scholarly journals Global Climate Services: A Typology of Global Decisions Influenced by Climate Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bisaro ◽  
Jochen Hinkel ◽  
Gonéri Le Cozannet ◽  
Thomas van der Pol ◽  
Armin Haas
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Portfolio Decisions ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Climate Service

Climate services are ideally co-developed by scientists and stakeholders working together to identify decisions and user needs. Yet, while climate services have been developed at regional to local scales, relatively little attention has been paid to the global scale. Global climate services involve decisions that rely on climate information from many locations in different world regions, and are increasingly salient. Increasing interconnections in the global financial system and supply chains expose private companies and financial institutions to climate risk in multiple locations in different world regions. Further, multilateral decisions on greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, disaster risk finance or international migration should make use of global scale climate risk assessments. In order to advance global climate service development, we present a typology of decisions relying on global (i.e., non-local) climate risk information. We illustrate each decision type through examples of current practice from the coastal domain drawn from the literature and stakeholder interviews. We identify 8 types of decisions making use of global climate information. At a top-level, we distinguish between “multilateral climate policy decisions,” and “portfolio decisions involving multiple locations.” Multilateral climate policy decisions regard either “mitigation targets” or “multilateral adaptation” decisions. Portfolio decisions regard either “choice of location” or “choice of financial asset” decisions. Choice of location decisions can be further distinguished as to whether they involve “direct climate risks,” “supply chain risks” or “financial network risks.” Our survey of examples shows that global climate service development is more advanced for portfolio decisions taken by companies with experience in climate risk assessment, i.e., (re-)insurers, whereas many multilateral climate policy decisions are at an earlier stage of decision-making. Our typology thus provides an entry-point for global climate service development by pointing to promising research directions for supporting global (non-local) decisions that account for climate risks.

scholarly journals Accelerating Climate Service Development for Renewable Energy, Finance and Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7540
Author(s):  
Kirsten Halsnæs ◽  
Lisa Bay ◽  
Mads Lykke Dømgaard ◽  
Per Skougaard Kaspersen ◽  
Morten Andreas Dahl Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Climate Service

Wider applications of climate services within the management of climate risks face significant challenges. This paper presents a forecasting approach, to assess the development trends in climate service needs and thereby potential demand in key sectors that are essential to the green solution and will face a general growth in activity and key climate vulnerabilities towards 2050. These sectors are renewable energy, international climate finance, and cities. The geographical scope focuses on Europe, but global trends are included. We here suggest scenarios for growth in future climate services based on baseline development trends and policy scenarios reflecting future low-emission and SDG targets. Barriers and specific needs for climate service development within these sectors are discussed, and alignment of supply and demand within the climate service market is particularly emphasized. We find that several complexities influence the climate service market, including policy frameworks aimed at facilitating climate risk management as well as a lack of fit between the supply and demand sides of the market. Other barriers include uncertainties related to available climate information and socioeconomic climate risk information. Based on the forecasting, we find that substantial benefits can be seen with increased climate service development and deployment across the three sectors.

scholarly journals Risk management perspective for climate service development – Results from a study on Finnish organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 293-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atte Harjanne ◽  
Riina Haavisto ◽  
Heikki Tuomenvirta ◽  
Hilppa Gregow
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Climate Information ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Information Tools ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Climate Risk Management

Abstract. Weather, climate and climate change can cause significant risks to businesses and public administration. However, understanding these processes can also create opportunities. Information can help to manage these risks and opportunities, but in order to do so, it must be in line with how risk management and decision making works. To better understand how climate risks and opportunities are reflected in different organizational processes and what types of information is needed and used, we conducted a study on the perceptions and management of weather and climate risks in Finnish organizations and on their use of weather and climate information. In addition, we collected feedback on how the existing climate information tools should be developed. Data on climate risk management was collected in an online survey and in one full-day workshop. The survey was aimed to the Finnish public and private organizations who use weather and climate data and altogether 118 responses were collected. The workshop consisted of two parts: weather and climate risk management processes in general and the development of the current information tools to further address user needs.We found that climate risk management in organizations is quite diverse and often de-centralized and that external experts are considered the most useful sources of information. Consequently, users emphasize the need for networks of expertise and sector-specific information tools. Creating such services requires input and information sharing from the user side as well. Better temporal and spatial accuracy is naturally asked for, but users also stressed the need for transparency when it comes to communicating uncertainties, and the availability and up-to-datedness of information. Our results illustrate that weather and climate risks compete and blend in with other risks and changes perceived by the organizations and supporting information is sought from different types of sources. Thus the design and evaluation of climate services should take into account the context of existing and developing processes in organizational risk management.

Climate Risk Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-116
Author(s):  
Klaus Keller ◽  
Casey Helgeson ◽  
Vivek Srikrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Climate Risk Management ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Implementing Strategies

Accelerating global climate change drives new climate risks. People around the world are researching, designing, and implementing strategies to manage these risks. Identifying and implementing sound climate risk management strategies poses nontrivial challenges including ( a) linking the required disciplines, ( b) identifying relevant values and objectives, ( c) identifying and quantifying important uncertainties, ( d) resolving interactions between decision levers and the system dynamics, ( e) quantifying the trade-offs between diverse values under deep and dynamic uncertainties, ( f) communicating to inform decisions, and ( g) learning from the decision-making needs to inform research design. Here we review these challenges and avenues to overcome them. ▪  People and institutions are confronted with emerging and dynamic climate risks. ▪  Stakeholder values are central to defining the decision problem. ▪  Mission-oriented basic research helps to improve the design of climate risk management strategies.

scholarly journals Mapping the development and implementation of climate services in the Greater Horn of Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Mittal ◽  
Marta Bruno Soares ◽  
Mathias Venning ◽  
Scott Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Grey Literature ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Climate Service ◽  
Greater Horn Of Africa

<p>A plethora of programmes and projects focus on strengthening climate services in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA); a region of great economic importance in a changing Africa. However, knowledge of how key elements of climate services development and implementation at different stages of the process are addressed in these initiatives is very limited. To overcome this gap, we pursued a systematic review of existing literature under the auspices of the H2020 CONFER project. We scope the academic and grey literature by focusing on initiatives that empirically demonstrate the value added at different stages of climate service development and implementation such as data generation, post-processing, tailoring, and re-packaging of information for communication. Our analysis takes stock of the evolution of climate services in GHA and provides a synoptic overview of the current landscape of climate services at seasonal and sub-seasonal time scales, and across sectors and geographical scales in the region. It highlights the current emphasis on the deployment of climate services in specific countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda, while a strong thematic focus on services tailored for the agriculture sector. Our analysis also shows that while there is an increasing effort in tailoring and effectively communicating climate services through greater knowledge co-production, aspects such as accessibility, timeliness, and accuracy of climate services information remain key barriers to the uptake and use of such services. Finally, we identify opportunities for further improvement to the underlying processes of climate services development and implementation as well as future research and policy directions in this region of global importance.</p>

scholarly journals Integrated assessment of climate change: state of the literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 377-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Weyant
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Carbon Policy ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Abstract: This paper reviews applications of benefit-cost analysis (BCA) in climate policy assessment at the US national and global scales. Two different but related major application types are addressed. First there are global-scale analyses that focus on calculating optimal global carbon emissions trajectories and carbon prices that maximize global welfare. The second application is the use of the same tools to compute the social cost of carbon (SCC) for use in US regulatory processes. The SCC is defined as the climate damages attributable to an increase of one metric ton of carbon dioxide emissions above a baseline emissions trajectory that assumes no new climate policies. The paper describes the three main quantitative models that have been used in the optimal carbon policy and SCC calculations and then summarizes the range of results that have been produced using them. The results span an extremely broad range (up to an order of magnitude) across modeling platforms as well as across the plausible ranges of input assumptions to a single model. This broad range of results sets the stage for a discussion of the five key challenges that face BCA practitioners participating in the national and global climate change policy analysis arenas: (1) including the possibility of catastrophic outcomes; (2) factoring in equity and income distribution considerations; (3) addressing intertemporal discounting and intergenerational equity; (4) projecting baseline demographics, technological change, and policies inside and outside the energy sector; and (5) characterizing the full set of uncertainties to be dealt with and designing a decision-making process that updates and adapts new scientific and economic information into that process in a timely and productive manner. The paper closes by describing how the BCA models have been useful in climate policy discussions to date despite the uncertainties that pervade the results that have been produced.

scholarly journals Does Transformational Adaptation Require a Transformation of Climate Services?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Boon ◽  
Hasse Goosen ◽  
Felix van Veldhoven ◽  
Rob Swart
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Knowledge Requirements ◽  
Climate Service

Cities, regions and countries are increasingly adapting to climate change. Adaptation approaches often build on disaster management activities to deal with climate extremes and make improvements to already existing systems to prepare for climate change, e.g., through water engineering or cooling existing buildings. But ideally, adaptation strategies aim also at tackling the root causes of climate risks through broader sustainable development pathways. Such transformational approaches, however, are still in their infancy. In this perspective paper we argue that there is a lack of guidance to support policy-makers to develop transformational adaptation strategies. There is a need and opportunity to develop climate services that support transformational adaptation. We explore how climate services can support transformational adaptation, drawing from literature, practical experience and illustrative examples. We identify four knowledge requirements: (1) system knowledge to identify the root causes and solutions; (2) inspirational and cross-disciplinary knowledge to develop a long-term vision; (3) a clear climate message and guiding principles to mainstream the vision; and (4) design principles that are connected to the priorities and interests of the stakeholders. We conclude that developing climate services for transformational adaptation involves a delicate process of simplifying and aggregating climate knowledge, as well as integrating it with knowledge about the physical, economic and social systems of cities and regions. This means that climate service providers need to widen their scope and skills, and collaborate with experts in the fields urban planning, landscape architecture, ecology, health, and sociology.

scholarly journals Changes in Climate Policies and Financial Strategies of Their Implementation in the EU and Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Igor A. Yakovlev ◽  
◽  
Lyudmila S. Kabir ◽  
Svetlana I. Nikulina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Finance ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Financial Strategies ◽  
The Eu

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to respond to increased climate risks, which makes countries develop climate policies that can effectively meet sustainable development challenges and protect national economic interests. The transformation of climate policy causes the need to shift capital flows from “brown” economy sectors to “green” ones and integrate environmental factors into the process of making financial and investment decisions. At present, the EU is actively developing a climate finance system which will have an impact on the Russian economy. The article is aimed at outlining the changes in climate policies and financial strategies in the EU and Russia, influenced by the global climate agenda. It analyses the volumes and sources of climate finance mobilized by the EU, as well as regional support instruments in the transition period. The article determines the current changes in the Russian Federation’s climate policy. As a result of the research, the authors have come to the following conclusions. The EU is a vivid example of the fact that countries have long moved from climate change debates to the implementation of specific measures. The Russian Federation lags far behind the EU in terms of both mobilizing financial resources to ensure the transition to a low-carbon economy, and developing proven emission control instruments which help to stimulate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and fulfill the obligations under the Paris Agreement.

scholarly journals National Climate Policy: Conceptual Framework and Adaptation Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1123-1136
Author(s):  
V.S. Vasiltsov ◽  
◽  
N.N. Yashalova ◽  
E.N. Yakovleva ◽  
A.V. Kharlamov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Economic Mechanism ◽  
Risk Hedging ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Hedging Strategies ◽  
Anthropogenic Risks

Global climate change threatens the continued existence of mankind. The rate of warming in Russia, which is 2.5 times higher than the rate of growth of the global average temperature, can lead to huge environmental and financial losses. Thus, it is increasingly necessary to modernise and develop methods and tools for adaptive regulation of national climate policy to increase its efficiency at the regional and federal levels. To this end, the methods of content analysis, grouping, modelling, comparative and correlation analysis, as well as an information asymmetry approach were used in the research. The paper substantiates the necessity of a transition from autarky and directionality to the integration of regions and the federation based on adaptation and preventive measures. The periodic assessment of climate change and relevant contributing factors should be replaced by the continuous management and regional monitoring of climate risks. Stressing the importance of transparency and comparability of information on climate risks, the research distinguished anthropogenic risks, risks of reducing the quality of life and moral climate risks. In order to promote climate preservation, an organisational and economic mechanism for the implementation of climate policy was developed, whose main function is the regional environmental management. Assessment of the decoupling effect and ranking of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of the relationship between energy intensity and climate intensity proved the feasibility of using the proposed indicators to increase the efficiency of the organisational and economic mechanism. Regulatory and financial support for the mechanism can be provided by introducing a quota market, green certificates and bonds, insurance and risk hedging strategies based on a scenario approach and online-management models. The research results can be used for the digitalisation of national climate policy, as well as for the development of regional and municipal climate strategies, programmes, projects.

scholarly journals An interoperable research data infrastructure to support climate service development

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 335-340
Author(s):  
Tiziana De Filippis ◽  
Leandro Rocchi ◽  
Elena Rapisardi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Climate Service

Abstract. Accessibility, availability, re-use and re-distribution of scientific data are prerequisites to build climate services across Europe. From this perspective the Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), aiming at contributing to the sharing and integration of research data, has developed a research data infrastructure to support the scientific activities conducted in several national and international research projects. The proposed architecture uses open-source tools to ensure sustainability in the development and deployment of Web applications with geographic features and data analysis functionalities. The spatial data infrastructure components are organized in typical client–server architecture and interact from the data provider download data process to representation of the results to end users. The availability of structured raw data as customized information paves the way for building climate service purveyors to support adaptation, mitigation and risk management at different scales.This work is a bottom-up collaborative initiative between different IBIMET-CNR research units (e.g. geomatics and information and communication technology – ICT; agricultural sustainability; international cooperation in least developed countries – LDCs) that embrace the same approach for sharing and re-use of research data and informatics solutions based on co-design, co-development and co-evaluation among different actors to support the production and application of climate services. During the development phase of Web applications, different users (internal and external) were involved in the whole process so as to better define user needs and suggest the implementation of specific custom functionalities. Indeed, the services are addressed to researchers, academics, public institutions and agencies – practitioners who can access data and findings from recent research in the field of applied meteorology and climatology.

scholarly journals Systematization and Classification of the European Union’s policy Instruments for the Implementation of the Green Dealсис

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-56
Author(s):  
Irina Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Environmental Transformation

In 2019, the new European Commission (EC) presented its vision for climate and environmental transformation in Europe and beyond in its communication on the Green Deal. The Green Deal covers all sectors of the economy, elaborates a new concept for economic growth with climate goals at its centre, and implies a review of current EU climate and climate-related policies. An analysis of the instruments for the Green Deal’s implementation and internationalization and their classification and systematization shows a wider picture of the whole complex of available and suggested new policy tools. It also clarifies the role of each of the initiatives and assesses more precisely their importance and potential for influencing the global climate agenda and relations with the Russian Federation. The analysis further reveals the balance of costs and benefits for the sectors and actors involved. The purpose of this study is to systematize the complex of the Green Deal’s implementation instruments and assess the balance of various measures in the EU’s menu of policy options. The EU’s influence on the global agenda and the interests of other countries, including Russia, is not limited to the introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), which was widely covered and analyzed as a never before applied trade and climate policy tool with potential to influence global competition. Upcoming new rules to enter the European market, including through sustainable product requirements, could affect the interests of other countries even more. This influence will also be amplified by the regulatory frameworks and rules on emerging markets, such as for climate-neutral technologies and energy sources. Analysis of the initiatives suggests that the measures may be quite burdensome, especially for citizens, while the system of redistribution and compensation is not yet sufficiently developed in terms of financing and administration. Some initiatives significantly increase the transaction and administrative costs for all market participants (exporters, importers, European companies, and consumers) with fairly limited emissions reductions on a global scale. Despite these drawbacks, the Green Deal remains the most comprehensive, elaborate, detailed and ambitious initiative aimed at reaching the net-zero target. Other actors have their own reasoning for tougher climate policy, but the influence and pressure of the Deal increases the ambition of their goals and encourages them to consider the implementation of various policy options, including strict carbon regulation. Therefore, the new EU policy could become a model to identify the best solutions and practices, as well as a catalyst for global climate transition.

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