Adding Appropriate Fiber in Diet Increases Diversity and Metabolic Capacity of Distal Gut Microbiota Without Altering Fiber Digestibility and Growth Rate of Finishing Pig

The intestinal mucus layer is a physical barrier separating the tremendous number of gut bacteria from the host epithelium. Defects in the mucus layer have been linked to metabolic diseases, but previous studies predominantly investigated mucus function during high-caloric/low-fiber dietary interventions, thus making it difficult to separate effects mediated directly through diet quality from potential obesity-dependent effects. As such, we decided to examine mucus function in mouse models with metabolic disease to distinguish these factors. Here we show that, in contrast to their lean littermates, genetically obese (ob/ob) mice have a defective inner colonic mucus layer that is characterized by increased penetrability and a reduced mucus growth rate. Exploiting the coprophagic behavior of mice, we next co-housed ob/ob and lean mice to investigate if the gut microbiota contributed to these phenotypes. Co-housing rescued the defect of the mucus growth rate, whereas mucus penetrability displayed an intermediate phenotype in both mouse groups. Of note, non-obese diabetic mice with high blood glucose levels displayed a healthy colonic mucus barrier, indicating that the mucus defect is obesity- rather than glucose-mediated. Thus, our data suggest that the gut microbiota community of obesity-prone mice may regulate obesity-associated defects in the colonic mucosal barrier, even in the presence of dietary fiber.

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A note on the effect of amino acid or urea supplements to barley diets for the finishing pig

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100028579 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 553-556 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. F. Hintz ◽

W. G. Pond ◽

W. J. Visek

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Finishing Pig ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYIn trials 1 and 2, supplements of urea and cottonseed meal increased the protein content of the basal diets from 12·2 to 14·0–14·6%, but had no significant effects on growth rate or carcass characteristics. In trial 3 the effect of cottonseed meal on growth rate was almost significant but urea had less effect. In trial 4, the basal diet contained 11·0% protein; soya bean meal increased this to 13·1% and had an almost significant effect on growth rate. Lysine and lysine + urea had no effect.

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Emergent evolutionary forces in spatial models of luminal growth in the human gut microbiota

10.1101/2021.07.15.452569 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Olivia M Ghosh ◽

Benjamin H Good

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Fluid Flow ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Lumen ◽

Mathematical Framework ◽

Average Growth ◽

Evolutionary Forces ◽

Generation Times ◽

Starting Point ◽

Effective Generation

The genetic composition of the gut microbiota is constantly reshaped by ecological and evolutionary forces. These strain-level dynamics can be challenging to understand because they emerge from complex spatial growth processes that take place within a host. Here we introduce a mathematical framework to predict how stochastic evolutionary forces emerge from simple models of microbial growth in the intestinal lumen. Our framework shows how fluid flow and longitudinal variation in growth rate combine to shape the frequencies of genetic variants in sequenced fecal samples, yielding analytical expressions for the effective generation times, selection coefficients, and rates of genetic drift. We find that the emergent evolutionary dynamics can often be captured by well-mixed models that lack explicit spatial structure, even when there is substantial spatial variation in species-level composition. By applying these results to the human colon, we find that continuous fluid flow is unlikely to create sufficient bottlenecks to allow large fluctuations in mutant frequencies within a host, while the effective generation times may be significantly shorter than expected from traditional average growth rate estimates. Our results provide a starting point for quantifying genetic turnover in the gut microbiota, and may be relevant for other microbial ecosystems where unidirectional fluid flow plays an important role.

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Analysis of the fecal microbiota of fast- and slow-growing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-019-6175-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Pratima Chapagain ◽

Brock Arivett ◽

Beth M. Cleveland ◽

Donald M. Walker ◽

Mohamed Salem

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dna Extraction ◽

Significant Variation ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Fish Growth ◽

Indicator Taxa ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Dna Extraction Methods ◽

Slow Growing

Abstract Background Diverse microbial communities colonizing the intestine of fish contribute to their growth, digestion, nutrition, and immune function. We hypothesized that fecal samples representing the gut microbiota of rainbow trout could be associated with differential growth rates observed in fish breeding programs. If true, harnessing the functionality of this microbiota can improve the profitability of aquaculture. The first objective of this study was to test this hypothesis if gut microbiota is associated with fish growth rate (body weight). Four full-sibling families were stocked in the same tank and fed an identical diet. Two fast-growing and two slow-growing fish were selected from each family for 16S rRNA microbiota profiling. Microbiota diversity varies with different DNA extraction methods. The second objective of this study was to compare the effects of five commonly used DNA extraction methods on the microbiota profiling and to determine the most appropriate extraction method for this study. These methods were Promega-Maxwell, Phenol-chloroform, MO-BIO, Qiagen-Blood/Tissue, and Qiagen-Stool. Methods were compared according to DNA integrity, cost, feasibility and inter-sample variation based on non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination (nMDS) clusters. Results Differences in DNA extraction methods resulted in significant variation in the identification of bacteria that compose the gut microbiota. Promega-Maxwell had the lowest inter-sample variation and was therefore used for the subsequent analyses. Beta diversity of the bacterial communities showed significant variation between breeding families but not between the fast- and slow-growing fish. However, an indicator analysis determined that cellulose, amylose degrading and amino acid fermenting bacteria (Clostridium, Leptotrichia, and Peptostreptococcus) are indicator taxa of the fast-growing fish. In contrary, pathogenic bacteria (Corynebacterium and Paeniclostridium) were identified as indicator taxa for the slow-growing fish. Conclusion DNA extraction methodology should be carefully considered for accurate profiling of the gut microbiota. Although the microbiota was not significantly different between the fast- and slow-growing fish groups, some bacterial taxa with functional implications were indicative of fish growth rate. Further studies are warranted to explore how bacteria are transmitted and potential usage of the indicator bacteria of fast-growing fish for development of probiotics that may improve fish health and growth.

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Use of Changestat for Growth Rate Studies of Gut Microbiota

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2020.00024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kaarel Adamberg ◽

Grete Raba ◽

Signe Adamberg

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Gut Microbiota

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Is the growth rate of fish set by digestive enzymes or metabolic capacity of the tissues? Insight from transgenic coho salmon

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00807-9 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 209 (1-4) ◽

pp. 379-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

P.U Blier ◽

H Lemieux ◽

R.H Devlin

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Digestive Enzymes ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Metabolic Capacity

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Gut Microbiota Related to Fiber Digestibility were Identified by Variation of Apparent Fiber Digestibility in Chinese Suhuai pig

10.21203/rs.2.20110/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Qing Niu ◽

Guang Pu ◽

Lijuan Fan ◽

Chen Gao ◽

Huan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Gut Health ◽

Mean Values ◽

Fiber Digestibility ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Potential Biomarkers

Abstract Background: Dietary fiber plays an important role in porcine gut health and welfare. Fiber mainly degraded by the gut microbiota, whereas most gut microbiota related to fiber digestibility of pigs are still unidentified. To reveal gut microbiota associated with apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), apparent NDF, ADF digestibility of 274 Suhuai female finishing pigs at the age of 160 days were measured. The gut microbiota of Suhuai pigs were analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. Results: Large phenotypic variations in apparent NDF and ADF digestibility were separately found among Suhuai pigs. The coefficient of variation of NDF and ADF digestibility was 12.08% and 18.08%, respectively. The mean values of digestibility of H-NDF and H-ADF groups were 30.20% and 33.76% more than those of the L-NDF and L-ADF groups (P＜0.01), respectively. A total of 927 and 935 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were confirmed from two types of fecal samples,respectively. There were14 phyla in all samples and the abundances of Spirochaetae, Bacteroidetes and unclassified_k__norank were significantly different between H-NDF and L-NDF groups (P＜0.05) and the abundances of Spirochaetae, Verrucomicrobia, unclassified_k__norank and Fibrobactere were significantly different between H-ADF and L-ADF group (P＜0.05).A total of 188, 183, 188 and 185 genera were separately identified in H-NDF, L-NDF, H-ADF and L-ADF groups, while 6, 1, 5 and 2 genera were separately specific to H-NDF, L-NDF, H-ADF and L-ADF groups. The microbiota of H-NDF and H-ADF clustered separately from the microbiota of the L-NDF and L-ADF along principal coordinate 1, respectively. Compared with L-NDF group, 29 genera were found to be potential biomarkers in H-NDF group. Compared with L-ADF group, 23 genera were found to be potential biomarkers in H-ADF group. The most important functions and metabolic pathways of the above potential biomarkers included carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Conclusions: Microbial community structures were significantly different between high and low fiber digestibility groups. Twenty nine and 23 genera were found to be potential biomarkers in H-NDF and H-ADF group, respectively. The biomarkers may be the key functional microbiota related to apparent fiber digestibility.

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Influence of Microplastics on the Growth and the Intestinal Microbiota Composition of Brine Shrimp

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.717272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Hongyu Li ◽

Hongwei Chen ◽

Jiao Wang ◽

Jiayao Li ◽

Sitong Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Trophic Levels ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Slow Growth Rate ◽

Brine Shrimps ◽

Flow Through ◽

Average Body

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and can be frequently ingested by zooplankton, leading to various effects. Brine shrimp (Artemia parthenogenetica) has an important role in the energy flow through trophic levels in different seawater systems. In this work, the influence of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) MPs on the growth of brine shrimp and corresponding changes of gut microbiota were investigated. Our results showed that the MPs remarkably reduced the growth rate of brine shrimp, and the two types of MPs have different impacts. The average body length of brine shrimps was reduced by 17.92 and 14.95% in the PE group and PS group, respectively. MPs are mainly found in the intestine, and their exposure evidently affects the gut microbiota. By using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, 32 phyla of bacteria were detected in the intestine, and the microbiome consisted mainly of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. MPs’ exposure significantly increased the gut microbial diversity. For the PE group, the proportion of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased by 45.26 and 2.73%, respectively. For the PS group, it was 54.95 and 1.27%, respectively. According to the analysis on genus level, the proportions of Ponticoccus, Seohaeicola, Polycyclovorans, and Methylophaga decreased by 46.38, 1.24, 1.07, and 2.66%, respectively, for the PE group and 57.87, 1.43, 0.88, and 2.24%, respectively, for the PS group. In contrast, the proportions of Stappia, Microbacterium, and Dietzia increased by 1.12, 23.27, and 11.59%, respectively, for the PE group, and 1.09, 3.79, and 42.96%, respectively, for the PS group. These experimental results demonstrated that the ingestion of MPs by brine shrimp can alter the composition of the gut microbiota and lead to a slow growth rate. This study provides preliminary data support for understanding the biotoxicity of MPs to invertebrate zooplankton and is conducive to the further risk assessment of MP exposure.

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