastest urbanizing areas on the planet. This rapid shift has the potential to alter the abundances and species richness of herbivore and plant communities. Herbivores, for example, are expected to be more abundant within urban desert remnant parks located within cities due to anthropogenic activities that concentrate food resources and reduce native predator populations. Despite this assumption, previous research conducted around Phoenix, AZ, USA has shown that top-down herbivory led to equally reduced plant biomass in both urban and outlying locations. It is unclear if this insignificant difference in herbivory at urban and outlying sites is due to unaltered desert herbivore populations or altered activity levels that counteract abundance differences. Small rodent herbivore/granivore populations were surveyed at four sites inside and four sites outside of the core of Phoenix during fall 2014 and spring 2015 in order to determine whether abundances and richness differ significantly between urban and rural sites. In order to survey species composition and abundance at these sites, 100 Sherman traps and eight larger wire traps that are designed to attract and capture small vertebrates such as mice, rats, and squirrels were set at each site for two consecutive trap nights. Results suggest that the commonly assumed effect of urbanization on herbivore abundances does not apply to small rodent populations in a desert city, as overall small rodent abundances were statistically similar regardless of location. Though a significant difference was not found for species richness, a significant difference between small rodent genus richness at these sites was observed, with altered community composition. The compositional differences likely reflect the altered vegetative community and may impact ecological interactions at these sites.

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Comparison of invertebrate abundance and biomass between a clear-cut stand and four stands under tree cover in Swedish boreal coniferous forests

Entomologica Fennica ◽

10.33338/ef.83883 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 17-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ola Atlegrim ◽

Kjell Sjöberg

Keyword(s):

Food Plants ◽

Tree Cover ◽

Insectivorous Birds ◽

Forest Types ◽

Field Layer ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Important Food Source ◽

The Difference ◽

Ecological Difference ◽

Forest Habitats

This study assesses differences between a seven-year old clear-cut and four forest habitats as regards abundance and biomass of different invertebrate taxa - important for habitat quality for insectivorous birds. Forest types studied were pine bog, spruce mire, mesic spruce and pine heath forest. Data were collected in the second half of June 1984 (to coincide with the peak feeding demands of many nestling birds). Results indicate that the clear-cut differed more from the tree covered habitats with respect to the field layer fauna than with respect to the terricolous fauna. Compared to the forest habitats, the clear -cut was characterized by a higher abundance and biomass of sap-suckers (Hemiptera: Homoptera and Heteroptera) but a lower abundance and biomass of leaf-eating herbivorous larvae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta and Lepidoptera) in the field layer. The difference with respect to leaf-eating larvae was probably caused by low abundance of larvae food plants in the clear-cut. This may be an important ecological difference because these larvae can be an important food source for insectivorous birds.

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Cranial crassicaudiasis in two coastal dolphin species from South Africa is predominantly a disease of immature individuals

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms ◽

10.3354/dao03468 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 93-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MF Van Bressem ◽

P Duignan ◽

JA Raga ◽

K Van Waerebeek ◽

N Fraijia-Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Bone Development ◽

Bottlenose Dolphins ◽

Fatal Outcome ◽

Population Level ◽

Cape Coast ◽

Osteolytic Lesions ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

Crassicauda spp. (Nematoda) infest the cranial sinuses of several odontocetes, causing diagnostic trabecular osteolytic lesions. We examined skulls of 77 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins Sousa plumbea and 69 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus, caught in bather-protecting nets off KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from 1970-2017, and skulls of 6 S. plumbea stranded along the southern Cape coast in South Africa from 1963-2002. Prevalence of cranial crassicaudiasis was evaluated according to sex and cranial maturity. Overall, prevalence in S. plumbea and T. aduncus taken off KZN was 13 and 31.9%, respectively. Parasitosis variably affected 1 or more cranial bones (frontal, pterygoid, maxillary and sphenoid). No significant difference was found by gender for either species, allowing sexes to be pooled. However, there was a significant difference in lesion prevalence by age, with immature T. aduncus 4.6 times more likely affected than adults, while for S. plumbea, the difference was 6.5-fold. As severe osteolytic lesions are unlikely to heal without trace, we propose that infection is more likely to have a fatal outcome for immature dolphins, possibly because of incomplete bone development, lower immune competence in clearing parasites or an over-exuberant inflammatory response in concert with parasitic enzymatic erosion. Cranial osteolysis was not observed in mature males (18 S. plumbea, 21 T. aduncus), suggesting potential cohort-linked immune-mediated resistance to infestation. Crassicauda spp. may play a role in the natural mortality of S. plumbea and T. aduncus, but the pathogenesis and population level impact remain unknown.

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Perbedaan Penggunaan Antikoagulan K2EDTA DAN K3EDTA Terhadap Hasil Pemeriksaan Indeks Eritrosit

Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa ◽

10.30602/jlk.v1i2.147 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Wahdaniah Wahdaniah ◽

Sri Tumpuk

Keyword(s):

Screening Test ◽

Venous Blood ◽

The Body ◽

Ethylene Diamine ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate ◽

The Difference ◽

Index Value

Abstract: Routine blood examination is the earliest blood test or screening test to determine the diagnosis of an abnormality. Blood easily froze if it is outside the body and can be prevented by the addition of anticoagulants, one of which Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Currently available vacuum tubes containing EDTA anticoagulants in the form of K2EDTA and K3EDTA. K3EDTA is usually a salt that has better stability than other EDTA salts because it shows a pH approaching a blood pH of about 6.4. The purpose of this research is to know the difference of erythrocyte index results include MCH, MCV and MCHC using K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA. This research is a cross sectional design. This study used venous blood samples mixed with K2EDTA anticoagulant and venous blood mixed with K3EDTA anticoagulants, each of 30 samples. Data were collected and analyzed using paired different test. Based on data analysis that has been done on MCH examination, p value <0,05 then there is a significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value. Then on the examination of MCV and MCHC obtained p value <0.05 then there is no significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value.Abstrak: Pemeriksaan darah rutin merupakan pemeriksaan darah yang paling awal atau screening test untuk mengetahui diagnosis suatu kelainan. Darah mudah membeku jika berada diluar tubuh dan bisa dicegah dengan penambahan antikoagulan, salah satunya Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Dewasa ini telah tersedia tabung vakum yang sudah berisi antikoagulan EDTA dalam bentuk K2EDTA dan K3EDTA. K3EDTA biasanya berupa garam yang mempunyai stabilitas yang lebih baik dari garam EDTA yang lain karena menunjukkan pH yang mendekati pH darah yaitu sekitar 6,4. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil indeks eritrosit meliputi MCH, MCV dan MCHC menggunakan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K2EDTA dan darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA, masing-masing sebanyak 30 sampel. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan uji beda berpasangan. Berdasarkan analisis data yang telah dilakukan pada pemeriksaan MCH didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit. Kemudian pada pemeriksaan MCV dan MCHC didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit.

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