scholarly journals Asymptomatic Carriage of C. botulinum Type D/C in Broiler Flocks as the Source of Contamination of a Massive Botulism Outbreak on a Dairy Cattle Farm

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozenn Souillard ◽  
Daniel Grosjean ◽  
Thibault Le Gratiet ◽  
Typhaine Poezevara ◽  
Sandra Rouxel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Poultry House ◽  
Type D ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriage ◽  
Broiler Farm

In winter 2018, a massive type D/C cattle botulism outbreak occurred on a mixed dairy and broiler farm in France. An investigation was conducted based on the hypothesis of asymptomatic carriage in poultry. We set out to identify the source of contamination of the dairy cattle and to monitor the contamination of broilers over time, including the hatchery delivering chicks to the farm. Environmental samples were collected on the farm during the cattle outbreak (n = 40), after the outbreak for three successive broiler flocks (n = 128), and once in the hatchery delivering the chicks (n = 58). These samples were analyzed using real-time PCR after an enrichment step to detect Clostridium botulinum type D/C. The results showed contamination in the manure from the broilers raised just before the onset of the cattle outbreak (5 + /5), as well as in some of the components of the cattle ration (3 + /17). This latter contamination is likely due to the use of the same tractor bucket to remove litter from the poultry house and to prepare the cattle ration on the same day. Contamination monitoring over several months revealed continuous asymptomatic carriage in the broilers (4 + /20 and 17 + /20 cloacal swabs in 2 successive flocks), a persistence of C. botulinum type D/C in the ventilation system of the poultry house (8 + /14), and contamination of the equipment coming from the hatchery used for delivering the chicks (3 + /18). Further investigations conducted in the hatchery demonstrated contamination in the hatchery by C. botulinum type D/C (6 + /58). Comparison of samples using a multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis showed the same profile for samples collected on broilers, cattle and in the hatchery. This study highlighted the crucial role of the implementation of biosecurity measures in mixed farms to avoid cross-contamination between production units given the potential asymptomatic carriage of poultry. This study also revealed the contamination of the poultry hatchery. Further investigations are required to better understand the role of hatcheries in the epidemiology of animal botulism.

Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms may be associated with poststroke neurological recovery after escitalopram use

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Jae Lee ◽  
Mi-Sun Oh ◽  
Jong S Kim ◽  
Dae-Il Chang ◽  
Jong-Ho Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Neurological Function ◽  
Neurological Recovery ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Post Hoc

ObjectiveSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) putatively improve neurological recovery after stroke. We aimed to investigate whether serotonin transporter (SERT) gene polymorphisms are related to the responsiveness to SSRIs in the poststroke neurological recovery.MethodsThis was a post hoc analysis of the EMOTION study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01278498), a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial examining the efficacy of escitalopram on emotional and neurological disturbances after acute stroke. Patients with no/minimal disability initially (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–1) were excluded. Of the participants, 301 underwent genetic studies of the STin2 (a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in intron 2) (STin2 12/10 and STin2 12/12 genotypes) and 5-HTTLPR (a variable-length repeat in the promoter region) polymorphisms of SERT. We explored whether neurological function (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and mRS) at 3 months would differ according to SERT polymorphisms within each treatment arm (escitalopram and placebo).ResultsAmong the escitalopram users (n=159), neurological function in subjects with STin2 12/10 (n=29) improved significantly more than that in STin2 12/12 carriers (n=130) at 3 months. After adjusting for age, initial NIHSS and depression, STin2 12/10 independently predicted a good clinical outcome (mRS 0–1) (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.04 to 8.58) at 3 months. However, differences between STin2 polymorphisms were not shown in the placebo group (n=142). 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms were not associated with neurological recovery in any treatment group.ConclusionSTin2 VNTR polymorphisms may be associated with poststroke neurological recovery after SSRI therapy. Further studies are needed to identify the role of serotonin in neurological recovery after stroke.

scholarly journals The Association between a MAOB Variable Number Tandem Repeat Polymorphism and Cocaine and Opiate Addictions in Polyconsumers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
César Mateu ◽  
Marta Rodríguez-Arias ◽  
Isis Gil-Miravet ◽  
Ana Benito ◽  
José M. Tomás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Repeat Polymorphism ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Vntr Polymorphisms ◽  
Tandem Repeat Polymorphism

Genetic analysis of the association between alcohol, cocaine, and opiate addiction and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) and serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B and 2C (HTR1B 21 and HTR2C) pathway genes was performed in a sample of 302 polyconsumers. Our genetic association analysis revealed a significant association between a 184 base pair (bp) VNTR polymorphism in the MAOB gene and addiction to cocaine and opiates. This work highlights new genetic marker associations in cocaine and opiate polyconsumer addictions. These data help to clarify and quantify the complex role of genetics in addictive disorders, as well as their future contribution to the prevention (genetic counselling), diagnosis (genetic diagnosis of vulnerability), and treatment (pharmacogenomics) of these disorders.

scholarly journals Compensatory Mutations of Rifampin Resistance Are Associated with Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype Strains in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 2807-2812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin-jing Li ◽  
Wei-wei Jiao ◽  
Qing-qin Yin ◽  
Fang Xu ◽  
Jie-qiong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Beijing Genotype ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Rifampin Resistance

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosiscan acquire resistance to rifampin (RIF) through mutations in therpoBgene. This is usually accompanied by a fitness cost, which, however, can be mitigated by secondary mutations in therpoAorrpoCgene. This study aimed to identifyrpoAandrpoCmutations in clinicalM. tuberculosisisolates in northern China in order to clarify their role in the transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). The study collection included 332 RIF-resistant and 178 RIF-susceptible isolates. The majority of isolates belonged to the Beijing genotype (95.3%, 486/510 isolates), and no mutation was found inrpoAorrpoCof the non-Beijing genotype strains. Among the Beijing genotype strains, 27.8% (89/320) of RIF-resistant isolates harbored nonsynonymous mutations in therpoA(n= 6) orrpoC(n= 83) gene. The proportion ofrpoCmutations was significantly higher in new cases (P= 0.023) and in strains with therpoBS531L mutation (P< 0.001). In addition, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains withrpoCmutations were significantly associated with 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat clustering (P= 0.016). In summary, we believe that these findings indirectly suggest an epistatic interaction of particular mutations related to RIF resistance and strain fitness and, consequently, the role of such mutations in the spread of MDRM. tuberculosisstrains.

scholarly journals Estimating Methane Emissions from a Dairy Farm Using a Computer Program

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek ◽  
Łukasz Wlazło ◽  
Agnieszka Szymula ◽  
Mateusz Ossowski ◽  
Martyna Kasela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventilation System ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Forced Ventilation ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ventilation Duct ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim of our study was to estimate methane (CH4) emissions from a dairy cattle farm using a computer application. Emissions of CH4 in the air were forecast for a representative dairy farm raising Holstein-Friesian cows. The cowshed was equipped with a mechanical forced ventilation system with a centrally located ventilation duct. The volume of emissions from the emitter was established, taking into account meteorological conditions. For one year of operation of the emitter, the average annual emission was 1.301 kg/h. The maximum emission of CH4 was estimated at 3.51 kg/h. These data can be helpful in estimating the environmental burden of a dairy farm and in determining the role of ruminants in global warming.

The Potential Role of Synanthropic Rodents and Flies in the Transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi on a Dairy Cattle farm in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuchang Yu ◽  
Meng Qi ◽  
Zifang Zhao ◽  
Chaochao Lv ◽  
Yange Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Synanthropic Rodents

The role of birds in dissemination of Francisella tularensis: first direct molecular evidence for bird-to-human transmission

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. PADESHKI ◽  
I. N. IVANOV ◽  
B. POPOV ◽  
T. V. KANTARDJIEV
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Tandem Repeat ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Strain Typing ◽  
Repeat Analysis ◽  
Buteo Buteo ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

SUMMARYDuring a recent large tularemia outbreak in Bulgaria we found several cases that were remote from the main focus. One case had an unusual mode of transmission. A hunter acquired tularemia through a nail scratch from a buzzard (Buteo buteo) and consequently developed a typical ulceroglandular form of the disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by serological methods and successful cultivation. Comparative strain typing was performed by high-resolution multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). The isolated strain was identical to one of the outbreak genotypes. We consider that this case represents a bird-to-human transmission of F. tularensis.

scholarly journals Tuberculous Spondylitis in Russia and Prominent Role of Multidrug-Resistant Clone Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing B0/W148

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 2349-2357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Vyazovaya ◽  
Igor Mokrousov ◽  
Natalia Solovieva ◽  
Alexander Mushkin ◽  
Olga Manicheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Spinal Tuberculosis ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Beijing Genotype ◽  
Tuberculous Spondylitis ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTExtrapulmonary and, in particular, spinal tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a minor but significant part of the total TB incidence. In spite of this, almost no studies on the genetic diversity and drug resistance ofMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates from spinal TB patients have been published to date. Here, we report results of the first Russian and globally largest molecular study ofM. tuberculosisisolates recovered from patients with tuberculous spondylitis (TBS). The majority of 107 isolates were assigned to the Beijing genotype (n= 80); the other main families were T (n= 11), Ural (n= 7), and LAM (n= 4). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was more frequently found among Beijing (90.5%) and, intriguingly, Ural (71.4%) isolates than other genotypes (5%;P< 0.001). The extremely drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype was exclusively found in the Beijing isolates (n= 7). A notable prevalence of therpoB531andkatG315mutations in Beijing strains that were similarly high in both TBS (this study) and published pulmonary TB (PTB) samples from Russia shows that TBS and PTB Beijing strains follow the same paradigm of acquisition of rifampin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance. The 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit–variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) subtyping of 80 Beijing isolates further discriminated them into 24 types (Hunter Gaston index [HGI] = 0.83); types 100-32 and 94-32 represented the largest groups. A genotype of Russian successful clone B0/W148 was identified in 30 of 80 Beijing isolates. In conclusion, this study highlighted a crucial impact of the Beijing genotype and the especially prominent role of its MDR-associated successful clone B0/W148 cluster in the development of spinal MDR-TB in Russian patients.

EPIZOOTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MODERN CATTLE LEUKEMIA

1970 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
V. V. Makarov ◽  
D. A. Lozovoy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Negative Order ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
National Programs

  Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) has been known for more than a century and a half. Its occurrence and registration may have historically been associated with intensive breeding of dairy cattle in Western Europe to increase target productivity. It is known that any limiting intervention in the nature of the animal organism is always accompanied by an uncontrolled and unpredictable change in the genotype of a wider range than the required, particularly negative order. In particular, a decrease in the resistance to macroorganisms and the possibility of the new diseases emergence, including infectious ones (for example, immunodeficiencies such as BLAD syndrome of black-motley cattle and stress syndrome in pigs, the occurrence of scrapie and other slow sheep infections). In the last two decades of the last century, in many disadvantaged countries, primarily Western European, national programs for the eradication of EBL have been developed and subsequently successfully implemented. First of all the motivation was the economy of dairy cattle breeding (mainly the extension of productive age, as well as the tightening of requirements in international trade in cattle and bull products, breeding, pricing, etc.). In an analytical article are reviewed the elements of epizootology of EBL in the foreign countries with special attention to the situation in the USA, scenarios of various control programs, and promising methods for assessing the role of infected animals in the epizootic process. A critical assessment of the problem of EBL in the Russian Federation is given, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of against leucosis measures are discussed.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Virulence Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Methicillin—Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Nursing Home in Poland

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Martyna Kasela ◽  
Agnieszka Grzegorczyk ◽  
Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek ◽  
Anna Malm
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Pulse Field ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis

Nursing homes (NH) contribute to the regional spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Moreover, residents are vulnerable to the colonization and subsequent infection of MRSA etiology. We aimed at investigating the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of 21 MRSA collected from the residents and personnel in an NH (Lublin, Poland) during 2018. All MRSA were screened for 20 genes encoding virulence determinants (sea-see, eta, etb, tst, lukS-F-PV, eno, cna, ebpS, fib, bbp, fnbA, fnbB, icaADBC) and for resistance to 18 antimicrobials. To establish the relatedness and clonal complexes of MRSA in NH we applied multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting (MLVF), pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. We identified four sequence types (ST) among two clonal complexes (CC): ST (CC22) known as EMRSA-15 as well as three novel STs—ST6295 (CC8), ST6293 (CC8) and ST6294. All tested MRSA were negative for sec, eta, etb, lukS-F-PV, bbp and ebpS genes. The most prevalent gene encoding toxin was sed (52.4%; n = 11/21), and adhesins were eno and fnbA (100%). Only 9.5% (n = 2/21) of MRSA were classified as multidrug-resistant. The emergence of novel MRSA with a unique virulence and the presence of epidemic clone EMRSA-15 creates challenges for controlling the spread of MRSA in NH.

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