scholarly journals Lactic Acid Treatment of Cereals and Dietary Phytase Modified Fecal Microbiome Composition Without Affecting Expression of Virulence Factor Genes in Growing Pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jutamat Klinsoda ◽  
Julia Vötterl ◽  
Qendrim Zebeli ◽  
Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Virulence Factor Genes

scholarly journals 52 Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Stephen A Fleming ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify long-term effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics under disease challenge. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the wean-to-finish study: non-infected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n=24), and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (PC, n=36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n=36) (Table 1). Following a 7-day adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (-2 days post-inoculation, DPI), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) time-points and extracted DNA was used for 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated using UniFrac distance matrices (weighted and unweighted) in QIIME. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on transformed data using R. Across all time-points, only minimal differences were observed due to ISF alone. At 10 DPI, PRRSV infection reduced Prevotella 9 genera abundance from approximately 20% to less than 10%, but the specific function of this variety in pigs is unclear. The most notable finding was decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between non-infected and infected treatments (P < 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that differences present were mainly due to PRRSV infection and not strongly influenced by ISF ingestion, which implies previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to changes in microbiome composition.

scholarly journals Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke N Smith ◽  
Stephen A Fleming ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Ryan N Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important disease, and the ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics at different timepoints across a disease challenge and determine whether any changes, if present, elude to potential biological mechanisms for previously observed performance benefits. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a Biosafety Level-2 containment facility and allotted to one of three experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the study: noninfected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NEG, n = 24) and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (POS, n = 36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n = 36). Following a 7-d adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (phosphate-buffered saline) or live PRRSV (1 × 105 median tissue culture infectious dose[TCID]50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (−2 d post-inoculation [DPI]), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) timepoints. Extracted DNA was used to quantify fecal microbiota profiles via 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated with principal coordinate analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance using UniFrac distance matrices based on both unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances using QIIME 2. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on square root transformations using R. Across all timepoints, only a few differences were observed due to ISF alone mainly in lowly abundant genera. The most notable differences observed were decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between noninfected and infected treatments (P < 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that the differences present were mainly due to PRRSV-infection alone and not strongly influenced by diet, which implies that previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to the changes in microbiome composition.

Characteristic and susceptibility to enterocins of enterococci in pheasants possessing virulence factor genes

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kandričáková ◽  
A. Lauková ◽  
V. Strompfová
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Genus Identification ◽  
Virulence Factor Genes

AbstractWith an increasing number of pheasants as gamebirds being reared each year, these species are becoming a more prominent part of the workload of many veterinary practices. Only limited information can be found concerning the microflora of common pheasants. A significant part of the obligate microflora consists of lactic acid bacteria, including enterococci. In this study, faeces were sampled from 60 pheasants aged 16-17 weeks. Enterococcal counts reached 5.48±1.9 (log10) CFU/g. Strains (17) were taxonomically classified to the genus Enterococcus using the Maldi-Tof identification system; they were allotted to the speciesE. hirae(58.8%),E. faecium(23.5%) andE. faecalis(17.7%) by highly probable species identification or by secure genus identification/probable species identication. Species allocation was also confirmed using conventional biochemical tests. Most strains formed β-hemolysis. Gelatinase active phenotype was found in threeE. faecalisstrains. Enterococci were β-glucuronidase negative, mostly trypsin negative with slight or moderate production of α-chymotrypsin. EH52b and EF42 strains possessed the highest potential for pathogenicity. Average value of lactic acid was 1.78±0.33 mmo/L. Most strains were tetracycline resistant (82.4%). PolyresistantE. faecalisstrains with positive gelatinase phenotype and possessing virulence factor genes confirmed using PCR (gelE, efaAfs,ccf cob, cpd) were sensitive to enterocins (activity 1600-25 600 AU/mL).

A note on propionic acid-treated barley of different moisture contents in the diets of growing pigs

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
I. H. Williams ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. R. Luscombe
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Conventional Manner

ABSTRACTGrowth and carcass traits were measured in pigs grown from 25 to 90 kg live weight on barley stored and prepared in different ways. Some of the barley was prepared in the conventional manner by drying to a moisture concentration of 140g/kg before hammer-milling. The remainder of the barley was rolled after treating batches, containing 140, 180 and 240 g moisture per kg, with propionic acid. A total of 128 pigs was used at three centres.There were no differences between the centres and no differences in the performance and carcass measurements of pigs given acid-treated and rolled, or untreated and milled barley, despite differences in physical form between the rolled and milled samples. When the intake of dry matter was equalized there was no apparent effect on the pigs of acid treatment of barley containing different amounts of moisture.

scholarly journals Distinct dietary alpha-linolenic acid-dependent shifts in the fecal microbiome composition suppresses aging-associated inflammatory responses and thrombus formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S Saeedi Saravi ◽  
N.R Bonetti ◽  
G.G Camici ◽  
T.F Luscher ◽  
J.H Beer
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition

Abstract Background Aging is associated with alterations in the fecal microbiome composition. The microbiota-derived trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) correlates with arterial thrombotic events, e.g. myocardial infarction and stroke, the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) α-linolenic acid (ALA) has been shown to be protective against thrombosis and associated pathologies. Therefore, we hypothesized that long-term dietary ALA supplementation protects against the aging-associated microbiome dysbiosis, and reduces inflammatory and thrombotic responses. Methods 24 week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high ALA (7.3g%) or low ALA (0.03g%) diet for 12 months. We examined the compositional changes of fecal microbiota of the animals treated with high vs. low ALA via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The plasma levels of TMAO and its precursors choline and betaine, and LPS were measured by ELISA. Additionally, the platelet aggregation in response to thrombin, and thrombus formation on collagen under high-shear flow conditions of 3000/sec (to mimic blood flow in stenosed arteries) were investigated. Results Genomic analyses showed that the abundance of Phylum Proteobacteria and the family of desulfovibrio were reduced 71.72% and 51.73% in the aged high ALA-treated mice (p<0.01 and p<0.001, resp.) that may result in decrease in TAMO production and the subsequent inflammatory responses. However, microbial diversity of Bacteroidetes or Fermicutes and Bacteroidetes/Fermicutes ratio did not demonstrate a significant change between high vs. low ALA groups. Interestingly, the dietary intake of high ALA increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae (p<0.01) that may exert anti-inflammatory effects. Importantly, high ALA significantly decreased the plasma levels of TMAO (p<0.01) and its precursor choline (P<0.05), but not betaine. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α showed a significant reduction (p<0.05), whereas plasma IL-1β did not change significantly following high ALA supplementation. An increased thrombus formation on collagen under high-shear flow (36.34%, p<0.01) and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (31.31%, p<0.05) were found in the aged mice. Conclusion These studies demonstrate that an ALA-rich diet induces beneficial bacterial shifts in the aging-associated fecal microbiome that may lead to the suppression of inflammatory and thrombotic responses. Hence, long-term dietary ALA supplementation may be exploited as a nutritional antithrombotic strategy in the aging. Microbiome-Thrombosis-Aging Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)

scholarly journals Basal Diet Determined Long-Term Composition of the Gut Microbiome and Mouse Phenotype to a Greater Extent than Fecal Microbiome Transfer from Lean or Obese Human Donors

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne M. Rodriguez ◽  
Abby D. Benninghoff ◽  
Niklas D.J. Aardema ◽  
Sumira Phatak ◽  
Korry J. Hintze
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Human Donor ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Obese Human

The Western dietary pattern can alter the gut microbiome and cause obesity and metabolic disorders. To examine the interactions between diet, the microbiome, and obesity, we transplanted gut microbiota from lean or obese human donors into mice fed one of three diets for 22 weeks: (1) a control AIN93G diet; (2) the total Western diet (TWD), which mimics the American diet; or (3) a 45% high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) diet. We hypothesized that a fecal microbiome transfer (FMT) from obese donors would lead to an obese phenotype and aberrant glucose metabolism in recipient mice that would be exacerbated by consumption of the TWD or DIO diets. Prior to the FMT, the native microbiome was depleted using an established broad-spectrum antibiotic protocol. Interestingly, the human donor body type microbiome did not significantly affect final body weight or body composition in mice fed any of the experimental diets. Beta diversity analysis and linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) showed that mice that received an FMT from obese donors had a significantly different microbiome compared to mice that received an FMT from lean donors. However, after 22 weeks, diet influenced the microbiome composition irrespective of donor body type, suggesting that diet is a key variable in the shaping of the gut microbiome after FMT.

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