scholarly journals Rapid Landscape Changes in Plastic Bays Along the Norwegian Coastline

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivind Bastesen ◽  
Marte Haave ◽  
Gidske L. Andersen ◽  
Gaute Velle ◽  
Gunhild Bødtker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Change ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Coastal Current ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Coastal Landscapes ◽  
Wave Erosion

The Norwegian Coastal Current transports natural debris and plastic waste along the Norwegian coastline. Deposition occurs in so-called wreck-bays and includes floating debris, such as seaweed, driftwood and volcanic pumice, and increasing amounts of plastics during the last decades. Deposition in these bays is controlled by ocean currents, tidal movements, prevailing winds and coastal morphology. We have compared soil profiles, analyzed the vegetation and inspected aerial photos back to 1950 in wreck-bays and defined three zones in the wreck-bays, where accumulation follows distinct physical processes. Zone 1 includes the foreshore deposition and consists of recent deposits that are frequently reworked by high tides and wave erosion. Thus, there is no accumulation in Zone 1. Zone 2 is situated above the high tide mark and includes storm embankments. Here, there is an archive of accumulated debris potentially deposited decades ago. Zone 3 starts above the storm embankments. The debris of Zone 3 is transported by wind from Zone 1 and Zone 2, and the zone continues onshore until the debris meets natural obstacles. Plastic accumulation seems to escalate soil formation as plastic is entangled within the organic debris Mapping and characterizing the soil layers indicates that deep soils have been formed by 50 or more years’ accumulation, while the pre-plastic soil layers are thin. The plastic soil forms dams in rivers and wetlands, changing the shape and properties of the coastal landscape, also altering the microhabitat for plants. This case-study describes an ongoing landscape and vegetation change, evidently co-occurring with the onset of plastic accumulation. Such processes are not limited to the Norwegian coastline but are likely to occur wherever there is accumulation of plastic and organic materials. If this is allowed to continue, we may witness a continued and escalating change in the shape and function of coastal landscapes and ecosystems globally.

Granite Coasts

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Migon
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Coastal Geomorphology ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
The World ◽  
Coastal Landscapes ◽  
Coastal Scenery ◽  
The One

Although no estimate of the aggregate length of granite rock coasts around the world is available, they surely make up quite a significant proportion of the total, especially around the Fennoscandian and Canadian Shield (Bird and Schwartz, 1985). However, in contrast to the vast amount of literature about inland granite landforms, granite coastal scenery has attracted significantly less attention, in spite of the fact that some of the most spectacular coastal landscapes are supported by granite (Plate 6.1). Detailed studies of granite coastal geomorphology are surprisingly few, although the structural adjustment of the coastline in plan at the regional scale is a recurrent observation (Bird and Schwartz, 1985). One probable reason for this discrepancy between the length of granite coasts, their scenic values, and scientific knowledge are the low rates of geomorphic change expected along them. Therefore they are poor candidates for any process-oriented studies, which dominate contemporary coastal geomorphology. It is probably because of this scarcity of information that contrasting opinions have been expressed about the specifics of granite coasts. Whereas Twidale (1982: 2) asserts that: ‘In coastal contexts, too, the gross assemblage of forms is due to the processes operating there and not to properties peculiar to granites. . . . Orthogonal fracture sets also find marked expression but, with few exceptions, granite coasts are much the same as most others’; Trenhaile (1987: 173) goes on to say: ‘Igneous coasts are usually quite different from other rock coasts’. On the one hand, many granite coasts consist of an all-too-familiar assemblage of cliffs, coves, joint-aligned inlets, stacks, and sea arches. From this point of view, no components of coastal morphology are likely to be demonstrated to be unique to granite. But this is also true for granite landforms in general, as was indicated in the introduction to this book. On the other hand, there seems to be enough observational material to claim that certain granite coastal landforms have developed specific characteristics, different from those supported by other rocks, as well as that there exist certain very specific sections of granite coasts which hardly have parallels in other lithologies.

scholarly journals Morphological and evolutionary patterns of emerging arctic coastal landscapes: the case of northwestern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-508
Author(s):  
Antoine Boisson ◽  
Michel Allard
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Region ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Coastal Evolution ◽  
Isostatic Adjustment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coastal Landscapes ◽  
Ice Wedge ◽  
Wave Erosion

Northwestern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada) is characterized by specific landforms and poorly documented examples of emerging coastal landscapes. In this study, we identified the different types of coasts and examined how they were morphologically reworked and shaped during the Holocene. This coastal region is currently emerging at rates of 8–9 mm/year due to glacial isostatic adjustment. The coastal zone includes a large number of glacial and glaciofluvial landforms such as De Geer moraines, eskers, and drumlinoid ridges that are continuously modified by coastal processes as they emerge. Wave erosion, shore drifting, and sedimentation transform the original landforms into transverse spits, tombolos, dunes, beaches, and narrow tidal flats. Once raised above the reach of storm surges, the coastal landscape evolves into a maze of low tundra ridges, wetlands, and lakes, which represent the end point of rapid shoreline regression. Exposure to a cold climate allows permafrost inception and aggradation in the uplifted sediments, forming features such as ice-wedge polygons and frost boils. Conceptual models of coastal evolution and ecosystem formation are proposed, from the original submarine landscapes to the emerged landscapes.

Evaluation of clay mineral equilibria in some clay soils (usterts) of the brigalow lands

Soil Research ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWL Veen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chemical Environment ◽  
Surface Zone ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Mineral Equilibria ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Mineral Constituents

A model of the thermodynamic stability of the montmorillonite-kaolinitequartz system is constructed on the basis of published values of standard free energies of formation. The effect of differences in stability of montrnorillonite is estimated by considering different montmorillonites. Compositions of soil solutions from soil samples from the brigalow lands of south-east Queensland with a montmorillonite-kaolinite-quartz mineralology are plotted against equations for the montmorillonite-kaolinite, montmorillonite-quartz, and montmorillonite-kaolinite-quartz equilibria. The effect of different assumptions regarding the relation between the composition of saturation extracts and soil solutions is shown. A shallow surface zone is established with a chemical environment favourable to the formation of montmorillonite. In the deeper layers the soil solution is much closer to equilibrium with the mineral constituents, or quartz may be favoured instead of montmorillonite. Kaolinite cannot form in the present chemical environment. The high kaolinite content, therefore, is suggested to be a relict from an earlier phase of soil formation. It is further suggested that the strong gilgai, and the acidity of the deeper soil layers, may be explained by the hypothesis that montmorillonite has formed in originally kaolinitic materials, because the kaolinite to montmorillonite conversion is accompanied by volume increase, and release of H+ ions.

Use of Soil Surveys for Landscape Architecture

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Building Site ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Survey Report ◽  
Modern Soil

Modern soil survey reports, published since about 1959, have a wealth of information that could be useful for landscape architects. Characteristics of each specific soil are detailed in the text of the soil survey. Distinct kinds of soils for a specific site can be identified from the soil designation on the aerial photographs at the back of the report. Considerable specific information is provided in tables, including data on temperature, precipitation, freeze dates in spring and fall, woodland management and productivity, recreational development capabilities, wildlife habitat potentials, building site development possibilities, sanitary disposal potentials, engineering properties, value of materials for construction, water management limitations, physical and chemical properties of specific soils, and soil and water features. Modern soil survey reports consist of text, tables, soil maps, and often a glossary. These reports are available free to the public and are usually found in county extension services offices, soil conservation district offices, or state agricultural colleges. The text of a soil survey report describes the general nature of the county as to location in the state, climate, physiography, relief and drainage, geology, farming, natural resources, industries, history of settlement, and how the survey was conducted. Soil associations and individual soils are described in detail. Formation of soils is usually discussed in relation to the factors of soil formation. A glossary of terms is often provided for the nonscientific person. The whole county or counties in the report is shown on a soil association map, which is designed to be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land use. The county is divided into large areas, each of which contains an association of several soils grouped by similar management. Usually from 5 to 15 soil associations are shown with a legend describing each of the specific associations. This type of information could be used for zoning purposes, county management, or other governmental activities. Aerial photos are provided on sheets showing the location of each individual soil in the county. Comprising about half of the soil survey report, this is one of the most useful sections.

Wave Action in Shore Platform Formation

1951 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
High Tide ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Shore Platform ◽  
Storm Waves ◽  
Tide Level ◽  
Storm Wave ◽  
Wave Erosion ◽  
Shore Platforms

AbstractErosion of headlands along the southern coast of Victoria results chiefly from the attack of storm waves, and is concentrated above a defined level, marked by certain level shore platforms, whose surfaces are at about high tide level. These platforms are initiated and maintained by storm wave erosion. Their surfaces undergo planation and lowering, chiefly by the scouring action of waves of translation, but increasingly by water-layer weathering as the platforms age and widen.

scholarly journals NEW TSUNAMI HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF CHAÑARAL, CHILE, AFTER THE COASTAL MORPHOLOGY CHANGES DUE TO THE 2015 RIVER FLOOD

2018 ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Rafael Aránguiz ◽  
Pedro Henríquez ◽  
Miguel Esteban ◽  
Takahito Mikami ◽  
Rodrigo Cienfuegos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mine Tailings ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
High Tide ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Reclamation Area

Chañaral is a town located at the mouth of the Salado River in northern Chile (Lat 26.3 °S). The main economic activity in its vicinity is copper mining, such as at Potrerillos and El Salvador. The river mouth is typically closed due to the coastal sediment transport. In addition, a large reclamation area was built from mine tailings and a highway was constructed on an elevated levee in the reclamation area. Furthermore, Chañaral is under tsunami hazard, with the last tsunami event taking place in 1922. According to historical records, the tsunami reached 10 m (Soloviev & Go, 1975). This event occurred prior to the deposition of mine tailings, which started in 1930. The official tsunami inundation map was made in 2014, and the tsunami scenario considered an extreme event based on the 1922 tsunami plus a high tide (SHOA, 2014). The maximum tsunami runup was estimated to be 17 m. In March 2015, a heavy rain event took place over the Atacama Desert and a catastrophic flood affected Chañaral, with a maximum water depth of 4.5 m (Wilcox et al., 2016), significantly changing the coast. In fact, the elevated highway was destroyed and there was substantial coastal erosion. The present work assesses the tsunami hazard considering the new coastal morphology, given that coastal erosion would allow a tsunami to easily surge into the river and subsequently the town.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dates from Soil Profiles in the Teotihuacán Valley, Mexico: Indicators of Geomorphological Processes

Radiocarbon ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily McClung de Tapia ◽  
Irma Domínguez Rubio ◽  
Jorge Gama Castro ◽  
Elizabeth Solleiro ◽  
Sergey Sedov
Keyword(s):  
Relative Stability ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Geomorphological Processes

Radiocarbon dates largely obtained from bulk soil samples in 24 soil profiles in the Teotihuacán Valley, Mexico, are reported insofar as they represent a first step towards developing a sequence of soil formation, erosion, vegetation change, and human impact during the Holocene. Limitations of 14C dating in the area are considered, particularly the absence of charcoal in sediments and poor preservation of pollen. A broad temporal scheme is proposed to guide future research in which 4 periods are defined: ∼5000–2000 BP (relative stability with short, intermittent episodes of erosion); ∼2000–1500 BP (erosion-sedimentation, deforestation, and intensive agriculture); ∼1500–1000 BP (relative stability, depopulation, and partial recovery of the landscape); and ∼1000–500 BP (erosion-sedimentation, deforestation, and intensive agriculture).

scholarly journals The Use of TERRA-ASTER Satellite for Landslide Detection

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Filippo Vecchiotti ◽  
Nils Tilch ◽  
Arben Kociu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Very High

In August 2005, numerous shallow landslides occurred in the region of Vorarlberg (Austria), particularly induced by unfavourable event-related weather conditions. Two scenes of TERRA-ASTER sensor were used for the identification of the vegetation change induced by the landslides. The focus of this study is the establishment of a reliable method, comparable to aerial-photo visual interpretation standards, able to identify accurately landslides by processing a series of medium-resolution remote sensing optical data, before and after a catastrophic event. A very intuitive workflow for a semi-automatic image classification for the detection of landslide-induced change on the image data is proposed. The accuracy and validation assessment was carried out by means of a landslide (aerial-photos derived) inventory. By taking into account the central area of investigation, the landslide detection method, which adopted an innovative double classification workflow (a first supervised followed by an unsupervised algorithm), delivered a very high producer accuracy (81.5%) coupled to a more-than-acceptable user accuracy (68.9%) and kappa coefficient (72.9%).

scholarly journals GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF WESTERN (PALIKI) KEPHALONIA ISLAND (GREECE) DURING THE QUATERNARY

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gaki - Papanastassiou ◽  
E. Karymbalis ◽  
H. Maroukian ◽  
K. Tsanakas
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Image ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Eurasian Plate ◽  
The South ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Geomorphic Evolution ◽  
Geomorphological Mapping ◽  
Marine Terraces

Kephalonia Island is located in the Ionian Sea (western Greece). The active subduction zone of the African lithosphere submerging beneath the Eurasian plate is placed just west of the island. The evolution of the island is depended mostly on the geodynamic processes derived from this vigorous margin. The geomorphic evolution of the western part of the island (Paliki peninsula) during the Quaternary was studied, by carrying out detailed field geomorphological mapping focusing on both coastal and fluvial landforms, utilizing aerial photos and satellite image interpretation with the use of GIS technology. The coastal morphology of Paliki includes beachrocks, aeolianites, notches and small fan deltas which were all studied and mapped in detail. The drainage systems of the peninsula comprise an older one on carbonate formations in the northwest and a younger Quaternary one in the south and southeast. Eight marine terraces found primarily on the Pliocene marine formations range in elevation from 2 m to 440 m are tilted to the south. In the Late Pleistocene some of the main drainage networks flowed towards the newly-formed gulf of Argostoli to the east.

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