scholarly journals Infection Mechanism of SARS-COV-2 and Its Implication on the Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Estefan Reza-Zaldívar ◽  
Mercedes Azucena Hernández-Sapiéns ◽  
Benito Minjarez ◽  
Ulises Gómez-Pinedo ◽  
Ana Laura Márquez-Aguirre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In late December 2019, multiple atypical pneumonia cases resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a pathogen identified as a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The most common coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms are pneumonia, fever, dry cough, and fatigue. However, some neurological complications following SARS-CoV-2 infection include confusion, cerebrovascular diseases, ataxia, hypogeusia, hyposmia, neuralgia, and seizures. Indeed, a growing literature demonstrates that neurotropism is a common feature of coronaviruses; therefore, the infection mechanisms already described in other coronaviruses may also be applicable for SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in the nervous system infection and the neurological involvement is essential to assess possible long-term neurological alteration of COVID-19. Here, we provide an overview of associated literature regarding possible routes of COVID-19 neuroinvasion, such as the trans-synapse-connected route in the olfactory pathway and peripheral nerve terminals and its neurological implications in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Neurological complications during HIV infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Martinez-Navio
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Early in the course of infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is able to enter the central nervous system where it stablishes a permanent reservoir. Current antiretroviral therapies do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore do not reach the HIV located in the central nervous system. Consequently, HIV infection can often be associated with neurocognitive impairment and HIV-associated dementia. The purpose of this review is to brief the reader into the world of neurological complications arising from HIV infection. Mechanisms by which HIV directly or indirectly impairs the central nervous system are discussed, as well as other factors influencing or contributing to the impairment, and the animal models currently used to perform research on the topic.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Manifestations in Rheumatic Diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inimioara Cojocaru ◽  
Manole Cojocaru ◽  
Isabela Silosi ◽  
Camelia Vrabie
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rheumatic Conditions

Central Nervous System Manifestations in Rheumatic DiseasesPatients with multi-system rheumatic conditions may have a disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Central nervous system manifestations vary according to the location of the lesion and range from focal findings (e.g., stroke-like presentations), although serious neurological complications in rheumatic disease appear to be rare. The most prominent features of neurological involvement in rheumatic diseases include cerebral ischaemia and psychiatric symptoms. Little information is available on the prevalence of neurological disease in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis. Involvement of the CNS may be a striking early or presenting feature with a wide variety of manifestations. There is more clarity about the CNS syndromes attributable to systemic lupus erythematosus and new insights into the central mechanisms involved in the manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Severe CNS involvement is associated with poor prognosis, and high mortality rate. We review the spectrum of neurological diseases in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis.

scholarly journals Neurological involvement of COVID-19: from neuroinvasion and neuroimmune crosstalk to long-term consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias ◽  
Rina Susilowati
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nerve Degeneration ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Abstract As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a multidimensional threat to humanity, more evidence of neurological involvement associated with it has emerged. Neuroimmune interaction may prove to be important not only in the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations but also to prevent systemic hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize reports of COVID-19 cases with neurological involvement, followed by discussion of possible routes of entry, immune responses against coronavirus infection in the central nervous system and mechanisms of nerve degeneration due to viral infection and immune responses. Possible mechanisms for neuroprotection and virus-associated neurological consequences are also discussed.

Crosstalk Between Covid-19 And Associated Neurological Disorders: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu K R ◽  
Subham Das ◽  
Alex Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Effects

: COVID-19 is a global pandemic, primarily affecting the pulmonary system and its effects on other systems are not certain. Coronavirus, the causative organism, binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the lungs and produces pneumonia-like symptoms. ACE2 is highly expressed in the lungs produces pneumonia-like symptoms. Other than lungs, ACE2 receptors are also seen in the endothelium of blood vessels. Therefore, viruses can bind to the ACE2 endothelium of brain blood vessels and thus can invade BBB leading to neuronal damage. It is also believed that olfactory cells rich in ACE2 receptors may act as the main route of viral spread into various parts of the brain. The reported neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 include cerebrovascular diseases, ageusia and anosmia, Guillain Barre Syndrome, and viral encephalitis. The extent of neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection warrants the necessity of further research to systematically classify neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, its diagnosis, and treatment. As ACE2 receptors are present in various other organs, it is obligatory to study the effect of coronavirus on other organs. Since the long-lasting effects of the COVID-19 are unclear, more studies should be conducted to confirm the effect of the virus on the central nervous system. This review highlights the reported neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 and its mechanism.

scholarly journals Demyelinating solitary lesion of the central nervous system associated with COVID-19: a case report and literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1884
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alqwaifly
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Solitary Lesion ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Cerebrovascular Complications ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In December 2019, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in China and rapidly spread to the world to become the largest pandemic since the 1918 influenza. The disease has been identified as a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the typical presentation is respiratory symptoms, reports of neurological involvements are increasing, as more than one-third of patients with COVID-19 develop neurological manifestations. The most frequently reported neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients were headache, dizziness, taste, and smell impairments, and altered level of consciousness. More specific neurological complications were also reported in literature including acute cerebrovascular complications, seizures, meningoencephalitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Very few studies have shown CNS demyelinating lesions as complications of COVID-19. Current report described a case of a COVID-19 patient with an acute solitary demyelinating lesion in the central nervous system. I also reviewed and summarized the available related cases.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Pennisi ◽  
Giuseppe Lanza ◽  
Luca Falzone ◽  
Francesco Fisicaro ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Acute Polyneuropathy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

Increasing evidence suggests that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also invade the central nervous system (CNS). However, findings available on its neurological manifestations and their pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been systematically addressed. A literature search on neurological complications reported in patients with COVID-19 until June 2020 produced a total of 23 studies. Overall, these papers report that patients may exhibit a wide range of neurological manifestations, including encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizures, cerebrovascular events, acute polyneuropathy, headache, hypogeusia, and hyposmia, as well as some non-specific symptoms. Whether these features can be an indirect and unspecific consequence of the pulmonary disease or a generalized inflammatory state on the CNS remains to be determined; also, they may rather reflect direct SARS-CoV-2-related neuronal damage. Hematogenous versus transsynaptic propagation, the role of the angiotensin II converting enzyme receptor-2, the spread across the blood-brain barrier, the impact of the hyperimmune response (the so-called “cytokine storm”), and the possibility of virus persistence within some CNS resident cells are still debated. The different levels and severity of neurotropism and neurovirulence in patients with COVID-19 might be explained by a combination of viral and host factors and by their interaction.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination: From Interesting Agent to the Patient

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Anis Daou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lead Compound ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The vaccination for the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is undergoing its final stages of analysis and testing. It is an impressive feat under the circumstances that we are on the verge of a potential breakthrough vaccination. This will help reduce the stress for millions of people around the globe, helping to restore worldwide normalcy. In this review, the analysis looks into how the new branch of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) came into the forefront of the world like a pandemic. This review will break down the details of what COVID-19 is, the viral family it belongs to and its background of how this family of viruses alters bodily functions by attacking vital human respiratory organs, the circulatory system, the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. This review also looks at the process a new drug analogue undergoes, from (i) being a promising lead compound to (ii) being released into the market, from the drug development and discovery stage right through to FDA approval and aftermarket research. This review also addresses viable reasoning as to why the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may have taken much less time than normal in order for it to be released for use.

scholarly journals Self-buffering capacity of a human sulfatase for central nervous system delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wen ◽  
Nazila Salamat-Miller ◽  
Keethkumar Jain ◽  
Katherine Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Enzymes ◽  
Intrathecal Space

AbstractDirect delivery of therapeutic enzymes to the Central Nervous System requires stringent formulation design. Not only should the formulation design consider the delicate balance of existing ions, proteins, and osmolality in the cerebrospinal fluid, it must also provide long term efficacy and stability for the enzyme. One fundamental approach to this predicament is designing formulations with no buffering species. In this study, we report a high concentration, saline-based formulation for a human sulfatase for its delivery into the intrathecal space. A high concentration formulation (≤ 40 mg/mL) was developed through a series of systematic studies that demonstrated the feasibility of a self-buffered formulation for this molecule. The self-buffering capacity phenomenon was found to be a product of both the protein itself and potentially the residual phosphates associated with the protein. To date, the self-buffered formulation for this molecule has been stable for up to 4 years when stored at 5 ± 3 °C, with no changes either in the pH values or other quality attributes of the molecule. The high concentration self-buffered protein formulation was also observed to be stable when exposed to multiple freeze–thaw cycles and was robust during in-use and agitation studies.

scholarly journals Genotypical diversity of HIV clades and central nervous system impairment

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 964-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indianara Rotta ◽  
Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Vacuolar Myelopathy ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are considered major target organs for HIV infection. The neurological manifestations directly related to HIV are acute viral meningitis, chronic meningitis, HIV associated dementia, vacuolar myelopathy and involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Changes in diagnosis and clinical management have changed the aspect of HIV infection so that it is no longer a fatal disease, and has become a chronic disease requiring sustained medical management. After HAART the incidence of most opportunistic infections, including those affecting the CNS, has dropped markedly. Some studies suggest that neurological involvement of infected patient occur with different frequency, depending on HIV subtype involved in the infection. Subtype C may have reduced neuroinvasive capacity, possibly due to its different primary conformation of HIV transactivating regulatory protein (Tat), involved in monocyte chemotaxis. This review focus on physiopathologic aspects of HIV infection in CNS and its correlation with HIV clades.

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