scholarly journals Antifungal Secondary Metabolites Produced by the Fungal Endophytes: Chemical Diversity and Potential Use in the Development of Biopesticides

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo Xu ◽  
Xiu-Qi Li ◽  
Dong-Lin Zhao ◽  
Peng Zhang

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi can lead to huge losses in the agricultural fields and therefore remain a continuous threat to the global food security. Chemical-based fungicides contributed significantly in securing crop production. However, indiscriminate application of fungicides has led to increased chemical resistance and potential risks to human health and environment. Thus, there is an urgent need for searching for new bioactive natural products and developing them into new biopesticides. Fungal endophytes, microorganisms that reside in the fresh tissues of living plants, are regarded as untapped sources of novel natural products for exploitation in agriculture and/or medicine. Chemical examination of endophytic fungi has yielded enormous antifungal natural products with potential use in the development of biopesticides. This review summarizes a total of 132 antifungal metabolites isolated from fungal endophytes in the past two decades. The emphasis is on the unique chemical diversity of these metabolic products, together with their relevant antifungal properties. Moreover, some “star molecules,” such as griseofulvin and trichothecene, as well as their synthetic derivatives that possess high potential as candidates of new natural fungicides, are also presented herein.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst Arjina Akter ◽  
Hasan Mehraj ◽  
Takeru Itabashi ◽  
Tomoe Shindo ◽  
Masaaki Osaka ◽  
...  

The Brassica genus comprises of agro-economically important vegetables. Disease causes great yield loss of Brassica vegetables worldwide. Different traditional methods such as crop rotation and chemical control have limited effect on different diseases of Brassica vegetables and cannot completely eradicate the pathogens by these methods. Development of disease resistant cultivars is one of the most effective, ecofriendly, and cheapest measure to control Brassica diseases. With the development of genomics, molecular biology techniques, and biological methods, it is possible to discover and introduce resistance (R) genes to efficiently control the plant diseases caused by pathogens. Some R genes of major diseases such as Fusarium wilt and clubroot in Brassica vegetables have been already identified. Therefore, we will focus to review the Fusarium wilt and clubroot resistance in Brassica vegetables and the methodologies for identification, mapping, and pyramiding of R genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to develop disease resistant cultivars. These techniques will be helpful for sustainable crop production and to maintain global food security and contribute to ensure protection of food supply in the Asian country as well as throughout the world.


2017 ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Mitrovic ◽  
Jovana Grahovac ◽  
Jelena Dodic ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Sinisa Dodic ◽  
...  

The application of antifungal compounds produced by microorganisms in the control of plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi is a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides. Among phytopathogenic fungi, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium avenaceum are significant pathogens responsible for the storage rot of apple fruits. During storage, transport and marketing A. alternata and F. avenaceum can cause significant losses of apple fruits and their control is of great importance for the producers and consumers. In the present study, the effects of agitation rate on the production of antifungal methabolite( s) by Streptomyces hygroscopicus in a 3-L lab-scale bioreactor (Biostat? Aplus, Sartorius AG, Germany) against two isolates of A. alternata and two isolates of F. avenaceum were investigated. The cultivation of S. hygroscopicus was carried out at 27?C with agitation rates of 100 rpm and 200 rpm during 7 days. The aim was to analyze the bioprocess parameters of biofungicide production in a medium containing glycerol as a carbon source, and examine the effect of agitation rate on the production of antifungal metabolite(s). The in vitro antifungal activity of the produced metabolites against fungi from the genera Alternaria and Fusarium grown on potato dextrose agar medium was determined every 24 h using wells technique. In the experiments conducted in the bioreactor at different stirring speeds, it was found that the maximum production of antifungal metabolites occurred after 96 hours of cultivation. A higher consumption of nutrients and a larger inhibition zone diameter was registered in the experiment with an agitation rate of 200 rpm.


Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Michele Sellitto ◽  
Severino Zara ◽  
Fabio Fracchetti ◽  
Vittorio Capozzi ◽  
Tiziana Nardi

From a ‘farm to fork’ perspective, there are several phases in the production chain of fruits and vegetables in which undesired microbial contaminations can attack foodstuff. In managing these diseases, harvest is a crucial point for shifting the intervention criteria. While in preharvest, pest management consists of tailored agricultural practices, in postharvest, the contaminations are treated using specific (bio)technological approaches (physical, chemical, biological). Some issues connect the ‘pre’ and ‘post’, aligning some problems and possible solution. The colonisation of undesired microorganisms in preharvest can affect the postharvest quality, influencing crop production, yield and storage. Postharvest practices can ‘amplify’ the contamination, favouring microbial spread and provoking injures of the product, which can sustain microbial growth. In this context, microbial biocontrol is a biological strategy receiving increasing interest as sustainable innovation. Microbial-based biotools can find application both to control plant diseases and to reduce contaminations on the product, and therefore, can be considered biocontrol solutions in preharvest or in postharvest. Numerous microbial antagonists (fungi, yeasts and bacteria) can be used in the field and during storage, as reported by laboratory and industrial-scale studies. This review aims to examine the main microbial-based tools potentially representing sustainable bioprotective biotechnologies, focusing on the biotools that overtake the boundaries between pre- and postharvest applications protecting quality against microbial decay.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2282
Author(s):  
Masudulla Khan ◽  
Azhar U. Khan ◽  
Mohd Abul Hasan ◽  
Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽  
Marina M. C. Pinto ◽  
...  

In the present era, the global need for food is increasing rapidly; nanomaterials are a useful tool for improving crop production and yield. The application of nanomaterials can improve plant growth parameters. Biotic stress is induced by many microbes in crops and causes disease and high yield loss. Every year, approximately 20–40% of crop yield is lost due to plant diseases caused by various pests and pathogens. Current plant disease or biotic stress management mainly relies on toxic fungicides and pesticides that are potentially harmful to the environment. Nanotechnology emerged as an alternative for the sustainable and eco-friendly management of biotic stress induced by pests and pathogens on crops. In this review article, we assess the role and impact of different nanoparticles in plant disease management, and this review explores the direction in which nanoparticles can be utilized for improving plant growth and crop yield.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Meri Yulvianti ◽  
Christian Zidorn

Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds.


2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 1214-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippos Ververidis ◽  
Emmanouil Trantas ◽  
Carl Douglas ◽  
Guenter Vollmer ◽  
Georg Kretzschmar ◽  
...  

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1898
Author(s):  
Fauzia Izzati ◽  
Mega Ferdina Warsito ◽  
Asep Bayu ◽  
Anggia Prasetyoputri ◽  
Akhirta Atikana ◽  
...  

Marine invertebrates have been reported to be an excellent resource of many novel bioactive compounds. Studies reported that Indonesia has remarkable yet underexplored marine natural products, with a high chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review discusses recent updates on the exploration of marine natural products from Indonesian marine invertebrates (i.e., sponges, tunicates, and soft corals) throughout 2007–2020. This paper summarizes the structural diversity and biological function of the bioactive compounds isolated from Indonesian marine invertebrates as antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral, while also presenting the opportunity for further investigation of novel compounds derived from Indonesian marine invertebrates.


Author(s):  
Mohammad Shahid ◽  
Bansh Narayan Singh ◽  
Shaloo Verma ◽  
Prassan Choudhary ◽  
Sudipta Das ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Л.М. Соколова ◽  
А.В. Янченко ◽  
А.Ю. Федосов ◽  
М.И. Азопков ◽  
В.С. Голубович

Морковь и свекла столовая – одни из самых распространенных в овощеводстве корнеплодных культур. Важный признак семян высокого качества – отсутствие болезней, передаваемых через семена. Эффективный контроль болезней растений имеет решающее значение для надежного производства овощей и потенциально может привести к значительной экономии использования воды, земли, топлива и других ресурсов в сельском хозяйстве. Присутствие в семенах патогенов, передающихся через семена, либо препятствует прорастанию, либо может привести к эпифитотиям из-за передачи возбудителя болезни от семени к растению. За последние годы отмечено увеличение числа заболеваний, вызванных фитопатогенными грибами, бактериями и вирусами. В зависимости от погодных условий и фитосанитарного состояния посевов, распространенность болезней может достигать 70-80% от всей популяции растений, а урожайность снижаться в ряде случаев на 80-98%. Цель исследований – выявить инфицированность и родовую принадлежность патокомплекса грибных болезней на семенах моркови и свеклы столовой, а также подобрать оптимальный режим обработки семян. Термическая обработка семян представляет собой жизнеспособную альтернативу химической обработке для уничтожения патогенов. Задача термической обработки – найти наилучшее сочетание продолжительности экспозиции и температуры, которое обеспечивает максимальную гибель патогенов при минимальном разрушающем воздействии на семена. Основное предположение, оправдывающее термическую обработку, заключается в том, что патоген-мишень более чувствителен к высокотемпературному стрессу, чем семена. Целевыми патогенными микроорганизмами являются в основном грибы, вирусы и бактерии, находящиеся на поверхности и внутри семян. В настоящей статье отображено влияние термической обработки семян столовой свеклы и моркови на всхожесть и их зараженность патогенами. Показана высокая эффективность термической обработки семян столовой свеклы и моркови против Alternaria. Дана визуальная оценка эффективности термической обработки на питательной среде Чапека. One of the most common root vegetables in vegetable growing are carrots and beets. One of the important signs of qualitative changes is the absence of diseases transmitted through seeds. Effective control of plant diseases is crucial for the reliable production of vegetables and can potentially lead to a significant reduction in the use of water, land, fuel and other resources in agriculture. The presence of pathogens transmitted through seeds in seeds either prevents germination, or can lead to epiphytotics of diseases due to the transmission of the pathogen from the seed to the plant. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Depending on the weather conditions and the phytosanitary condition of crops, the prevalence of diseases can reach 70-80% of the entire plant population, and the yield can decrease in some cases by 80-98%. The purpose of the research is to identify the infection and generic affiliation of the pathocomplex of fungal diseases on carrot and beet seeds, as well as to choose the optimal seed treatment regime. Heat treatment of seeds is a viable alternative to chemical treatment for the destruction of pathogens. The task of heat treatment is to find the best combination of time and temperature that maximizes the reduction in the survival of pathogens with minimal destructive effects on seeds. The main assumption justifying heat treatment is more sensitive to high-temperature stress than seeds. The target pathogenic microorganisms are mainly fungi, viruses and bacteria located on the surface and inside the seeds. This article shows the effect of heat treatment of table beet and carrot seeds on germination and their infection with pathogens. The high efficiency of heat treatment of table beet and carrot seeds against Alternariais shown. A visual assessment of the effectiveness of heat treatment on the Czapek nutrient medium was carried out.


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