scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Limitation on Fatty Acid Contents in Aspergillus oryzae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gongbo Lv ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Yayi Tu ◽  
Xiaojie Cheng ◽  
Bin Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus

Aspergillus oryzae, commonly known as koji mold, has been widely used for the large-scale production of food products (sake, makgeolli, and soy sauce) and can accumulate a high level of lipids. In the present study, we showed the dynamic changes in A. oryzae mycelium growth and conidia formation under nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient stress. The fatty acid profile of A. oryzae was determined and the content of unsaturated fatty acid was found increased under nitrogen and phosphorus limitation. Oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and γ-linolenic acid (C18:3) production were increased on five nitrogen and phosphorus limitation media, especially on nitrogen deep limitation and phosphorus limitation group, showing a 1. 2–, 1. 6–, and 2.4-fold increment, respectively, compared with the control. Transcriptomic analysis showed the expression profile of genes related to nitrogen metabolism, citrate cycle, and linoleic acid synthesis, resulting in the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acid. qRT-PCR results further confirmed the reliability and availability of the differentially expressed genes obtained from the transcriptome analysis. Our study provides a global transcriptome characterization of the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient stress adaptation process in A. oryzae. It also revealed that the molecular mechanisms of A. oryzae respond to nitrogen and phosphorus stress. Our finding facilitates the construction of industrial strains with a nutrient-limited tolerance.

A study of cow's milk containing high levels of linoleic acid: isolation and properties of the fat-globule membrane

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Sleigh ◽  
Joan M. Bain ◽  
R. W. Burley
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Electrophoretic Pattern ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Control Milk

SummaryProperties of whole milk and milk fractions from cows fed a diet that gave a greatly increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acid residues (especially of linoleic acid) in the milk lipids were studied, and this milk (high-linoleic milk) was compared with milk from cows on a control diet (control milk). The milk fractions were isolated by high-speed centrifugation of whole milk or cream and were examined by chemical analysis and electron microscopy. During centrifugation the globules of milk fat were disrupted and the membranes (fat-globule ‘ghosts’) floated as a layer beneath the free lipid. Membrane proteins from the 2 sorts of milk gave the same electrophoretic pattern and the amino acid compositions were the same. Lipid analysis of the membrane fraction from high-linoleic milk showed the expected increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid residues in the neutral lipids, but there was an unexpected decrease in the proportion of unsaturated residues in the membrane phospholipids. No differences were found between high-linoleic and control milk in the ultrastructure of the milk-fat globules or the isolated membranes.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Physiological Analysis Reveal That α-Linolenic Acid Biosynthesis Responds to Early Chilling Tolerance in Pumpkin Rootstock Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqian Liu ◽  
Ruoyan Zhang ◽  
Chenggang Xiang ◽  
Ruiyun Zhang ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Chilling Tolerance ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
The Impact

Climate changes especially chilling stress affects cucurbit crops during winter seasonal production. Grafting to pumpkin rootstocks is widely used to improve the vigor of cucurbits, especially cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants, in the face of chilling stress. In our study, multi-disciplinary aspect approaches were used to investigate growth changes of pumpkin under chilling stress. Firstly, the morphological and physiological characteristics of 14 pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) varieties following different periods of chilling stress was analyzed by using physiological means. Mathematical results of principal component analysis (PCA) with chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoid contents, chilling injury index and relative electrolyte permeability indicated that relative electrolyte permeability as the primary judgment index was best associated with the comparison of chilling tolerance in pumpkin rootstock varieties. Then, transcriptomic and DCMU (Diuron) application and chlorophyll fluorescence examination analysis of pumpkin leaves revealed that 390 Cucurbita moschata differentially expressed genes (CmoDEGs) that affect photosynthesis were upregulated in leaves. 127 CmoDEGs both in leaves and roots were enriched for genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, suggesting that plasma membrane lipids are involved in chilling perception. The results of increased composition of unsaturated fatty acid in leaves and qRT-PCR analysis of relative mRNA abundance confirmed that α-linolenic acid biosynthesis was responding to pumpkin chilling tolerance. The integration of physiological, mathematical bioinformatical and biological analysis results contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying chilling tolerance and its improvement in cucumber grafted on pumpkin rootstocks. It provided an important theoretical basis and reference for further understanding on the impact of climate change on plant physiological changes.

scholarly journals Identification of genes associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony ‘Hangshao’ (Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’) seeds based on transcriptome analysis

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Song Meng ◽  
Yu-Han Tang ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Da-Qiu Zhao ◽  
Ke-Liang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Paeonia Lactiflora ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Herbaceous Peony

Abstract Background Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’ is widely cultivated in China as a traditional Chinese medicine ‘Radix Paeoniae Alba’. Due to the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed, it can also be regarded as a new oilseed plant. However, the process of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in it has remained unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis is helpful to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Five main fatty acids were detected, including stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their absolute contents first increased and then decreased during seed development. A total of 150,156 unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. There were 15,005 unigenes annotated in the seven functional databases, including NR, NT, GO, KOG, KEGG, Swiss-Prot and InterPro. Based on the KEGG database, 1766 unigenes were annotated in the lipid metabolism. There were 4635, 12,304, and 18,291 DEGs in Group I (60 vs 30 DAF), Group II (90 vs 60 DAF) and Group III (90 vs 30 DAF), respectively. A total of 1480 DEGs were detected in the intersection of the three groups. In 14 KEGG pathways of lipid metabolism, 503 DEGs were found, belonging to 111 enzymes. We screened out 123 DEGs involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (39 DEGs), fatty acid elongation (33 DEGs), biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid (24 DEGs), TAG assembly (17 DEGs) and lipid storage (10 DEGs). Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of 16 genes, including BBCP, BC, MCAT, KASIII, KASII, FATA, FATB, KCR, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, FAD7, GPAT, DGAT, OLE and CLO, most of which showed the highest expression at 45 DAF, except for DGAT, OLE and CLO, which showed the highest expression at 75 DAF. Conclusions We predicted that MCAT, KASIII, FATA, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, DGAT and OLE were the key genes in the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony seed. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources characterizing herbaceous peony seed gene expression at the transcriptional level. These data lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation for herbaceous peony.

Degradative Effects of Guayule Resin on Natural Rubber

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Keller ◽  
D. S. Winkler ◽  
H. L. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Hydrocarbon Polymers ◽  
Rubber Degradation

Abstract This study indicates that the degradative effects of guayule resin on natural rubber are due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the resin. Since linoleic acid is, by far, the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid in guayule resin, it appears that linoleic acid is primarily responsible for the degradative effects of guayule resin on natural rubber. A possible mechanism to explain the acceleration of natural rubber degradation caused by linoleic acid can be developed by fitting linoleic acid into the Bolland oxidation mechanism for hydrocarbon polymers.

AGGRAVATION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS BY FREE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Rona ◽  
Clifford I. Chappel ◽  
Roger Gaudry
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids

An unsaturated fatty acid preparation containing 90 to 95% linoleic acid was tested on cholesterol-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in the rabbit. The rabbits, treated with cholesterol dissolved in the unsaturated fatty acid, revealed a significantly higher hypercholesterolemia and more marked atherosclerosis than the rabbits that were treated with cholesterol dissolved in the same amount of olive oil.

AGGRAVATION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS BY FREE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Rona ◽  
Clifford I. Chappel ◽  
Roger Gaudry
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids

An unsaturated fatty acid preparation containing 90 to 95% linoleic acid was tested on cholesterol-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in the rabbit. The rabbits, treated with cholesterol dissolved in the unsaturated fatty acid, revealed a significantly higher hypercholesterolemia and more marked atherosclerosis than the rabbits that were treated with cholesterol dissolved in the same amount of olive oil.

scholarly journals Quantitative Proteomic and Microcystin Production Response of Microcystis aeruginosa to Phosphorus Depletion

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1183
Author(s):  
Nian Wei ◽  
Lirong Song ◽  
Nanqin Gan
Keyword(s):  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Absolute Quantitation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Microcystis Blooms ◽  
Isobaric Tags ◽  
Phosphorus Depletion

Microcystis blooms are the most widely distributed and frequently occurring cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater. Reducing phosphorus is suggested to be effective in mitigating cyanobacterial blooms, while the underlying molecular mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics was employed to study the effects of phosphorus depletion on Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905. The production of microcystins (MCs), a severe hazard of Microcystis blooms, was also analyzed. In total, 230 proteins were found to be differentially abundant, with 136 downregulated proteins. The results revealed that, upon phosphorus limitation stress, Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905 raised the availability of phosphorus primarily by upregulating the expression of orthophosphate transport system proteins, with no alkaline phosphatase producing ability. Phosphorus depletion remarkably inhibited cell growth and the primary metabolic processes of Microcystis, including transcription, translation and photosynthesis, with structures of photosystems remaining intact. Moreover, expression of nitrogen assimilation proteins was downregulated, while proteins involved in carbon catabolism were significantly upregulated, which was considered beneficial for the intracellular balance among carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The expression of MC synthetase was not significantly different upon phosphorus depletion, while MC content was significantly suppressed. It is assumed that phosphorus depletion indirectly regulates the production of MC by the inhibition of metabolic processes and energy production. These results contribute to further understanding of the influence mechanisms of phosphorus depletion on both biological processes and MC production in Microcystis cells.

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