Identification of genes associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony ‘Hangshao’ (Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’) seeds based on transcriptome analysis

Abstract Background Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’ is widely cultivated in China as a traditional Chinese medicine ‘Radix Paeoniae Alba’. Due to the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed, it can also be regarded as a new oilseed plant. However, the process of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in it has remained unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis is helpful to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Five main fatty acids were detected, including stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their absolute contents first increased and then decreased during seed development. A total of 150,156 unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. There were 15,005 unigenes annotated in the seven functional databases, including NR, NT, GO, KOG, KEGG, Swiss-Prot and InterPro. Based on the KEGG database, 1766 unigenes were annotated in the lipid metabolism. There were 4635, 12,304, and 18,291 DEGs in Group I (60 vs 30 DAF), Group II (90 vs 60 DAF) and Group III (90 vs 30 DAF), respectively. A total of 1480 DEGs were detected in the intersection of the three groups. In 14 KEGG pathways of lipid metabolism, 503 DEGs were found, belonging to 111 enzymes. We screened out 123 DEGs involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (39 DEGs), fatty acid elongation (33 DEGs), biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid (24 DEGs), TAG assembly (17 DEGs) and lipid storage (10 DEGs). Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of 16 genes, including BBCP, BC, MCAT, KASIII, KASII, FATA, FATB, KCR, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, FAD7, GPAT, DGAT, OLE and CLO, most of which showed the highest expression at 45 DAF, except for DGAT, OLE and CLO, which showed the highest expression at 75 DAF. Conclusions We predicted that MCAT, KASIII, FATA, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, DGAT and OLE were the key genes in the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony seed. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources characterizing herbaceous peony seed gene expression at the transcriptional level. These data lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation for herbaceous peony.

Download Full-text

Fatty acid accumulation analysis based on transcriptome sequencing of developmental herbaceous peony ‘Hangshao’ ( Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’) seeds

10.21203/rs.2.11287/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jiasong Meng ◽

Yuhan Tang ◽

Jing Sun ◽

Jun Tao

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Transcriptome Sequencing ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Fatty Acid Elongation ◽

Paeonia Lactiflora ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Herbaceous Peony ◽

Fatty Acid Accumulation ◽

Acid Accumulation

Abstract Background: Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’ is widely cultivated in China because its root can be used to produce raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine ‘Radix Paeoniae Alba’. Due to the presence of abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed, it also can be regarded as a new oil plant. However, the process of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid in herbaceous peony ‘Hangshao’ remained largely unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis is helpful to better understand the molecular mechanisms. Results: Five main fatty acids, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, were detected, and their absolute contents increased first and then decreased during seed development. A total of 150,156 Unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing, with an average length of 1,030 bp. There were 1,550 Unigenes annotated in the seven functional databases including NR, NT, GO, KOG, KEGG, SwissProt and InterPro. Based on KEGG database, 1,766 Unigenes were annotated in the lipid metabolic pathways, among which 103, 74 and 70 Unigenes are annotated into fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, fatty acid elongation pathway and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway; respectively. A total of 1480 DEGs were detected. Among them, 83 DEGs were enriched in the fatty acid metabolism pathway, including 12 DEGs involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis and 1 DEG involved in fatty acid elongation. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of nine fatty acid biosynthetic related genes including FBCP, BC, FabD, FabF, FATB, KCR, FAD2, FAD3 and FAD7, and it showed that they all highest expressed at 45 DAF. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources characterizing herbaceous peony seeds gene expression at the transcriptional level. These data lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of the lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid accumulation for herbaceous peony 'Hangshao'.

Download Full-text

The same rat Δ6-desaturase not only acts on 18- but also on 24-carbon fatty acids in very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3640049 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 364 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Sabine D'ANDREA ◽

Hervé GUILLOU ◽

Sophie JAN ◽

Daniel CATHELINE ◽

Jean-Noël THIBAULT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Long Chain ◽

Δ6 Desaturase

The recently cloned Δ6-desaturase is known to catalyse the first step in very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, i.e. the desaturation of linoleic and α-linolenic acids. The hypothesis that this enzyme could also catalyse the terminal desaturation step, i.e. the desaturation of 24-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids, has never been elucidated. To test this hypothesis, the activity of rat Δ6-desaturase expressed in COS-7 cells was investigated. Recombinant Δ6-desaturase expression was analysed by Western blot, revealing a single band at 45kDa. The putative involvement of this enzyme in the Δ6-desaturation of C24:5n-3 to C24:6n-3 was measured by incubating transfected cells with C22:5n-3. Whereas both transfected and non-transfected COS-7 cells were able to synthesize C24:5n-3 by elongation of C22:5n-3, only cells expressing Δ6-desaturase were also able to produce C24:6n-3. In addition, Δ6-desaturation of [1-14C]C24:5n-3 was assayed invitro in homogenates from COS-7 cells expressing Δ6-desaturase or not, showing that Δ6-desaturase catalyses the conversion of C24:5n-3 to C24:6n-3. Evidence is therefore presented that the same rat Δ6-desaturase catalyses not only the conversion of C18:3n-3 to C18:4n-3, but also the conversion of C24:5n-3 to C24:6n-3. A similar mechanism in the n-6 series is strongly suggested.

Download Full-text

DesT Coordinates the Expression of Anaerobic and Aerobic Pathways for Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.00404-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 192 (1) ◽

pp. 280-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Chitra Subramanian ◽

Charles O. Rock ◽

Yong-Mei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Cell Extracts ◽

Translational Start

ABSTRACT The fabA and fabB genes are responsible for anaerobic unsaturated fatty acid formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expression of the fabAB operon was repressed by exogenous unsaturated fatty acids, and DNA sequences upstream of the translational start site were used to affinity purify DesT. The single protein interaction with the fabAB promoter detected in wild-type cell extracts was absent in the desT deletion strain, as was the repression of fabAB expression by unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, DesT senses the overall composition of the acyl-coenzyme A pool to coordinate the expression of the operons for the anaerobic (fabAB) and aerobic (desCB) pathways for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis.

Download Full-text

Fatty acid biosynthesis in the leaves of barley, wheat and pea

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1740163 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 174 (1) ◽

pp. 163-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

J Wharfe ◽

J L Harwood

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Pulse Labelling ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Single Experiment ◽

Acyl Lipids

1. The incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C]acetate into the leaf lipids of barley, pea and wheat has been studied in pulse-labelling experiments. 2. There was little increase in the total labelling of lipids after the leaves were transferred to non-radioactive medium. However, there was an increase in the relative labelling of unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, there was an increase in the relative labelling of diacylgalactosylglycerol. 3. The principal radioactively labelled acyl lipids were diacylgalactosylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Phosphatidylcholine showed a decreasing proportion of [14C]oleate and an increasing amount of [14C]linoleate with time. Diacylgalactosylglycerol also had decreasing amounts of [14C]oleate but, in addition, had an increasing proportion of [14C]linolenate with time. 4. The absence of significant amounts of [14C]linolenate in phosphatidylcholine appeared to exclude a role for this phospholipid in linoleate desaturation. 5. The specific radioactivities of oleate and linoleate in phosphatidylcholine, diacylgalactosylglycerol and diacylgalabiosylglycerol were very similar in any single experiment. It was concluded that these fatty acids can rapidly exchange between the three intact lipids.

Download Full-text

Competence-associated peptide BriC alters fatty acid biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae

10.1101/2021.02.17.431746 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Surya D. Aggarwal ◽

Jessica M. Gullett ◽

Tara Fedder ◽

J. Pedro F. Safi ◽

Charles O. Rock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Host Adaptation ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Biofilm Development ◽

Cell Cell

ABSTRACTMembrane lipid homeostasis is required for bacteria to survive in a spectrum of host environments. This homeostasis is achieved by regulation of fatty acid chain length and of the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. In the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, fatty acid biosynthesis is encoded by a cluster of fatty acid biosynthesis (fab) genes (FASII locus) whose expression is controlled by the FabT repressor. Encoded immediately downstream of the FASII locus is BriC, a competence-induced, cell-cell communication peptide that promotes biofilm development as well as nasopharyngeal colonization in a murine model of pneumococcal carriage. Here, we demonstrate that briC is co-transcribed with genes of the fab gene cluster and that a reduction of briC levels, caused by decoupling its transcription from fab gene cluster, negatively impacts biofilm development. BriC elevates fabT transcription, which is predicted to alter the balance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids produced by the pathway. We find that briC inactivation results in a decreased production of unsaturated fatty acids that impact the membrane properties by decreasing the abundance of di-unsaturated phosphatidylglycerol molecular species. We propose that the link between BriC, FabT and phospholipid composition contributes to the ability of S. pneumoniae to alter membrane homeostasis in response to the production of a quorum-sensing peptide.IMPORTANCEAdaptation of bacteria to their host environment is a key component of colonization and pathogenesis. As an essential component of bacterial membranes, fatty acid composition contributes to host adaptation. Similarly, so does cell-cell communication, which serves as a mechanism for population levels responses. While much is known about the pathways that control the biosynthesis of fatty acids, many questions remain regarding regulation of these pathways and consequently the factors that impacts the balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. We find that BriC, a cell-cell communication peptide implicated in biofilm regulation and colonization, is both influenced by a fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and impacts this same pathway. This study identified a link between cell-cell communication, fatty acid composition, and biofilms and, in doing so, suggests that these pathways are integrated into the networks that control pneumococcal colonization and host adaptation.

Download Full-text

A Tree Peony Trihelix Transcription Factor PrASIL1 Represses Seed Oil Accumulation

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.796181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Weizong Yang ◽

Jiayuan Hu ◽

Jyoti R. Behera ◽

Aruna Kilaru ◽

Yanping Yuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Transcription Factor ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Tree Peony ◽

Oil Accumulation ◽

Oil Biosynthesis ◽

Trihelix Transcription Factor

In many higher plants, seed oil accumulation is governed by complex multilevel regulatory networks including transcriptional regulation, which primarily affects fatty acid biosynthesis. Tree peony (Paeonia rockii), a perennial deciduous shrub endemic to China is notable for its seed oil that is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids. We discovered that a tree peony trihelix transcription factor, PrASIL1, localized in the nucleus, is expressed predominantly in developing seeds during maturation. Ectopic overexpression of PrASIL1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue and Arabidopsis thaliana seeds significantly reduced total fatty acids and altered the fatty acid composition. These changes were in turn associated with the decreased expression of multitudinous genes involved in plastidial fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Thus, we inferred that PrASIL1 is a critical transcription factor that represses oil accumulation by down-regulating numerous key genes during seed oil biosynthesis. In contrary, up-regulation of oil biosynthesis genes and a significant increase in total lipids and several major fatty acids were observed in PrASIL1-silenced tree peony leaves. Together, these results provide insights into the role of trihelix transcription factor PrASIL1 in controlling seed oil accumulation. PrASIL1 can be targeted potentially for oil enhancement in tree peony and other crops through gene manipulation.

Download Full-text

Transformation with Oncogenic Ras and the Simian Virus 40 T Antigens Induces Caspase-Dependent Sensitivity to Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Inhibition

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.03671-14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 89 (12) ◽

pp. 6406-6417 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shihao Xu ◽

Cody M. Spencer ◽

Joshua Munger

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Simian Virus 40 ◽

Simian Virus ◽

T Antigens ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Oncogenic Ras ◽

Cancerous Cells

ABSTRACTOncogenesis is frequently accompanied by the activation of specific metabolic pathways. One such pathway is fatty acid biosynthesis, whose induction is observed upon transformation of a wide variety of cell types. Here, we explored how defined oncogenic alleles, specifically the simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigens and oncogenic Ras12V, affect fatty acid metabolism. Our results indicate that SV40/Ras12V-mediated transformation of fibroblasts induces fatty acid biosynthesis in the absence of significant changes in the concentration of fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes. This oncogene-induced activation of fatty acid biosynthesis was found to be mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) dependent, as it was attenuated by rapamycin treatment. Furthermore, SV40/Ras12V-mediated transformation induced sensitivity to treatment with fatty acid biosynthetic inhibitors. Pharmaceutical inhibition of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACC), a key fatty acid biosynthetic enzyme, induced caspase-dependent cell death in oncogene-transduced cells. In contrast, isogenic nontransformed cells were resistant to fatty acid biosynthetic inhibition. This oncogene-induced sensitivity to fatty acid biosynthetic inhibition was independent of the cells' growth rates and could be attenuated by supplementing the medium with unsaturated fatty acids. Both the activation of fatty acid biosynthesis and the sensitivity to fatty acid biosynthetic inhibition could be conveyed to nontransformed breast epithelial cells through transduction with oncogenic Ras12V. Similar to what was observed in the transformed fibroblasts, the Ras12V-induced sensitivity to fatty acid biosynthetic inhibition was independent of the proliferative status and could be attenuated by supplementing the medium with unsaturated fatty acids. Combined, our results indicate that specific oncogenic alleles can directly confer sensitivity to inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis.IMPORTANCEViral oncoproteins and cellular mutations drive the transformation of normal cells to the cancerous state. These oncogenic alterations induce metabolic changes and dependencies that can be targeted to kill cancerous cells. Here, we find that the cellular transformation resulting from combined expression of the SV40 early region with an oncogenic Ras allele is sufficient to induce cellular susceptibility to fatty acid biosynthetic inhibition. Inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis in these cells resulted in programmed cell death, which could be rescued by supplementing the medium with nonsaturated fatty acids. Similar results were observed with the expression of oncogenic Ras in nontransformed breast epithelial cells. Combined, our results suggest that specific oncogenic alleles induce metabolic dependencies that can be exploited to selectively kill cancerous cells.

Download Full-text

NodFE-Dependent Fatty Acids That Lack an α-β Unsaturation Are Subject to Differential Transfer, Leading to Novel Phospholipids

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.1.33 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 33-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Otto Geiger ◽

John Glushka ◽

Ben J. J. Lugtenberg ◽

Herman P. Spaink ◽

Jane E. Thomas-Oates

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Acyl Chain ◽

Fatty Acyl ◽

Fatty Acyl Chain ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Fatty Acid Trans

In Rhizobium leguminosarum, the nodABC and nodFEL operons are involved in the production of lipo-chitin oligosaccharide signals that mediate host specificity. A nodFE-determined, highly unsaturated C18:4 fatty acid (trans-2, trans-4, trans-6, cis-11-octadecatetraenoic acid) is essential for the ability of the signals to induce nodule meristems and pre-infection thread structures on the host plant Vicia sativa. Of the nod genes, induction of only nodFE is sufficient to modify fatty acid biosynthesis to yield trans-2, trans-4, trans-6, cis-11-octadeca-tetraenoic acid, with an absorbance maximum of 303 nm. This unusual C18:4 fatty acid is not only found in the lipo-chitin oligosaccharides but is also associated with the phospholipids (O. Geiger, J. E. Thomas-Oates, J. Glushka, H. P. Spaink, and B. J. J. Lugtenberg, 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269:11090-11097). Here we report that the phospholipids can contain other nodFE-derived fatty acids, a C18:3 trans-4, trans-6, cis-11-octadecatrienoic acid that has a characteristic absorption maximum at 225 nm, and a C18:2 octadecadienoic acid. Neither this C18:3 nor this C18:2 fatty acid has to date been observed attached to lipo-chitin oligosaccharides, suggesting that an as yet unknown acyl transferase (presumably NodA), responsible for the transfer of the fatty acyl chain to the glycan backbone of the lipo-chitin oligosaccharides, does not transfer all fatty acids synthesized by the action of NodFE to the lipo-chitin oligosaccharides. Rather, it must have a preference for α-β unsaturated fatty acids during transfer.

Download Full-text

Dynamic transcriptome analysis identifies genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis in the seeds of Prunus pedunculata Pall

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02921-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wenquan Bao ◽

Dun Ao ◽

Lin Wang ◽

Zhihao Ling ◽

Maoshan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Gene Annotation ◽

Development Stage ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Oil Accumulation ◽

Dominant Type ◽

Developing Seeds ◽

Developing Seed

Abstract Background Prunus pedunculata Pall, the deciduous shrub of Amygdalus subgenus in Rosaceae, is a new kind of desert oil-bearing tree. It has a long story of being planted in the West and North of China for sand fixation and desert control. In addition, the seeds of P. pedunculata are rich of oil, especially the monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of oil accumulation during the seed development of P. pedunculata. Results The seeds of P. pedunculata from three independent plants at 10, 18, 24, 31, 39, 45, 59 and 73 days after flowering (DAF) were obtained and the oil compositions were evaluated. It showed that oleic acid was the dominant type of oil content in the mature seeds (from 32.724% at 10DAF to 72.06% at 73DAF). Next, transcriptome sequencing for the developing seeds produced 988.795 million high quality reads and TRINITY assembled 326,271 genes for the first transcriptome for P. pedunculata. After the assembled transcriptome was evaluated by BUSCO with 85.9% completeness, we identified 195,342, 109,850 and 121,897 P. pedunculata genes aligned to NR, GO and KEGG pathway databases, respectively. Then, we predicted 23,229 likely proteins from the assembled transcriptome and identified 1917 signal peptides and 5512 transmembrane related proteins. In the developing seeds we detected 91,362 genes (average FPKM > 5) and correlation analysis indicated three possible development stages – early (10 ~ 24DAF), middle (31 ~ 45DAF) and late (59 ~ 73DAF). We next analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the developing seeds. Interestingly, compared to 10DAF the number of DEGs was increased from 4406 in 18DAF to 27,623 in 73DAF. Based on the gene annotation, we identified 753, 33, 8 and 645 DEGs related to the fatty acid biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, oil body and transcription factors. Notably, GPAT, DGD1, LACS2, UBC and RINO were highly expressed at the early development stage, ω6-FAD, SAD, ACP, ACCA and AHG1 were highly expressed at the middle development stage, and LACS6, DGD1, ACAT1, AGPAT, WSD1, EGY2 and oleosin genes were highly expressed at the late development stage. Conclusions This is the first time to study the developing seed transcriptome of P. pedunculata and our findings will provide a valuable resource for future studies. More importantly, it will improve our understanding of molecular mechanisms of oil accumulation in P. pedunculata.

Download Full-text

Genome-Wide Mapping of Histone H3 Lysine 4 Trimethylation (H3K4me3) and Its Involvement in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Sunflower Developing Seeds

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040706 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 706

Author(s):

Antonio J. Moreno-Pérez ◽

Raquel Martins-Noguerol ◽

Cristina DeAndrés-Gil ◽

Mónica Venegas-Calerón ◽

Rosario Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Chromatin Remodeling ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Sunflower Seeds ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Functional Regions ◽

Genome Wide

Histone modifications are of paramount importance during plant development. Investigating chromatin remodeling in developing oilseeds sheds light on the molecular mechanisms controlling fatty acid metabolism and facilitates the identification of new functional regions in oil crop genomes. The present study characterizes the epigenetic modifications H3K4me3 in relationship with the expression of fatty acid-related genes and transcription factors in developing sunflower seeds. Two master transcriptional regulators identified in this analysis, VIV1 (homologous to Arabidopsis ABI3) and FUS3, cooperate in the regulation of WRINKLED 1, a transcriptional factor regulating glycolysis, and fatty acid synthesis in developing oilseeds.

Download Full-text